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兩種不同的食管空腸重建方法對(duì)胃癌根治術(shù)患者消化道重建的影響研究

2021-03-24 20:58王索
關(guān)鍵詞:胃腸功能腹腔鏡

王索

【摘要】 目的:探討腹腔鏡全胃切除術(shù)后食管空腸不同重建方法對(duì)患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)與胃腸功能指標(biāo)的影響,為臨床治療提供參考。方法:選取2016年7月-2021年3月蘇州大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院收治的76例胃癌根治術(shù)患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組38例。兩組均行腹腔鏡全胃切除術(shù),對(duì)照組同時(shí)行空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù),觀察組同時(shí)行“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)。比較兩組圍手術(shù)期各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況及術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí);比較兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)及胃泌素、膽囊收縮素、生長(zhǎng)抑素以及胃動(dòng)素水平。結(jié)果:兩組術(shù)中出血量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但對(duì)照組手術(shù)時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于觀察組(P<0.05)。術(shù)前,兩組營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)均高于術(shù)前,且觀察組均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí)情況明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組患者(P<0.05)。術(shù)前,兩組血清胃腸激素水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組胃泌素、生長(zhǎng)抑素和胃動(dòng)素均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),但觀察組胃泌素和生長(zhǎng)抑素均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組胃動(dòng)素比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組膽囊收縮素均高于術(shù)前,但觀察組低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:與空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)相比,“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)在一定程度上更有利于胃腸功能的恢復(fù),對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的進(jìn)一步改善和生活質(zhì)量的提高有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,有利于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腹腔鏡 全胃切除術(shù) 消化道重建 營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo) 胃腸功能

Effects of Two Different Methods of Esophageal Jejunal Reconstruction on Digestive Tract Reconstruction in Patients with Radical Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer/WANG Suo. //Medical Innovation of China, 2021, 18(36): 00-005

[Abstract] Objective: To investigate the effects of different reconstruction methods of esophagus and jejunum on nutritional status and gastrointestinal function indexes of patients after laparoscopic total gastrectomy, and to provide reference for clinical treatment. Method: A total of 76 patients undergoing radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer in Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University from July 2016 to March 2021 were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into the control group and the observation group according to random number table method, 38 cases in each group. Laparoscopic total gastrectomy was performed in both groups, while Roux-en-Y jejunoesophageal anastomosis was performed in the control group and “P” shaped loop jejunoesophageal Roux-en-Y jejunoesophageal anastomosis was performed in the observation group. Perioperative indicators, postoperative complications and Visick grading 6 months after operation were compared between two groups; nutritional indexes and the levels of gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and motilin of two groups before and 6 months after operation were compared. Result: There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss between two groups (P>0.05); but the operation time, gastrointestinal function recovery time and hospitalization time in the control group were longer than those in the observation group (P<0.05). Before operation, there were no significant differences in the nutritional indexes of two groups (P>0.05); at 6 months after operation, the nutritional indexes of two groups were higher than those before operation, and the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The Visick grade of the observation group at 6 months after operation was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.05). Before operation, there were no significant differences in the levels of serum gastrointestinal hormones between two groups (P>0.05); at 6 months after operation, the levels of gastrin, somatostatin and motilin in two groups were lower than those before operation (P<0.05), but the levels of gastrin and somatostatin in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in the level of motilin between two groups (P>0.05); at 6 months after operation, the levels of cholecystokinin in two groups were higher than those before operation, but the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Compared with Roux-en-Y jejunoesophageal anastomosis, “P” shaped jejunal loop Roux-en-Y jejunoesophageal anastomosis is more conducive to the recovery of gastrointestinal function to a certain extent, plays an obvious role in promoting the further improvement of nutritional status and the improvement of quality of life, and is conducive to the postoperative rehabilitation of patients.

[Key words] Laparoscope Total gastrectomy Digestive tract reconstruction Nutritional status Gastrointestinal function

First-authors address: Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Changshu 215500, China

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.36.001

胃癌作為消化系統(tǒng)常見的惡性腫瘤之一,胃癌根治術(shù)即全胃切除術(shù)是常用的外科治療手段。但全胃切除后患者面臨胃容積喪失、食欲減退以及消化不良等一系列狀況,從而導(dǎo)致患者恢復(fù)不佳[1-2]。不同消化道重建方式的選擇對(duì)全胃切除術(shù)患者胃腸生理功能恢復(fù)和術(shù)后康復(fù)具有重要意義,臨床上常用的消化道重建術(shù)式為空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)和“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù),但兩種不同重建方法對(duì)患者的影響在醫(yī)學(xué)界尚有一定的爭(zhēng)議[3-4]。本研究從患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀態(tài)、胃腸功能指標(biāo)方面著手,探討腹腔鏡全胃切除術(shù)后兩種不同的重建方法對(duì)患者的影響,以期為臨床提供參考?,F(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料 選取2016年7月-2021年3月蘇州大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院收治的76例胃癌根治術(shù)患者為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):既往無胃部手術(shù)史;符合胃癌根治術(shù)手術(shù)指征;認(rèn)知功能正常。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):嚴(yán)重心、肝、腎等臟器疾病;發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)估生存期不足6個(gè)月;有活動(dòng)性腸道疾病。根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為對(duì)照組和觀察組,每組38例。本研究已經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),患者及家屬均知情同意并簽署知情同意書。

1.2 方法 兩組患者均取仰臥位,行氣管插管全麻后腹腔鏡輔助下經(jīng)腹或胸腹聯(lián)合入路行全胃切除術(shù),清掃淋巴結(jié)并保留迷走神經(jīng)、幽門環(huán)以及食管括約肌。對(duì)照組行空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)。Treitz韌帶下18~20 cm處切斷空腸,并將十二指腸殘端關(guān)閉,同時(shí)上提遠(yuǎn)端空腸殘端至食管端側(cè)并將兩者吻合,將空腸殘端關(guān)閉。最后以“Y”形手法將距吻合口40 cm處離斷的近端、遠(yuǎn)端空腸相吻合。觀察組行“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)。Treitz韌帶遠(yuǎn)端18~20 cm處將空腸離斷,上提遠(yuǎn)端空腸至食管端,取距空腸斷端15 cm處對(duì)系膜側(cè)腸壁與食管行端側(cè)吻合,同時(shí)閉合空腸斷端,距離食管吻合口約15 cm處輸出支腸壁與空腸斷端做側(cè)側(cè)吻合,形成“P”形腸袢。輸入支空腸斷端閉合后距食管吻合口約45 cm處與輸出支腸管作側(cè)側(cè)吻合,最后關(guān)閉系膜裂孔。注意保證各吻合口無張力。兩組術(shù)后均給予相同的抗感染治療,腸外營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持治療5 d,10 d內(nèi)過渡為腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。同時(shí)后期采取相同的化療方案,1個(gè)月為一個(gè)周期,共化療6個(gè)月。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)及判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 比較兩組圍手術(shù)期各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況及術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí);比較兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)及胃泌素、膽囊收縮素、生長(zhǎng)抑素以及胃動(dòng)素水平。(1)兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)包括手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間以及住院時(shí)間。(2)并發(fā)癥包括吻合口瘺、吻合口狹窄、腸梗阻、反流性食管炎及傾倒綜合征等。(3)營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)包括體重、白蛋白、血漿總蛋白和血紅蛋白含量。(4)根據(jù)兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月進(jìn)食后胃腸癥狀進(jìn)行Visick分級(jí),分為Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ級(jí)。Ⅰ級(jí):術(shù)后恢復(fù)良好,進(jìn)餐后無上腹飽脹、腹瀉、反流等臨床癥狀;Ⅱ級(jí):進(jìn)餐后有輕微的上腹飽脹、反流等癥狀,但通過飲食調(diào)節(jié)可以改善且不影響正常生活;Ⅲ級(jí):進(jìn)餐后有不適癥狀,需通過藥物緩解但不影響正常生活;Ⅳ級(jí):進(jìn)餐后感到非常不適,嚴(yán)重影響日常生活。(5)抽取兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月空腹靜脈血5 mL,離心取上清后用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法測(cè)定血清胃泌素、膽囊收縮素、生長(zhǎng)抑素及胃動(dòng)素水平。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 24.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料用(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,比較采用字2檢驗(yàn),等級(jí)資料比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般資料比較 對(duì)照組男17例,女21例;年齡47~74歲,平均(66.25±1.33)歲;腫瘤侵犯位置:賁門15例,胃體11例,胃竇7例,胃底5例;病理分期:Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲa期12例,Ⅲb期19例;組織學(xué)類型:高分化腺癌8例,中分化腺癌10例,低分化腺癌6例,未分化癌14例。觀察組男19例,女19例;年齡47~75歲,平均(66.73±1.51)歲;腫瘤侵犯位置:賁門16例,胃體10例,胃竇6例,胃底6例;病理分期:Ⅱ期8例,Ⅲa期12例,Ⅲb期18例;組織學(xué)類型:高分化腺癌7例,中分化腺癌9例,低分化腺癌7例,未分化癌15例。兩組性別、年齡、腫瘤侵犯位置、病理分期及組織學(xué)類型比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。

2.2 兩組圍手術(shù)期指標(biāo)比較 兩組術(shù)中出血量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但對(duì)照組手術(shù)時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于觀察組(P<0.05)。見表1。

2.3 兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)比較 術(shù)前,兩組營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)均高于術(shù)前,且觀察組均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表2。

2.4 兩組術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí)比較 觀察組術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí)情況明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組患者(Z=3.914,P=0.007),見表3。

2.5 兩組術(shù)前、術(shù)后6個(gè)月血清相關(guān)胃腸激素水平比較 術(shù)前,兩組血清胃腸激素水平比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組胃泌素、生長(zhǎng)抑素和胃動(dòng)素均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),但觀察組胃泌素和生長(zhǎng)抑素均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組胃動(dòng)素比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組膽囊收縮素均高于術(shù)前,但觀察組低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。見表4。

2.6 兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況比較 對(duì)照組不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為18.42%,觀察組為13.16%,兩組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(字2=0.396,P=0.529),見表5。

3 討論

隨著醫(yī)療技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,癌癥患者的死亡率明顯下降,手術(shù)是治療癌癥的主要方法之一。作為消化系統(tǒng)常見的惡性腫瘤之一,傳統(tǒng)的常規(guī)治療手術(shù)方案為全胃切除術(shù)。盡管隨著醫(yī)學(xué)的不斷進(jìn)步,患者術(shù)后的死亡率與并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均有顯著降低[5-7]。但遺憾的是全胃切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后往往有不同程度的營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙,對(duì)其日常生活質(zhì)量造成一定的困擾[8-9]。隨著人們對(duì)生活質(zhì)量的要求不斷提高和快速康復(fù)理念的不斷提出,疾病治療已經(jīng)成為臨床醫(yī)生最基本的治療方式,更為重要的是同時(shí)需將患者的生活質(zhì)量以及快速康復(fù)作為終極目標(biāo),采取何種方式進(jìn)行消化道重建來改善胃癌切除術(shù)后患者的生存質(zhì)量已成為臨床醫(yī)師研究的主要目標(biāo)之一。

空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)和“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)是臨床上常用的兩種消化道重建方式,但哪種方式更有利于患者恢復(fù)目前仍然存在較大爭(zhēng)議[10-12]。本研究中,筆者對(duì)兩組患者采取了不同的消化道重建方式,結(jié)果顯示,兩組術(shù)中出血量比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);但對(duì)照組手術(shù)時(shí)間、胃腸功能恢復(fù)時(shí)間及住院時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于觀察組(P<0.05)。從營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)和Visick分級(jí)上來看,術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)均高于術(shù)前,且觀察組均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后6個(gè)月Visick分級(jí)情況明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組患者(Z=3.914,P=0.007)。從胃腸激素指標(biāo)方面來看,術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組胃泌素、生長(zhǎng)抑素和胃動(dòng)素均低于術(shù)前(P<0.05),但觀察組胃泌素和生長(zhǎng)抑素均高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),兩組胃動(dòng)素比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);術(shù)后6個(gè)月,兩組膽囊收縮素均高于術(shù)前,但觀察組低于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。說明與空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)相比,“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)更能幫助患者加快胃腸功能恢復(fù),改善患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況。究其原因在于,與空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)相比,“P”形空腸袢的建立相當(dāng)于增加了食物儲(chǔ)袋功能,當(dāng)食物進(jìn)入“P”形空腸袢后,分別在升袢和降袢空腸中形成袢內(nèi)循環(huán),反復(fù)刺激腸壁,增加腸管蠕動(dòng)能力[13-15]。同時(shí),“P”形腸袢的形成也增加了食物在上消化道中停留的時(shí)間以及食糜容量,使消化液更好地發(fā)揮作用,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化與吸收,有利于患者機(jī)體恢復(fù)[16-17]。

綜上所述,“P”形空腸袢空腸食管Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)在一定程度上更有利于胃腸功能的恢復(fù),對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的進(jìn)一步改善和生活質(zhì)量的提高有明顯的促進(jìn)作用,有利于患者術(shù)后康復(fù)。

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(收稿日期:2021-11-01) (本文編輯:程旭然)

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