楊軼浠 王衛(wèi) 白婷 張銳 趙志平 張悅 陳泓帆
摘 要:在各類肉品的生產(chǎn)和加工過(guò)程中,食品防腐添加劑對(duì)于保持產(chǎn)品營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性和安全性必不可少。然而,人們期待肉品中所添加的成分盡可能源自天然產(chǎn)物,因此尋找可替代食品防腐抗氧化添加劑功能的天然提取物越來(lái)越受到關(guān)注?,F(xiàn)有研究的抗氧化天然提取物來(lái)源于蔬菜、水果、香辛料、草本和種子等,主要作用是抑制脂質(zhì)氧化、酸敗,也可在一定程度上抑制微生物生長(zhǎng),應(yīng)用于各類肉制品中,以有效延長(zhǎng)其保質(zhì)期,甚至還具有其他的功能特性。本文對(duì)抗氧化天然提取物的來(lái)源、萃取、氧化反應(yīng)、功能性表現(xiàn),特別是在各類肉品中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行綜述,以期為健康、安全、具有較長(zhǎng)保質(zhì)期和穩(wěn)定貨架期肉品的加工提供借鑒。
關(guān)鍵詞:天然植物提取物;來(lái)源;提取;抗氧化;肉品
Recent Progress in Natural Plant Extracts with Antioxidant Activity and Their Application in Meat Products
YANG Yixi, WANG Wei*, BAI Ting, ZHANG Rui, ZHAO Zhiping, ZHANG Yue, CHEN Hongfan
(Key Laboratory of Meat Processing in Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China)
Abstract: During the production and processing of various meat products, food preservatives are essential to maintain the nutritional characteristics and ensure product safety. However, interest in discovering natural extracts which can function as a replacer for food preservatives and antioxidants has grown due to consumer anticipation for natural ingredients added to meat products. The natural antioxidant extracts previously studied in the literature are mostly derived from vegetables, fruits, spices, herbs and seeds. These extracts are mainly used to inhibit lipid oxidation and microbial growth in meat products to extend the shelf life, which even have other functional properties. In this paper, the sources, extraction, oxidation reaction, functional performance and recent applications in various meat products of natural antioxidant extracts are summarized. This review is expected to provide a reference for the processing of healthy and safe meat products with long and stable shelf life.
Keywords: natural plant extracts; source; extraction; antioxidant; meat products
DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20201225-299
中圖分類號(hào):TS251.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1001-8123(2021)01-0074-09
引文格式:
楊軼浠, 王衛(wèi), 白婷, 等. 抗氧化天然植物提取物及其在肉品中的應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展[J]. 肉類研究, 2021, 35(1): 74-82. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20201225-299. ? ?http://www.rlyj.net.cn
YANG Yixi, WANG Wei, BAI Ting, et al. Recent progress in natural plant extracts with antioxidant activity and their application in meat products[J]. Meat Research, 2021, 35(1): 74-82. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20201225-299. ? ?http://www.rlyj.net.cn
畜禽肉是一種高營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的食物,能提供人類營(yíng)養(yǎng)所需的蛋白質(zhì)、礦物質(zhì)、維生素和其他微量元素。加工與貯藏是保持和提高畜禽肉營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值最為重要的手段,而細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)和脂質(zhì)氧化是決定肉品質(zhì)量損失和貨架期長(zhǎng)短的主要因素[1]。
在肉品的加工貯藏過(guò)程中,防腐添加劑主要用于抑制微生物的生長(zhǎng)和脂質(zhì)的氧化酸敗,用以有效延長(zhǎng)肉制品的貨架期。硝酸鹽(亞硝酸鹽)是重要的食品添加劑之一,不僅可有效抑制貯藏過(guò)程中微生物的生長(zhǎng)和脂肪的氧化酸敗,還可通過(guò)發(fā)色賦予產(chǎn)品良好的外觀,以及增強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品風(fēng)味[2]。在現(xiàn)代冷鏈物流及功能性包裝應(yīng)用條件下,食品的微生物風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可得到有效控制,而脂肪含量較高的肉制品的氧化酸敗仍然較難控制,食品添加劑的重要功能則可有效顯現(xiàn)。硝酸鹽或亞硝酸鹽在肉制品中的使用已有上千年的歷史,盡管其高效性和安全性通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期研究得到公認(rèn),并在肉制品工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中廣為應(yīng)用,各國(guó)也制定有嚴(yán)格的安全使用規(guī)定[3],但是其使用可能存在的安全隱患使人們把目光投向其他替代化合物[4]。
從肉類產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)習(xí)慣上看,消費(fèi)者最期待的是最低限度加工、無(wú)(少)保鮮防腐劑和保質(zhì)期更長(zhǎng)的肉制品,也希望在肉制品的標(biāo)簽中呈現(xiàn)天然食品添加劑的成分。近年來(lái),由脂肪氧化酸敗、致病性微生物引起的食源性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屢見不鮮,人們對(duì)肉制品食用安全的關(guān)注也逐漸加強(qiáng)。為了恢復(fù)消費(fèi)者對(duì)食品安全的信心,食品工業(yè)開始尋找更為安全、具有有效抗菌、抗氧化功能的天然替代品。為此,人們把目光聚集在天然植物提取物上,除了期待其具有抗菌、抗氧化和抑菌性質(zhì)外,也希望天然植物提取物同時(shí)含有與健康相關(guān)的有益成分[5]。本文將對(duì)抗氧化天然提取物的來(lái)源、萃取、抗氧化能力和功能特性以及各種提取物在各類肉品中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行綜述。
1 天然植物提取物及其抗氧化成分提取
1.1 抗氧化天然植物提取物的來(lái)源
很多天然植物材料所含的化合物都具有抗氧化能力,其中一些天然植物提取物已經(jīng)證明具有安全可靠的抗氧化作用并應(yīng)用于食品工業(yè)??寡趸烊恢参锾崛∥锏膩?lái)源廣闊,普遍分為蔬菜提取物、水果提取物、香辛料提取物、草本提取物和種子提取物等[6]。在肉制品中添加這些天然提取物可降低脂質(zhì)氧化,改善色澤穩(wěn)定性和總抗氧化能力,并在一定程度上抑制有害菌的生長(zhǎng),這些都能使肉品的貨架期延長(zhǎng)。各類抗氧化提取物來(lái)源及其成分詳見表1。
被分離出來(lái)的具有抗氧化作用的天然提取物大多是具有亞穩(wěn)態(tài)抗氧化特性的多酚類物質(zhì)或具有共軛雙鍵的次生代謝物,其主要活性成分為多酚、類黃酮、酚二萜及丹寧酸等[25-26]。例如,單萜酚中麝香草酚和香芹酚是天然提取物抗氧化作用的活性成分,其活性與酚結(jié)構(gòu)和氧化還原特性有關(guān)[27]。研究證明,芳香植物是抗氧化劑的有效來(lái)源,如羅勒、牛至、檸檬、百里香、鼠尾草等,它們的提取物多以精油形式存在[28]。除精油類天然抗氧化提取物外,還存在其他形式的抗氧化劑,主要來(lái)源為葡萄籽、綠茶、橄欖葉、西蘭花、蔓越莓等[6]。
1.2 抗氧化天然植物提取物的萃取
溶劑萃取是獲取天然提取物有效成分的常用方法。由于不同極性的化合物具有不同的抗氧化潛力,因此萃取率和提取物的抗氧化活性都強(qiáng)烈依賴于溶劑的類型[29]。萃取溶劑首先不能含有有毒有害物質(zhì),同時(shí)應(yīng)符合特定的純度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。萃取溶劑的選擇取決于目標(biāo)物質(zhì),選擇適合的萃取溶劑可以使提取物發(fā)揮最大的生物活性。常用的萃取溶劑有乙酸乙酯、乙醚、己烷、二氯甲烷、丙酮、甲醇和乙醇,或者它們與水的混合溶液等。如甲醇和水的混合溶液、乙醇和丙酮的混合溶液[30]。雖然甲醇比較便宜,但乙醇卻是最常用的萃取溶劑,因?yàn)橐掖紵o(wú)毒,可安全用于食品中。對(duì)于甲醇或其他溶劑,其殘留物必須去除。
除了溶劑萃取,其他方法也廣泛應(yīng)用于天然提取物的萃取,如亞臨界水萃取、脈沖電萃取、微波輔助萃取、超聲輔助萃取、超臨界流體萃取、固相萃取和加壓液體萃取等[31]。萃取方法各有優(yōu)劣,需根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行選擇。植物的葉、種子、木材、樹皮、根、花、果實(shí)和莖都可以作為天然植物提取物的來(lái)源[32]。除萃取溶劑不同導(dǎo)致天然植物提取物的種類和含量不同外,原料本身、當(dāng)?shù)貧夂?、種植地點(diǎn)及萃取的部位不同,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致提取物成分的不同[33]。如毛管蕨成熟果實(shí)中提取的天然提取物中鑒定出12 種成分,主要是百里酚(36.7%)、γ-松油烯(36.5%)和對(duì)-異丙苯(21.1%);而在收獲期的果實(shí)中提取的天然提取物中僅鑒定出10 種成分,包括γ-松油烯(43.2%)、百里酚(32.4%)和對(duì)-異丙苯(20.7%)[34]。
2 天然植物提取物抗氧化作用及其功能特性
2.1 肉品中脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)的氧化及其抑制
脂質(zhì)等氧化是一種復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象,涉及自由基鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(引發(fā)、增長(zhǎng)和終止3 個(gè)階段)。脂質(zhì)氧化過(guò)程中形成的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)和鐵離子、銅離子等過(guò)渡金屬離子會(huì)對(duì)肌肉蛋白造成氧化損傷[35]。
在反應(yīng)引發(fā)階段,促氧化劑、ROS或任何其他有利氧化條件的存在,都會(huì)導(dǎo)致不飽和脂肪酸失去氫自由基。由于脂肪酸和氧分子間基態(tài)不等的電子態(tài)和自旋勢(shì)壘,ROS或促氧化劑只能在熱處理后、氧化還原反應(yīng)或光反應(yīng)條件下產(chǎn)生自由基,從而啟動(dòng)脂質(zhì)氧化的初級(jí)反應(yīng);在第2階段中,氧分子與不飽和脂肪酸的烷基自由基發(fā)生反應(yīng),生成過(guò)氧化自由基,在隨后的反應(yīng)中,會(huì)生成氫過(guò)氧化物;在肌肉類食品中,氫過(guò)氧化物易進(jìn)一步受自由基連鎖反應(yīng)的影響,如異構(gòu)化和分解,生成第2階段產(chǎn)物,其中包括戊醛、己醛、4-羥基壬醛和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA);最后一個(gè)階段被稱為終止反應(yīng),期間自由基與各組分反應(yīng)形成穩(wěn)定的產(chǎn)物;但是其他不穩(wěn)定的化合物也會(huì)在終止反應(yīng)過(guò)程中形成,正是這些不穩(wěn)定的化合物影響肉制品質(zhì)量,產(chǎn)生不愉快的味道和氣味[36-37]。
動(dòng)物被屠宰后,血紅蛋白和肌紅蛋白作為促氧化劑,在肉品的加工和貯藏中發(fā)生脂質(zhì)氧化反應(yīng)[38]。發(fā)生脂質(zhì)或蛋白質(zhì)氧化反應(yīng)時(shí),影響消費(fèi)者對(duì)肉品接受度的首要質(zhì)量和感官屬性是顏色[39]。顏色的變化反映了肌蛋白的氧化速率。除了脂類自身氧化外,肉類蛋白質(zhì)在加熱和貯藏過(guò)程中對(duì)氧化反應(yīng)的敏感性也會(huì)導(dǎo)致肉質(zhì)的有害變化,其中包括保水能力、色澤和整體營(yíng)養(yǎng)質(zhì)量,如必需氨基酸的損失等[40]。抗氧化劑被添加到不同的肉品中以防止脂質(zhì)氧化,延緩異味的形成,維持顏色的穩(wěn)定。
抗氧化劑的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)多樣,作用機(jī)制各不相同,其關(guān)鍵機(jī)制是抗氧化劑與自由基反應(yīng)形成相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的非活性產(chǎn)物[41](圖1)。根據(jù)抗氧化劑的作用方式,它們又被分為2 類。一類為初級(jí)抗氧化劑,其直接與脂質(zhì)自由基反應(yīng)并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的產(chǎn)物,這類抗氧化劑被稱為斷鏈抗氧化化合物。另一類為次級(jí)抗氧化劑,通過(guò)不同的作用機(jī)制降低氧化速率。初級(jí)抗氧化劑主要供給氫原子,次級(jí)抗氧化劑主要與有催化效能的金屬離子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)結(jié)合[42]。一些抗氧化天然提取物,如酚類化合物同時(shí)采用初級(jí)和次級(jí)抗氧化劑的作用機(jī)理。其中,酚酸、酚二萜和精油等天然抗氧化劑具有很強(qiáng)的供氫活性,并阻止自由基的形成和ROS的增長(zhǎng),而其他酚類物質(zhì)則可與促氧化劑(過(guò)渡金屬離子)螯合,如黃酮類化合物[43-44]。
2.2 天然植物提取物的抗氧化機(jī)制及優(yōu)勢(shì)
脂質(zhì)氧化是導(dǎo)致食品變質(zhì)的主要原因,它限制了食品保質(zhì)期,影響了食品質(zhì)量。對(duì)肉品來(lái)說(shuō),其對(duì)氧化反應(yīng)敏感,且穩(wěn)定性低。脂質(zhì)氧化導(dǎo)致組織、味道、氣味和顏色劣變,同時(shí)形成次生的、潛在的毒素[45]。正因如此,肉品中需要添加抗氧化劑以維持顏色穩(wěn)定,避免維生素被破壞,防止毒素的形成[46-47]。一些合成抗氧化劑,如丁基羥基茴香醚(butyl hydroxyanisole,BHA)、丁基羥基甲苯(butylated hydroxytoluene,BHT)、沒食子酸丙酯和叔丁基對(duì)苯二酚長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)被用于抑制肉類氧化引起的有害變化,但具有潛在的遺傳毒性效應(yīng),在高劑量應(yīng)用水平下可能致癌[48]。因此,當(dāng)前的產(chǎn)業(yè)趨勢(shì)已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向從各種植物中提取天然抗氧化劑,如富含能清除自由基的多酚類化合物等[49]。除了順應(yīng)消費(fèi)者對(duì)“天然來(lái)源”的需求外,很少有證據(jù)表明這些天然抗氧化劑有不良影響。天然抗氧化劑不僅能夠中和ROS,還能減少高溫下毒素形成的可能。當(dāng)天然抗氧化劑應(yīng)用于肉品配方中時(shí),即使肉不經(jīng)過(guò)大量加工,它們也能表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)大的抗氧化潛力。這種既健康又有營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的天然抗氧化劑在肉類加工中的使用具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)[50]。
從飲食中的水果、蔬菜、豆類獲取的各種外源酚類化合物,如在肉類加工中使用的香料和草藥,都有助于形成抗氧化劑。Terenina等[51]研究牛至提取物對(duì)脂肪酸甲酯氧化的預(yù)防作用,從6 月齡BALB品系的小鼠大腦中提取含有16~24 個(gè)碳原子的飽和脂肪酸、單不飽和脂肪酸、雙不飽和脂肪酸和多不飽和脂肪酸混合物,在有或沒有牛至精油的情況下,觀測(cè)1 年內(nèi)脂肪酸甲酯在己烷溶液中、光照條件下自氧化過(guò)程中的變化,結(jié)果表明,不飽和脂肪酸的氧化速率隨不飽和程度的增加而增加,而牛至精油能阻礙不飽和脂肪酸的氧化過(guò)程,其中,香芹酚和百里酚是牛至精油的主要抗氧化成分,牛至精油隨濃度增加其抗氧化活性增加。
肉品中除使用單一成分的抗氧化天然植物提取物外,很多情況下是采用多種抗氧化天然提取物的混合物。Sampaio等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),鼠尾草提取物(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.2%)、牛至提取物(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.2%)和蜂蜜(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)5%或10%)的混合物具有很高的接受度,并表現(xiàn)出更好的抗氧化活性,混合物降低了熟雞胸肉和雞腿肉4 ℃貯藏96 h的硫代巴比妥酸反應(yīng)物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs)值和己醛含量。Lara等[14]評(píng)估了迷迭香提取物(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.03%)和香蜂葉提取物(質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)0.1%)在氣調(diào)包裝熟豬肉餅中的抗氧化作用,結(jié)果表明,在光照條件下貯藏3 d,天然提取物對(duì)脂質(zhì)和蛋白質(zhì)的氧化具有保護(hù)作用,從而保持產(chǎn)品的顏色、質(zhì)地和香氣,效果甚至優(yōu)于BHT。
另外,天然提取物載體的不同亦會(huì)影響其抗氧化活性。Hussein等[53]研究使用不同載體材料對(duì)納米封裝迷迭香提取物的化學(xué)成分、熱穩(wěn)定性和抗氧化活性的影響,結(jié)果表明,與羧甲基纖維素或海藻酸鈉相比,以殼聚糖為載體的迷迭香提取物的總酚釋放量(3 349.4 μg/mL,以沒食子酸當(dāng)量計(jì))和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除活性最高。
2.3 抗氧化天然植物提取物的其他功能特性
對(duì)于抗氧化天然植物提取物來(lái)說(shuō),除了能夠延長(zhǎng)食品貨架期和提高感官品質(zhì)外,同時(shí)還具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗腫瘤、抗炎、預(yù)防糖尿病、延緩衰老、保護(hù)心血管和作為化妝品的功效成分等作用,亦可應(yīng)用于功能性食品研發(fā)[54](圖2)。例如,具有良好抗氧化性的百里香,長(zhǎng)期被用作感冒藥、解痙藥、驅(qū)蟲劑、祛痰劑和治療消化問(wèn)題的傳統(tǒng)藥物。百里酚也被用于治療心血管、神經(jīng)和呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,因此百里香可被認(rèn)為是能提供除基本營(yíng)養(yǎng)外的功能性食品添加劑[55-57]。從迷迭香、柑橘類水果、薰衣草和其他天然植物中提取的精油也被證明具有強(qiáng)效抗氧化、抗菌效能,常被用作食品中的天然防腐劑[58]。
天然抗氧化劑加入肉品中可以增強(qiáng)內(nèi)源性抗氧化劑的功效,抵御氧化應(yīng)激和ROS誘導(dǎo)的組織損傷和退化性疾病[60]。富含天然酚類化合物的植物提取物(如葡萄籽、綠茶、黑醋栗提取物)可降低患肥胖癥、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[61-62]。正是由于這些富含抗氧化類黃酮和酚類化合物的天然植物提取物的功能特性,肉類加工者開始專注于開發(fā)具有增強(qiáng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)和健康效能的新產(chǎn)品。天然酚類抗氧化劑不需要吸收,其作為食品成分對(duì)胃腸道的保護(hù)作用最為明顯[63]。例如,將富含VE、VB和多酚類物質(zhì)的植物性食品成分(如米糠和核桃提取物)加入香腸、重組牛肉和其他加工肉類中,可以提高產(chǎn)品的氧化穩(wěn)定性、質(zhì)構(gòu)特性和營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值[64-65]。添加熟胡蘿卜和甘薯可以改善牛肉餅的顏色、質(zhì)地和VA含量[66]。
3 抗氧化天然植物提取物在肉品中的應(yīng)用
3.1 在生鮮調(diào)理肉品中的應(yīng)用
Mc Carthy等[67]評(píng)價(jià)蘆薈、葫蘆巴、人參、芥末、迷迭香、鼠尾草提取物和茶兒茶素在鮮豬肉餡中的抗氧化活性,證明茶兒茶素、迷迭香提取物和鼠尾草提取物的抗氧化作用最為有效。橄欖葉提取物已被證明能保持禽肉冷凍后的感官、營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性和微生物穩(wěn)定性。橄欖葉精油含有多酚類物質(zhì),具有抗氧化和抗菌特性,能夠抑制微生物生長(zhǎng),延長(zhǎng)禽肉的貨架期[68]。石榴籽提取物可以在各類鮮肉的保存中發(fā)揮作用。Shan Bin等[69]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),添加石榴籽提取物至生豬肉中,在20 ℃條件貯藏9 d后,豬肉TBARs值降低達(dá)42.85%。表2列舉了一些抗氧化天然提取物在各種調(diào)理肉品中的應(yīng)用。
3.2 在香腸制品中的應(yīng)用
大蒜在香腸等中顯現(xiàn)較好的抗氧化功能,其抗氧化成分主要是黃酮類化合物(如黃酮、檞皮素)和含硫化合物(如丙基半胱氨酸、二烯丙基硫氰化物和烯丙基三硫氰化物)[74-75]。對(duì)生雞肉香腸3 ℃貯藏期間的脂質(zhì)氧化情況進(jìn)行觀察,對(duì)比成分中的新鮮大蒜、大蒜粉、BHA和大蒜油的作用效果,結(jié)果表明,新鮮大蒜是最有效的抗氧化成分,其次是大蒜粉[19]。芝麻油、蘆丁、橄欖葉提取物的酚類化合物對(duì)生、熟豬肉香腸均具有抗氧化活性,抗氧化能力按由大到小排序?yàn)橹ヂ橛?、橄欖葉提取物、蘆丁提取物[76]。茶提取物中的茶多酚在豬肉香腸中也表現(xiàn)出對(duì)總活菌數(shù)的抑制作用,而TBARs值和感官品質(zhì)與對(duì)照組相比變化較小[77]。
目前,科研人員對(duì)迷迭香提取物對(duì)香腸制品的抗氧化作用進(jìn)行大量的研究。在2 種市售油溶性迷迭香提取物VivOX4和VivOX20(分別含有4%和20%肉桂酸)作用下,法蘭克福雞肉香腸表現(xiàn)出更高的氧化穩(wěn)定性[78]。Sebranek等[79]評(píng)估商品迷迭香提取物添加量為2 500 mg/kg時(shí),在預(yù)煮冷凍豬肉香腸中的抗氧化效果(36.3 kg豬肉添加136.2 g食鹽、68.1 g葡萄糖、0.631 kg香料,預(yù)煮內(nèi)部溫度為71 ℃,然后在-20 ℃貯藏),結(jié)果表明,與BHA/BHT復(fù)合物(200 mg/kg,質(zhì)量比1∶1)相比,迷迭香提取物能保持預(yù)煮冷凍香腸具有較低TBARs值。
Nowak等[80]研究黑醋栗葉和酸櫻桃葉的天然多酚提取物對(duì)冷藏豬肉香腸脂質(zhì)氧化和感官性狀的影響,結(jié)果表明:冷藏0 d,各組之間沒有觀察到顯著差異;冷藏14 d和28 d后,與添加食鹽(NaCl)的對(duì)照組相比,添加腌制鹽(99.5% NaCl和0.5% NaNO2)、黑醋栗葉和酸櫻桃葉提取物能顯著降低MDA的產(chǎn)生量(P<0.05);添加劑的抗氧化效率由高到低依次為腌制鹽>黑醋栗葉提取物>酸櫻桃葉提取物>食鹽;同時(shí),這2 種天然植物提取物與腌制鹽和食鹽相比對(duì)豬肉香腸感官性狀無(wú)不良影響。
在中式香腸的抗氧化活性研究中,提高香腸中總酚含量能增強(qiáng)其抗氧化作用。例如,苦蕎粉中的酚和檞皮素成分。適量添加苦蕎粉(2%)可以提高香腸的抗氧化能力并增加香腸制品的保健性能[81]。在豬肉勻漿腸餡中添加0.2%蓮子外果皮提取物會(huì)降低廣式香腸的TBARs值和過(guò)氧化值;另外,在6.25、12.50、25.00、50.00、100.00 μg/mL添加量下,蓮子外果皮提取物對(duì)3T3-L1前脂肪細(xì)胞的分化呈劑量依賴性,提取物的添加量越高,對(duì)該細(xì)胞的分化抑制作用越強(qiáng)[82]。
3.3 在醬鹵和腌臘肉制品中的應(yīng)用
醬鹵和腌臘是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的肉類加工方法。何丹等[83]選取3 種市售的天然提取物Nature 10 CS、T-4N DV CN和T-4N W DV,分別研究其對(duì)腌臘和醬鹵肉制品的影響,其中天然提取物Nature 10 CS(主要成分為葡萄柚、白檸檬、迷迭香、檸檬、石榴、甜橙提取物、葡萄糖、微量亞硝酸鈉)可使豬肉制品具有良好的色澤,同時(shí)降低硝酸鹽殘留量。吳少雄等[84]向臘肉制品中添加茶多酚(茶提取物),通過(guò)對(duì)酸價(jià)和過(guò)氧化值進(jìn)行比較發(fā)現(xiàn),添加0.1%茶多酚對(duì)臘肉抗氧化、色澤、保鮮、香氣保持均有正向作用。劉文營(yíng)等[85]分析西蘭花種子提取物在廣式臘肉中的抗氧化能力,實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,西蘭花種子提取物對(duì)肉制品的過(guò)氧化反應(yīng)有控制作用,添加1.5%西蘭花種子提取物對(duì)臘肉的L*和b*產(chǎn)生正面影響,另外,此添加量下臘肉TBARs值與添加0.02% BHT相比略低。彭雪萍等[86-87]將蘋果多酚應(yīng)用在醬鹵和腌臘肉制品中,發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋果多酚、BHT復(fù)合物(1∶1)可延長(zhǎng)醬鹵和腌臘肉制品的貨架期,產(chǎn)品抗氧化活性明顯提高。
3.4 在其他肉制品中的應(yīng)用
聶吉語(yǔ)等[88]分析迷迭香提取物的12 種多酚成分,并應(yīng)用于中式培根加工中,實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,迷迭香提取物有良好的清除DPPH自由基和羥自由基的能力,并解決了中式培根的表面脂質(zhì)氧化問(wèn)題。Fernández-López等[89]重點(diǎn)選擇迷迭香、柑橘和檸檬提取物,研究其在瑞典式牛肉丸中的抗氧化活性,在12 d的貯藏期間,加入牛肉丸中的各天然提取物均能有效降低TBARs值(P<0.05),其中迷迭香提取物最為有效。表3列舉了一些抗氧化天然提取物在不同類型肉制品中的應(yīng)用。
3.5 在肉品包裝中的應(yīng)用
近年來(lái),薄膜和涂料等活性包裝材料的使用有了很大發(fā)展,被認(rèn)為在食品保鮮領(lǐng)域大有可為?;钚园b的作用機(jī)理是活性成分通過(guò)與食物的直接接觸從包裝中遷移到食品中,并發(fā)揮其功能[96]。特別是可食用包裝的使用廣受消費(fèi)者歡迎,這種包材的薄膜或涂層除延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)品保質(zhì)期外,可選擇性地與食品一起食用。應(yīng)用天然植物提取物涂膜制作的食品包裝材料,其潛在的抗菌、抗氧化功能已通過(guò)大量研究得到證實(shí)。例如,肉丸室溫下貯藏在加入肉桂提取物、納米黏土和木薯淀粉的薄膜袋中,顯著抑制了肉丸中微生物的生長(zhǎng),在貯藏96 h內(nèi)均低于美國(guó)食品和藥品監(jiān)督管理局規(guī)定的微生物限值(106 CFU/g);木薯淀粉基薄膜與肉桂提取物和納米黏土顆粒復(fù)合,可作為食品工業(yè)包裝材料的替代品,以延長(zhǎng)肉制品的貨架期[97]。以牛至提取物為基質(zhì)的薄膜對(duì)禽肉中的細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)具有有效抑制作用。例如,含有牛至精油的活性膜可以抑制總菌群和假單胞菌的生長(zhǎng)[98]。另外,多香果精油加入到以乳蛋白為基質(zhì)的可食用薄膜中,會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出比牛至精油更高的抗氧化活性[99]。
4 結(jié) 語(yǔ)
眾所周知,肉制品是蛋白質(zhì)、必需氨基酸、B族維生素、礦物質(zhì)和其他營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的優(yōu)良來(lái)源,在食品中占據(jù)突出地位[26]。當(dāng)今,肉制品又因其高含量的動(dòng)物脂肪、膽固醇以及產(chǎn)品中合成抗氧化劑和抗菌劑的應(yīng)用可能對(duì)人類健康帶來(lái)不利影響[100]。為了抑制肉品的脂質(zhì)氧化和酸敗,減少使用人工合成、潛在致癌的抗氧化劑,研究人員將目光聚集到抗氧化天然植物提取物上。這些抗氧化天然植物提取物來(lái)源廣泛、活性成分多樣,在生鮮調(diào)理、醬鹵、腌臘、香腸等肉品中均有良好應(yīng)用,可作為單一成分使用,亦可以復(fù)合物的形式發(fā)揮作用,可用作載體,亦可應(yīng)用于肉品包裝,應(yīng)用范圍廣。另外,此類植物提取物還具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗腫瘤、抗炎、預(yù)防糖尿病、延緩衰老、保護(hù)心血管等其他生物活性。因此,加大對(duì)抗氧化天然植物提取物的研究與開發(fā),可保障肉品質(zhì)量和營(yíng)養(yǎng),有助于人們對(duì)一些疾病的預(yù)防,與現(xiàn)代消費(fèi)觀念契合[101-102]。
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收稿日期:2020-12-25
基金項(xiàng)目:四川省科技廳重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(2020YFN0147);成都市科技局技術(shù)創(chuàng)新研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(2019-YFYF-00180-SN);
國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系四川生豬創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(scsztd-3-007)
第一作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊軼浠(1984—)(ORCID: 0000-0003-3667-0068),女,副研究員,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槭称坊瘜W(xué)。
E-mail: yangyixi1011@cdu.edu.cn
通信作者簡(jiǎn)介:王衛(wèi)(1958—)(ORCID: 0000-0001-6406-2161),男,教授,碩士,研究方向?yàn)槿忸惣庸づc貯藏。
E-mail: wangwei8619@163.com