吳珊珊 肖東瓊 李熙鴻
(四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院急診科/四川大學(xué)出生缺陷與相關(guān)婦兒疾病教育部重點(diǎn)實驗室,四川 成都 610041)
隨著區(qū)域醫(yī)療聯(lián)合體的逐步建立、各醫(yī)院院區(qū)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,院間、院內(nèi)危急重癥患者轉(zhuǎn)診數(shù)量增加,為轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)提出了更高的挑戰(zhàn)。Qiu等通過9231例兒童患者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)資料分析顯示:約2/3的轉(zhuǎn)診患者涉及呼吸、心血管、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病[1]。來自耶魯?shù)囊豁梼嚎妻D(zhuǎn)運(yùn)相關(guān)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn),轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)患兒中位年齡為2.8歲[2]。目前許多省市已經(jīng)逐步開展重癥兒童的院際轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),如北京、廣州、上海、長沙[3,4]。我國陸續(xù)發(fā)布了《重癥兒童院際間三級轉(zhuǎn)診專家建議》、《新生兒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)指南》(2013版、2017版)[5]。但是在兒童轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)方面還需要更多的參考資料。
2017年新生兒轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)指南[5]明確指出:轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)評估患兒整體狀況,按照新生兒危重病例評分表(Neonatal critical illness scores,NCIS)進(jìn)行危重評分,評分內(nèi)容包括心率、收縮壓、動脈氧分壓、呼吸、PH、血鈉、血鉀、血肌酐或血
尿素氮、血紅蛋白、胃腸系統(tǒng)等方面內(nèi)容,同時進(jìn)行改良的Glasgow昏迷評分。如病情需要,應(yīng)積極進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前急救,處理方法參考STABLE程序[6,7]。
兒童轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前評估最主要的內(nèi)容是病情危重評估。目前兒童病情危重評分系統(tǒng)有:小兒危重評分(Pediatric critical illness score,PCIS)、小兒早期預(yù)警評分(Paediatric early warning score,PEWS)、運(yùn)輸兒科預(yù)警評分(Transport PEWS,TPEWS)、兒科運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險評估(Transport risk assessment,TRAP)、兒科死亡風(fēng)險RISK(Pediatric risk of mortality,PRISM)、加拿大兒科運(yùn)輸和殘疾量表 (Canadian pediatric triage and acuity scale,PedCTAS)。研究認(rèn)為,PCIS、TPEWS和TRAP評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很容易遵循,對醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)行簡單培訓(xùn),就可以在床旁快速完成評估[8]。
PCIS由中華醫(yī)學(xué)會于1995年總結(jié)制定,是目前國內(nèi)應(yīng)用最廣泛的危重患兒病情評估法。PCIS有10項生理指標(biāo),包括對心率、血壓(收縮壓)、呼吸、PaO2、pH值、血鈉、血鉀、肌酐、尿素氮、血紅蛋白、胃腸系統(tǒng)的評估。滿分為100分,分值>80分為非危重,80~71分為危重,≤70分為極危重。該評分不適用于新生兒和慢性疾病的危重狀態(tài)。首次評分要求在24 h內(nèi)完成,多次評分可反映病情變化,每次評分應(yīng)依據(jù)最異常測值評定病情危重程度。目前PCIS已成為國內(nèi)評估PICU患兒病情和預(yù)后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工具[9],也有研究將其用于院間轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)評估[10]。
2005年,布萊頓皇家亞歷山德拉兒童醫(yī)院的研究者Alan Monaghan RN提出了布萊頓-兒科預(yù)警評分(PEWS)。該評分系統(tǒng)主要關(guān)注三方面內(nèi)容:意識行為狀態(tài)、心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)評,多用于普通住院患兒病情風(fēng)險評估,急診患兒預(yù)檢分診。按照PEWS評估后,按照評估分值通知相應(yīng)級別的醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)行處理[11]。有研究表明PEWS 對 PICU 患兒病情和預(yù)后具有重要的評估價值,評估效能與PCIS 相似[12]。
2008年,亞特蘭大兒童保健院兒童轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)團(tuán)隊在PEWS基礎(chǔ)上增加危重患兒在轉(zhuǎn)出醫(yī)院或者轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中可能采取的治療措施,正式創(chuàng)建了布萊頓 PEWS 的改進(jìn)版本稱為運(yùn)輸 PEWS(TPEWS),見表1[2]。TPEWS評分內(nèi)容包括通氣呼吸系統(tǒng)、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)格拉斯哥昏迷評分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)三個方面,能幫助轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)團(tuán)隊評估患兒疾病的嚴(yán)重程度,作一個相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)統(tǒng)一的描述,使院間、醫(yī)護(hù)人員交流更加方便,快速評估識別危重患兒的病情變化。
表1 改良兒童早期預(yù)警評分
為了評估 TPEWS 的有效性,CTT團(tuán)隊對轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)進(jìn)行了單中心回顧性研究,表明在改善運(yùn)輸團(tuán)隊成員之間患者病情的一致溝通方面是有用的工具,而且在預(yù)測患兒病情惡化預(yù)測是否需要入住重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房有重要作用。轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)開始前可根據(jù)評分結(jié)果,安排不用級別的醫(yī)護(hù)人員,完成轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)工作,保障轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)安全。
TRAP評分由耶魯大學(xué)重癥醫(yī)學(xué)兒科根據(jù)多項兒童病情評估工具總結(jié)提出,見表2[2]。研究認(rèn)為TRAP評分是一種客觀的兒科運(yùn)輸評估工具,可用于預(yù)測病人的病情嚴(yán)重程度和生理穩(wěn)定性,其評分升高與入住PICU有相關(guān)性,分?jǐn)?shù)越高的病人入住PICU的可能性越大。這個評分系統(tǒng)可能有助于運(yùn)輸兒科患者的分診入院。一項涉及238例兒童轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的研究利用該評分發(fā)現(xiàn)中位得分為4分,該研究中沒有病人得分高于13分[8]。
PRISM是1988年由Pollack等建立的有14個生理參數(shù)構(gòu)成的兒童死亡危險評分,用于反映患兒疾病嚴(yán)重程度,預(yù)測死亡風(fēng)險[13]。在隨后的臨床實踐中,發(fā)布了PRISM的修訂版本PRISMIII。PRISMIII評分參數(shù)包括了:心率、收縮壓、體溫、神志狀態(tài)、瞳孔反射、pH、PCO2、PaO2、CO2總含量、凝血酶原時間/凝血活酶時間、白細(xì)胞計數(shù)、血小板計數(shù)等生理參數(shù),包含心血管系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、血?dú)?、生化?nèi)環(huán)境、血液學(xué)的相關(guān)指標(biāo),評分越高,疾病嚴(yán)重程度越高[14]。隨著疾病嚴(yán)重程度參數(shù)的探索更新,比如C反應(yīng)蛋白、降鈣素原等參數(shù)[15],該評分可能會增加新的參數(shù),以更加客觀的反應(yīng)疾病的嚴(yán)重程度。
表2 兒科運(yùn)輸風(fēng)險評估評分
2017年我國急診危重癥患者院內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)共識強(qiáng)調(diào)“分級轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)方案”[16]。共識建議通過評估生命體征情況、意識狀態(tài)、呼吸支持情況、循環(huán)支持情況、臨床主要問題、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時間等六個方面進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前風(fēng)險評估、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分級,見表3。不同上文所述危重評分方法,該共識評估內(nèi)容還包含了臨床主要問題、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)所需時間評估。分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)切實可行,易于醫(yī)護(hù)人員快速評估管理。
表3 成人轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)分級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2017年我國急診危重癥患者院內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)共識)[16]
總之,一旦做出轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)患兒的決定,應(yīng)充分進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)運(yùn)前評估、病情分級,配備相應(yīng)年資的準(zhǔn)運(yùn)團(tuán)隊、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)物資,積極轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前復(fù)蘇,盡可能使病情相對穩(wěn)定,降低轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途中病情惡化、發(fā)生不良事件的概率。
臨床上危重患兒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)前評估沒有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,在上述評分系統(tǒng)中,PCIS、TPEWS和TRAP評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很容易遵循,可進(jìn)行快速評估評分。目前尚無優(yōu)先推薦,可結(jié)合所在單位轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)條件進(jìn)行借鑒優(yōu)化運(yùn)用,并參考成人分級方案進(jìn)行病情分級。特別地在臨床主要問題方面,可以設(shè)置如臟器功能衰竭、惡性心律失常、呼吸窘迫綜合征、顱內(nèi)高壓綜合征、意識障礙、抽搐持續(xù)狀態(tài)、消化道大出血、溶血性貧血等危重疾病,在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)時間的評估上,就因地制宜,進(jìn)而制定轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)流程。
PROGRESS
Patient care and clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to African high-care or intensive care units (ACCCOS): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study
African COVID-19 Critical Care Outcomes Study (ACCCOS) Investigators
Background: There have been insufficient data for African patients with COVID-19 who are critically ill. The African COVID-19 Critical Care Outcomes Study (ACCCOS) aimed to determine which resources, comorbidities, and critical care interventions are associated with mortality in this patient population.
Methods: The ACCCOS study was a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study in adults (aged 18 years or older) with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection who were referred to intensive care or high-care units in 64 hospitals in ten African countries (ie, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, and South Africa). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality censored at 30 days. We studied the factors (ie, human and facility resources, patient comorbidities, and critical care interventions) that were associated with mortality in these adult patients. This study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04367207.
Findings: From May to December, 2020, 6779 patients were referred to critical care. Of these, 3752 (55·3%) patients were admitted and 3140 (83·7%) patients from 64 hospitals in ten countries participated (mean age 55·6 years; 1890 [60·6%] of 3118 participants were male). The hospitals had a median of two intensivists (IQR 1-4) and pulse oximetry was available to all patients in 49 (86%) of 57 sites. In-hospital mortality within 30 days of admission was 48·2% (95% CI 46·4-50·0; 1483 of 3077 patients). Factors that were independently associated with mortality were increasing age per year (odds ratio 1·03; 1·02-1·04); HIV/AIDS (1·91; 1·31-2·79); diabetes (1·25; 1·01-1·56); chronic liver disease (3·48; 1·48-8·18); chronic kidney disease (1·89; 1·28-2·78); delay in admission due to a shortage of resources (2·14; 1·42-3·22); quick sequential organ failure assessment score at admission (for one factor [1·44; 1·01-2·04], for two factors [2·0; 1·33-2·99], and for three factors [3·66, 2·12-6·33]); respiratory support (high flow oxygenation [2·72; 1·46-5·08]; continuous positive airway pressure [3·93; 2·13-7·26]; invasive mechanical ventilation [15·27; 8·51-27·37]); cardiorespiratory arrest within 24 h of admission (4·43; 2·25-8·73); and vasopressor requirements (3·67; 2·77-4·86). Steroid therapy was associated with survival (0·55; 0·37-0·81). There was no difference in outcome associated with female sex (0·86; 0·69-1·06).
Interpretation: Mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is higher in African countries than reported from studies done in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Increased mortality was associated with insufficient critical care resources, as well as the comorbidities of HIV/AIDS, diabetes, chronic liver disease, and kidney disease, and severity of organ dysfunction at admission.
Lancet. 2021 May 22;397(10288):1885-1894. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00441-4.