曾峰 黃建芬 余新林 周之平
【摘要】 骨膜蛋白(POSTN)是一種外基質(zhì)蛋白,在機體多種組織中都有表達,參與多種疾病的病理生理過程。同時POSTN是分泌性蛋白,有望成為疾病治療的靶點和生物標(biāo)志物。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 骨膜蛋白 外基質(zhì)蛋白 分泌性蛋白 生物標(biāo)志物
New Progress in the Study of Perostin/ZENG Feng, HUANG Jianfen, YU Xinlin, ZHOU Zhiping. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(07): -176
[Abstract] (POSTN) is a kind of extra-matrix protein, which is expressed in various tissues of the body and participates in the pathophysiological process of many diseases. At the same time, POSTN is a secreted protein, which is expected to become a target and biomarker for disease treatment.
[Key words] Perostin Outer matrix protein Secretory protein Biomarker
First-authors address: Mindong Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuan 355000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.07.041
骨膜蛋白(POSTN)是于1993年發(fā)現(xiàn)于小鼠胚胎成骨細胞前體細胞中的細胞黏附蛋白,命名為成骨細胞特異性因子-2(OSF-2),因其在成年小鼠牙周膜和骨膜可以特異性表達,故更名為骨膜蛋白[1]。研究表明骨膜蛋白在多種組織中都有表達,與腫瘤、肺部疾病、血管病變、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病、組織炎性增生等病理過程密切相關(guān)[2-4]。
1 骨膜蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)、表達與調(diào)節(jié)
POSTN分子量約為90 kD,是細胞外基質(zhì)分泌蛋白,含有FAS結(jié)構(gòu)域、一個C末端區(qū)域和一個典型的信號序列,缺少跨膜區(qū)域[1]。FAS結(jié)構(gòu)域與細胞相關(guān)黏附因子(FAS-1)相似,POSTN可以通過細胞外基質(zhì)蛋白對細胞外基質(zhì)的組成和相互作用進行調(diào)節(jié),剪接后可產(chǎn)生四種POSTN同源異構(gòu)體[5-6],人和鼠的POSTN氨基酸約90%同源性[7]。
最初發(fā)現(xiàn)POSTN在牙和骨組織中的表達具有特異性,后續(xù)研究表明其在大多數(shù)健康的成年人組織中都可表達,包括牙周韌帶、肌腱、腎上腺、甲狀腺、肺、胃、心臟瓣膜、前列腺等[8-10]。研究表明P73轉(zhuǎn)錄因子可促進POSTN表達,增強膠質(zhì)母細胞瘤的遷移能力和侵襲能力[11]。轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)可調(diào)節(jié)腎小球、成骨細胞和系膜細胞的POSTN表達量[12]。血管緊張素Ⅱ可對Ras/p38 MAPK/CREB和ERK1/2/TGF-β1信號通路的調(diào)節(jié)誘導(dǎo)心肌成纖維細胞中POSTN的分泌,表明POSTN與心肌纖維化密切相關(guān)[13]。制瘤素M可增加TGF-β1和POSTN的表達,進而增加前列腺癌細胞黏附、轉(zhuǎn)移和增殖能力[14],但是纖維素可通過NF-κB降低心肌成纖維細胞中POSTN的表達量[15]。
2 骨膜蛋白與糖脂代謝紊亂疾病
POSTN屬于分泌性蛋白,通過自分泌或旁分泌方式可對糖代謝進行調(diào)節(jié),因此血糖水平和胰島素敏感性亦會影響POSTN水平[16]。研究表明胰腺局部的POSTN對胰島β細胞的增殖具有一定的修復(fù)作用[17]。當(dāng)胰腺受損或癌變時,激活的胰腺星形細胞會產(chǎn)生大量的細胞外基質(zhì),進而分泌大量的POSTN,其能滲入正常的胰腺實質(zhì)組織并起到包裹作用,胰腺星形細胞在胰腺導(dǎo)管復(fù)合物附近的增殖和聚集會促進胰島細胞的增殖[18]。研究表明,胰腺部分切除后,POSTN編碼基因敲除小鼠胰島β細胞數(shù)量和血清中胰島素含量明顯低于野生型小鼠,而野生型小鼠在胰腺中注入重組POSTN后,其胰腺細胞明顯增多,胰島素水平增高,且可以明顯改善糖代謝紊亂,提示POSTN可以促進胰腺受損后的胰島β細胞再生[19]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),POSTN與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇呈負相關(guān),與三酰甘油成正相關(guān),表明POSTN與脂代謝密切相關(guān)[20]。正常情況下,三酰甘油貯存于脂肪組織中,是基礎(chǔ)的能量來源,細胞外基質(zhì)可以調(diào)節(jié)來源于脂肪組織的脂肪因子在血液循環(huán)和脂肪細胞間的交換[21]。因此破壞細胞外基質(zhì)的完整性會引起脂肪組織功能障礙,而POSTN產(chǎn)生并分泌于脂肪間質(zhì)細胞,屬于細胞外基質(zhì),在脂肪組織代謝紊亂的生理病理過程中具有關(guān)鍵性作用[22]。研究顯示,成年C57BL/6J 小鼠長期高脂喂養(yǎng)、急性β3腎上腺素能刺激和短時間冷暴露后,小鼠白色脂肪組織中的POSTN表達增多,而POSTN基因敲除小鼠經(jīng)歷上述刺激后,脂代謝異常、脂肪動員降低,表明POSTN可以脂肪組織代謝和細胞外基質(zhì)相互作用,是重要的代謝信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)因子[20]。另有臨床研究結(jié)果顯示,正常個體血清中POSTN水平與三酰甘油無明顯的相關(guān)性,而肥胖組患者中上述兩者成正相關(guān),進一步表明POSTN表達水平對機體脂肪水平和成分具有密切關(guān)系[21]。
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟AFLD)主要特征是三酰甘油在肝內(nèi)異常堆積,病情的進一步發(fā)展會形成肝纖維化、肝細胞癌或肝硬化,POSTN是肥胖型脂肪肝的重要調(diào)控分子,對肝臟的脂肪具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用[22]。研究表明,NAFLD組血清中POSTN水平明顯高于正常對照組,且隨著POSTN水平的升高,NAFLD發(fā)病率增加[23]。相關(guān)性分析顯示,骨膜蛋白與脂聯(lián)素和抵抗素成負相關(guān),與IL-6和IL-8成正相關(guān),表明POSTN可以通過參與胰島素抵抗和炎癥因子的調(diào)控參與NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展[24]。另有研究表明高脂飼養(yǎng)及家族性肥胖的小鼠POSTN蛋白和mRNA視頻冠軍升高,而敲除POSTN基因小鼠可顯著改善肥胖小鼠高三酰甘油血癥和肝臟脂肪病變,表明POSTN可以引起高三酰甘油血癥和肝臟脂肪病變[25]。
POSTN可對脂代謝和細胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路進行調(diào)節(jié),改變下游基因表達,阻礙肝臟脂肪酸的氧化,引起肝臟脂肪樣變性,但可用于治療上述疾病的POSTN拮抗劑尚未研究出來,深入研究POSTN的作用機理及病理生理作用有助于更早的發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病并給予正確的治療[26]。
3 骨膜蛋白與心血管疾病
POSTN可表達于小鼠胚胎、心內(nèi)膜墊和成熟的心肌纖維骨架中[27]。研究表明野生型小鼠組織的拉伸性能明顯高于POSTN基因敲除小鼠,且POSTN基因敲除小鼠易出現(xiàn)蛋白聚糖聚集體錯誤表達、轉(zhuǎn)化信號因子信號減弱,造成心臟瓣葉不連續(xù)發(fā)育及分層缺陷[28]。此外,POSTN還會加速瓣膜退行性疾病的發(fā)展進程,研究表明,POSTN基因缺陷小鼠的基質(zhì)金屬蛋白(MMP)表達水平明顯降低,纖維化程度減輕,主動脈退化緩解明顯[29]。總之,POSTN在先天性及后天性心臟瓣膜病患者組織中的表達均升高,但是POSTN加速心臟瓣膜退行性病變過程的具體機制還需要進一步研究[30]。
心肌纖維化的病理過程復(fù)雜,伴隨著氧化應(yīng)激和ECM水平增加,而POSTN可以調(diào)節(jié)ECM的內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)加速纖維化發(fā)展進程[31]。研究表明,大鼠高血壓模型心肌間質(zhì)POSTN表達水平的增加在心室纖維化中起到關(guān)鍵作用,同時POSTN與心房肌纖維化也有密切的聯(lián)系,臨床研究顯示,心房纖維化程度隨著POSTN表達的增多而加重,miR-30a與肺和心臟纖維化有關(guān),過度表達的miR-30a會減少POSTN水平,緩解心房纖維化,因此抑制miR-30a可以增加心房組織中POSTN的表達水平,因此POSTN可能是防治心房顫動新的靶點,研究POSTN的作用信號通路將會進一步加深對心肌纖維化的認識[32]。另有研究表明,POSTN與心肌梗死具有一定的相關(guān)性,構(gòu)建大鼠心肌梗死模型并給予POSTN干預(yù)治療,結(jié)果顯示外源性POSTN治療可以通過PI3K/GSK3b/cyclin D1信號通路促進心肌細胞增殖和生長,促進血管生成和組織重構(gòu),加快心肌的修復(fù),提高心功能,而POSTN基因敲除小鼠心肌纖維化程度較輕,易發(fā)生心臟的破裂,而POSTN過度表達的小鼠可通過刺進血管生成及心臟重構(gòu)降低心臟破裂發(fā)生率[33]。因此深入研究POSTN作用機制有助于心血管疾病的發(fā)現(xiàn)于治療。
4 骨膜蛋白與呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病
POSTN與支氣管哮喘疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),研究發(fā)現(xiàn),POSTN在哮喘患者支氣管上皮細胞中的表達增多,IL-3刺激氣道上皮細胞分泌的POSTN會影響細胞基質(zhì)的形成、上皮細胞的功能及上皮和間質(zhì)相互作用,POSTN還可激活TGF-β信號的轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,誘導(dǎo)氣道成纖維細胞分泌Ⅰ型膠原[34]。另有研究表明,哮喘患者氣道上皮細胞中POSTN表達水平升高,IL-4和IL-13可獨立誘發(fā)POSTN的分泌,參與上皮下纖維化過程。Blanchard等[35]研究證實與野生型小鼠相比,POSTN缺陷小鼠會分泌較多的杯狀細胞黏液,氣道阻力增大且外周血中Th2水平增高,證實POSTN可以負性調(diào)節(jié)過敏性肺部炎癥,發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌提取物致敏的野生型小鼠和POSTN缺陷小鼠BALF中嗜酸粒細胞數(shù)均升高,但是POSTN缺陷小鼠BALF中細胞數(shù)明顯低于野生型小鼠,并且POSTN可以對嗜酸粒細胞趨化蛋白進行調(diào)節(jié)進而調(diào)節(jié)嗜酸粒細胞的聚集。
Li等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧條件下,POSTN在肺組織和離體的肺動脈平滑肌細胞中表達均升高,POSTN在低氧反應(yīng)生長因子FGF-1作用下具有時間和劑量依賴性,且可被p38MAPK拮抗劑SB203580、MEK1/2p、70S6K拮抗劑U-0126、PI3K抑制劑LY-294002和FGF-1受體拮抗劑 PD-166866抑制,表明POSTN可通過Ras/p38MAPK、Ras/MEK1/2和PI3K/p70S6K信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑介導(dǎo)。Li等[36]和Chen等[37]給予轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)構(gòu)建了TGF-βⅡ型受體顯性負性突變的小鼠品系(DnTGF-βRⅡ)研究POSTN的血管重塑作用,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)DnTGF-βRⅡ小鼠肺血管重塑、肺動脈壓力增加,且POSTN表達水平升高,進一步體外試驗結(jié)果顯示,心房鈉尿肽(ANP)和cGMP可以抑制POSTN的表達。
Ouyang等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)POSTN高表達與肺部腫瘤周邊組織,在腫瘤的侵襲過程具有與一定的參與作用,其在低氧狀態(tài)下表達水平升高,可通過Akt/PKB途徑保證肺癌細胞的生存,且高表達POSTN的肺癌患者預(yù)后較差,淋巴及血管轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象明顯,因此POSTN可作為肺癌預(yù)后的指標(biāo)。另有研究表明POSTN在特發(fā)性肺纖維化疾病中表達水平升高,且可募集巨噬細胞和中性粒細胞,動物實驗表明POSTN在肺纖維化過程中具有重要作用,TGF-β可促進POSTN表達,進而加速間質(zhì)細胞增殖和細胞外基質(zhì)的沉積,表明在肺纖維化過程中POSTN具有重要作用,且可作為特發(fā)性肺纖維化發(fā)展的標(biāo)記物及治療的靶標(biāo)[39]。
5 骨膜蛋白與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎是臨床上常見的退行性關(guān)節(jié)病,主要特征為滑膜炎癥、關(guān)節(jié)軟骨退變、骨贅形成及軟骨下骨骨重塑,POSTN是機械應(yīng)力相關(guān)蛋白,在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎中表達水平升高,表明POSTN在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中具有重要的參與作用[40]。甲狀旁腺激素(PTH)可以調(diào)節(jié)骨和成骨細胞分泌POSTN,進而調(diào)節(jié)骨形成,而在POSTN基因敲除小鼠原代細胞中不加或者加入PTH,成骨細胞都表現(xiàn)為礦化、增殖和遷移,提示POSTN可以調(diào)控PTH激素在骨形成中的調(diào)節(jié)作用。另外將下肢懸浮至失去負荷后,野生型小鼠皮質(zhì)骨丟失嚴重,骨體積分數(shù)、骨密度、骨小梁厚度和POSTN等參數(shù)水平均降低,而POSTN基因敲除小鼠中由于小梁骨嚴重丟失,懸浮下肢后對骨的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)及長度并沒有顯著影響,提示POSTN在皮質(zhì)骨和機械應(yīng)力的調(diào)節(jié)中具有重要的參與作用[41]。異位移植間充質(zhì)干細胞后,其能分泌POSTN,有利于肌腱的形成,且跟腱肌腱中POSTN的表達水平明顯高于普通肌肉,且表達水平與肌腱相關(guān)特異性基因的表達水平呈正相關(guān),表明POSTN有助于肌腱的形成和修復(fù)[42]。
POSTN在正常的關(guān)節(jié)軟骨面的表達水平始終較低,且只有少數(shù)軟骨表層的軟骨細胞中含有POSTN,當(dāng)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨受損或發(fā)生骨關(guān)節(jié)炎時,會引起關(guān)節(jié)面不穩(wěn)定,進而改變機械應(yīng)力,誘發(fā)POSTN的表達,小鼠骨關(guān)節(jié)炎軟骨下骨基因芯片研究結(jié)果顯示,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎小鼠內(nèi)側(cè)半月板不穩(wěn)定模型小鼠的POSTN表達水平明顯高于健康小鼠,且隨著骨關(guān)節(jié)炎程度的加重而下降,表明機械應(yīng)力與骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)病密切相關(guān),可作為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的靶向基因[43]。研究報告顯示,骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者軟骨下骨中POSTN的表達水平明顯高于健康人,且其在脛骨內(nèi)側(cè)表達水平高于脛骨外側(cè),表明在骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)展過程中POSTN可能參與了成骨細胞的重塑[44]。另有研究顯示,POSTN可介導(dǎo)Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白及NFκB等信號通路誘導(dǎo)NOS2及IL等炎性因子和細胞外基質(zhì)蛋白酶的表達,進而使軟骨細胞退化進程加速,破壞關(guān)節(jié)軟骨面的完整性,最終加重骨關(guān)節(jié)炎發(fā)展[45]。
6 骨膜蛋白與胃轉(zhuǎn)移
POSTN可以通過多種途徑和信號通路參與腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移,并具有一定的促進作用,具有干性的腫瘤細胞可以轉(zhuǎn)移并定值,小部分的腫瘤干細胞亞群即可啟動腫瘤的侵襲,而POSTN可以誘導(dǎo)并維持腫瘤細胞的干性,Wnt信號通路可以通過識別腫瘤干細胞的基本特征在超聲各種突變的腫瘤細胞中篩選出腫瘤干細胞,而POSTN可激活Wnt,進而維持腫瘤細胞的干性,促進腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[46]。
壁龕的形成可以促進腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移和定植,腫瘤細胞的轉(zhuǎn)移定植是轉(zhuǎn)移性腫瘤細胞可靶器官組織微環(huán)境相互作用的結(jié)果,有研究顯示,腫瘤干細胞可以促進細胞外基質(zhì)分子在壁龕支持細胞內(nèi)的表達,保護轉(zhuǎn)移定植后的腫瘤細胞免受機體相關(guān)因子和免疫細胞的皮懷,保持腫瘤細胞的存活,而POSTN是壁龕的重要組分,可以增強Wnt細胞通路,保證干細胞活性并促進其轉(zhuǎn)移的定植[47]。POSTN可由壁龕細胞分泌,作為黏附蛋白發(fā)揮黏附作用,為腫瘤干細胞創(chuàng)造一個安全的微環(huán)境,維持干細胞未分化的狀態(tài),避免腫瘤細胞分化及分化后的凋亡,反之,浸潤的腫瘤細胞可誘發(fā)壁龕中POSTN的表達,進而使腫瘤細胞的定植過程啟動[48]。
POSTN也是分泌蛋白,其可與細胞黏附因子整合素相互作用激活FAK/Src和AKT/PKB信號通路,提高細胞侵襲性和轉(zhuǎn)移性、血管生成能力及抗凋亡能力,促進腫瘤細胞定植后的存活和增殖[49]。
7 骨膜蛋白與傷口愈合
POSTN在傷口愈合中也起到關(guān)鍵性作用,組織損傷后,基質(zhì)會收縮蓄積組織閉合,同時POSTN可促進血小板的聚集,研究表明,POSTN基因敲除小鼠心肌梗死后,POSTN表達水平明顯提高,可促進大量的心肌細胞增殖,同時心肌成纖維細胞可通過與整合素結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)POSTN的表達,進一步心肌細胞的修復(fù)[50]。另外在皮膚損傷愈合過程中檢測到皮膚組織中POSTN表達水平上調(diào),證實POSTN在傷口愈合中具有重要作用[51]。
8 小結(jié)
POSTN在多種疾病的病理生理過程中都有一定的參與作用,隨著對POSTN作用機制的深入研究,POSTN在各種疾病的生理病理作用機制更加清楚,對疾病的早期診斷、治療及預(yù)后具有一定的應(yīng)用價值。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-16) (本文編輯:周亞杰)