陳歌,曹立冬,許春麗, 趙鵬躍,曹沖,李鳳敏,黃啟良
溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊及其性能研究
陳歌,曹立冬,許春麗, 趙鵬躍,曹沖,李鳳敏,黃啟良
中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所,北京 100193
【】以生物可降解材料聚(3-羥基丁酸酯-co-4-羥基丁酸酯)(P(3HB-co-4HB))為壁材制備丙硫菌唑微囊,研究制備工藝對(duì)微囊粒徑、載藥量及包封率的影響,篩選出分散性好、粒徑較小、載藥量高的配方,并對(duì)其釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)、光降解、對(duì)花生白絹病菌()室內(nèi)生物活性等性能進(jìn)行初步研究和表征,為提高丙硫菌唑在環(huán)境中的穩(wěn)定性及利用率提供理論指導(dǎo)和技術(shù)支撐。采用溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊,通過單因素試驗(yàn)探究芯壁材質(zhì)量比、油水體積比、乳化劑質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和剪切速率對(duì)微囊粒徑、載藥量和包封率的影響;以載藥量與粒徑為關(guān)鍵技術(shù)指標(biāo),通過L9(34)正交試驗(yàn)篩選出最優(yōu)制備工藝參數(shù),并對(duì)正交試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證;通過掃描電鏡(SEM)、傅里葉紅外光譜(FTIR)、高效液相色譜(HPLC)和室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定對(duì)微囊的外觀形貌、釋放性能、光穩(wěn)定性能以及對(duì)花生白絹病菌的室內(nèi)生物活性進(jìn)行研究。芯壁材質(zhì)量比對(duì)微囊的載藥量有顯著影響,隨著芯材質(zhì)量的增大,載藥量逐漸增大;油水體積比、PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)、剪切速率對(duì)微囊粒徑具有顯著影響,隨著剪切速率與PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增大,微囊粒徑逐漸減小,油水體積比對(duì)微囊形態(tài)及分散性影響較大。試驗(yàn)中各因素對(duì)微囊包封率的影響并不顯著。通過L9(34)正交試驗(yàn)配方優(yōu)化獲得最佳制備工藝:芯壁材質(zhì)量比1﹕5,油水體積比1﹕5,PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)2%和剪切速率12 000 r/min。在最佳制備工藝條件下制備了粒徑(D50)為3.32 μm、跨距為2.82,分散性良好的球形丙硫菌唑微囊,載藥量為15.52%,包封率為80.24%。該微囊具有較好的緩釋性能,其釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)符合Fick擴(kuò)散規(guī)律,呈現(xiàn)先“突釋”后“緩釋”兩個(gè)過程。與原藥相比,丙硫菌唑微囊在水溶液中的光穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng),光解半衰期延長(zhǎng)了一倍。菌絲生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)表明其對(duì)花生白絹病菌的抑制活性與原藥相當(dāng)。以生物可降解材料P(3HB-co-4HB)為載體制備丙硫菌唑微囊,不同制備工藝影響微囊的載藥量、分散性和粒徑大小,其緩釋及光穩(wěn)定性能對(duì)減少農(nóng)藥施用量、提高農(nóng)藥利用率具有重要意義。丙硫菌唑微囊在花生白絹病的防治方面具有良好的應(yīng)用前景。
丙硫菌唑;聚羥基丁酸酯;微囊;制備工藝;控制釋放;花生白絹病菌
【研究意義】農(nóng)藥在防治農(nóng)作物病蟲草害、保障糧食安全等方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。然而,由于風(fēng)吹、日曬、雨淋等自然環(huán)境的影響易造成農(nóng)藥有效成分降解和流失(飄移、淋溶、揮發(fā)等),降低了農(nóng)藥利用率,并對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生一定影響[1-2]。丙硫菌唑(prothioconazole)是新型廣譜三唑硫酮類脫甲基化抑制劑殺菌劑[3],具有良好的內(nèi)吸活性,同時(shí)具有優(yōu)異的治療、保護(hù)和鏟除性能,持效期長(zhǎng),在全球殺菌劑,尤其是谷物用殺菌劑市場(chǎng)居于領(lǐng)先地位[4-5]。自2004年首次獲得登記以來已在全球60多個(gè)國(guó)家登記并銷售。然而,丙硫菌唑在水溶液中見光易分解,且對(duì)施藥人員存在健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。因此,利用先進(jìn)的材料和制備工藝進(jìn)行丙硫菌唑劑型優(yōu)化,對(duì)于提高其環(huán)境穩(wěn)定性和利用率、降低對(duì)施用者的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要的理論和實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外丙硫菌唑的劑型主要為懸浮劑、乳油和可分散油懸浮劑[7]。許春麗等[8]以熒光介孔二氧化硅為載體制備了丙硫菌唑納米載藥顆粒,該載藥顆粒具有良好的緩釋性能,表現(xiàn)出與原藥相當(dāng)?shù)亩玖πЧ?,材料的熒光性能有助于研究農(nóng)藥在靶標(biāo)中的吸收和傳導(dǎo)情況。然而,熒光介孔二氧化硅制備成本較高,限制其在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。近年來,具有良好產(chǎn)業(yè)化前景的農(nóng)藥微囊劑型已經(jīng)成為研究的熱點(diǎn),利用生物可降解材料為壁材,對(duì)農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行微囊化,可有效解決農(nóng)藥活性成分釋放快、持效時(shí)間短、易光解及對(duì)人畜的刺激性和毒性等問題[9]。Tsuji[10]報(bào)道了微囊化可抑制農(nóng)藥的蒸發(fā),降低施藥人員的暴露量和健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前農(nóng)藥微囊的制備方法主要分為界面聚合法、原位聚合法、乳液聚合法、溶劑蒸發(fā)法、納米沉淀法、凝聚相法和噴霧干燥法等[11-12]。其中溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備微囊操作簡(jiǎn)單,不需要相分離劑,具有體系穩(wěn)定、溫度改變小、溶劑可回收和殘留低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[13-14]。因此,溶劑蒸發(fā)法可以作為制備農(nóng)藥微囊的綠色環(huán)保方法。聚羥基脂肪酸酯(PHA)是目前唯一一種由微生物直接合成的生物基聚酯,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)材料合成、制品加工和回收降解的全周期綠色生態(tài)循環(huán),已廣泛應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)、工業(yè)等領(lǐng)域[15]。PHA作為農(nóng)藥載體在殺菌劑腐霉利、乙烯菌核利、戊唑醇,殺蟲劑馬拉硫磷及除草劑苯磺隆、莠去津、莠滅凈、草克凈等均有報(bào)道[16]。CAO等利用PHA制備了氟樂靈微囊[17]和吡唑醚菌酯微囊[18],研究表明農(nóng)藥的釋放主要是基質(zhì)降解后的自發(fā)擴(kuò)散并以緩慢釋放為主,且氟樂靈微囊顯著提高了氟樂靈的光穩(wěn)定性及除草活性,吡唑醚菌酯微囊對(duì)稻瘟病的防治效果與原藥相當(dāng)。【本研究切入點(diǎn)】丙硫菌唑微囊化劑型未見報(bào)道。充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)藥微囊化和PHA的優(yōu)點(diǎn)制備PHA丙硫菌唑微囊,并深入考察微囊制備工藝及微囊化對(duì)丙硫菌唑性能提升的影響?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】利用生物可降解材料聚(3-羥基丁酸酯-co-4-羥基丁酸酯)(P(3HB-co-4HB))為壁材,通過乳化溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊,通過單因素試驗(yàn)、正交試驗(yàn)研究制備參數(shù)對(duì)微囊粒徑、載藥量和包封率的影響,確定最佳制備工藝;通過釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)、光解和室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定,明確丙硫菌唑微囊化對(duì)其性能提升的影響,為克服丙硫菌唑應(yīng)用過程中的局限性提供理論指導(dǎo)。
試驗(yàn)于2018—2019年在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院植物保護(hù)研究所完成。
丙硫菌唑原藥(99%,四川華英化工有限公司);聚乙烯醇(PVA-124,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司);甲醇(色譜純,國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司);三氯甲烷(北京化工廠);聚(3-羥基丁酸酯-co-4-羥基丁酸酯)(山東意可曼科技有限公司);透析袋(相對(duì)截留分子質(zhì)量為8 000—14 000,北京索萊寶科技有限公司);供試花生白絹病菌()由中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)植物保護(hù)學(xué)院植物病理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,試驗(yàn)用水均為超純水。
DF-101S集熱式恒溫加熱磁力攪拌器(鞏義市英峪儀器廠);IKA T25型高速分散機(jī)(德國(guó)IKA集團(tuán));日立Regulus 8100冷場(chǎng)發(fā)射掃描電子顯微鏡(日本日立公司);高效液相色譜儀Agilent 1260(美國(guó)安捷倫科技有限公司);BT-9300ST型激光粒度分布儀(丹東百特有限公司);KQ-500DE 型數(shù)控超聲波清洗器(昆山市超聲波儀器有限公司);恒溫培養(yǎng)箱(上海圣科儀器設(shè)備有限公司);TG20-WS離心機(jī)(長(zhǎng)沙湘智離心機(jī)儀器有限公司);CX22光學(xué)顯微鏡(日本奧林巴斯公司);FD-1-50型真空冷凍干燥機(jī)(北京博醫(yī)康實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器有限公司)等。
1.3.1 丙硫菌唑微囊的制備 采用O/W(油相/水相)型乳化溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊[19-20]。具體方法如下:分別準(zhǔn)確稱取一定量的丙硫菌唑原藥(圖1)和P(3HB-co-4HB)(圖2),用三氯甲烷溶解分別配制成質(zhì)量濃度為50 mg·mL-1的溶液,兩者按一定的比例混合為油相;準(zhǔn)確稱取一定量的PVA加至去離子水中,90℃加熱攪拌使其溶解,冷卻后配制成一定質(zhì)量濃度的PVA水溶液為水相;按照設(shè)定的油水相體積,將油相倒入水相混合置于燒杯中,高速剪切5 min;將剪切后的均質(zhì)乳化液于40℃攪拌蒸發(fā)有機(jī)溶劑;待溶劑蒸發(fā)完全,在10 000 r/min下離心10 min,用去離子水洗滌沉淀3次,于低溫冷凍干燥機(jī)內(nèi)冷凍干燥48 h,即得丙硫菌唑微囊粉末,干燥儲(chǔ)存。以相同條件制備P(3HB-co-4HB)未載藥微囊。
圖1 丙硫菌唑結(jié)構(gòu)式
圖2 聚(3-羥基丁酸酯-co-4-羥基丁酸酯)結(jié)構(gòu)式
1.3.2 丙硫菌唑微囊性能 微囊形貌表征:取適量微囊粉末稀釋成微囊懸浮液于光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察其外貌形態(tài);取干燥微囊粉末涂抹在雙面膠帶上,經(jīng)離子鍍膜儀噴金,噴金厚度為6—8 nm,采用掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)觀察其表面形態(tài)。
微囊粒徑分布及測(cè)定:利用激光粒度分析儀測(cè)定其微囊懸浮液的粒徑大小及分布,由公式(1)計(jì)算跨距。
跨距=(D90-D10)/D50(1)
式中,D10、D50和 D90分別表示微囊累積粒度分布百分?jǐn)?shù)為10%、50%和90%時(shí)所對(duì)應(yīng)的粒徑;跨距值越小,微囊的單分散性越好,粒徑分布越窄,反之,跨距值越大,則單分散性越差,粒徑分布越寬。
紅外光譜分析:取適量溴化鉀分別與干燥的丙硫菌唑原藥、未載藥微囊和丙硫菌唑微囊混合均勻,壓片,采用傅里葉變換紅外光譜儀進(jìn)行分析。
微囊載藥量與包封率測(cè)定:取0.025 g(精確至0.0001 g)微囊置于50 mL容量瓶中,用甲醇超聲定容至50 mL,將懸浮液超聲處理30 min。于離心機(jī)內(nèi)10 000 r/min離心5 min,收集上清液過0.22 μm濾膜,利用高效液相色譜儀(HPLC)進(jìn)行丙硫菌唑載藥量和包封率測(cè)定。分別采用公式(2)和(3)測(cè)定丙硫菌唑微囊載藥量和包封率:
高效液相色譜分析條件:流動(dòng)相V(甲醇)﹕V(0.2%甲酸水)= 80﹕20,流速l.0 mL·min-1;Waters sunfire-C18色譜柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);紫外檢測(cè)器波長(zhǎng)260 nm;柱溫30℃;進(jìn)樣體積5 μL。
1.3.3 單因素試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 考察乳化溶劑蒸發(fā)法中微囊制備的工藝條件芯壁材質(zhì)量比、油水體積比、乳化劑PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和剪切速率對(duì)微囊粒徑大小、載藥量和包封率的影響(表1)。設(shè)芯壁材質(zhì)量為1﹕5,油水體積比1﹕5,PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為1%,剪切速率為12 000 r/min為基準(zhǔn)條件,分別考察單個(gè)因素水平對(duì)微囊粒徑、包封率、載藥量的影響。每個(gè)試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
表1 單因素試驗(yàn)水平表
1.3.4 正交試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)篩選最優(yōu)配方 采用L9(34)正交試驗(yàn),考察各因素之間的相互關(guān)系對(duì)微囊工藝的影響并篩選乳化溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊最佳制備工藝條件。選取芯壁質(zhì)量比、油水體積比、PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)和剪切速率4個(gè)因素作為考察對(duì)象,每個(gè)因素選擇3個(gè)水平,以載藥量和粒徑為考察指標(biāo),在測(cè)試條件下篩選丙硫菌唑微囊的最佳制備工藝。其因素水平見表2。
表2 正交試驗(yàn)因素水平表
A:芯壁材質(zhì)量比Mass ratio of core to wall;B:油水體積比Volume ratio of oil to water;C:PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)Mass fraction of PVA (%);D:剪切速率Shearing speed (r/min)。表7、表8同 The same as Table 7, Table 8
1.3.5 微囊緩釋性能 采用透析袋法[21]研究丙硫菌唑原藥與最優(yōu)制備工藝條件下丙硫菌唑微囊的釋放性能。將一定質(zhì)量樣品浸入含200 mL 30%甲醇水溶液的密封容器中,室溫下于轉(zhuǎn)速200 r/min攪拌,每隔一段時(shí)間取一定體積上清液,每次取樣后立即補(bǔ)充相同體積緩沖溶液,通過HPLC測(cè)定丙硫菌唑的釋放量。按公式(4)計(jì)算丙硫菌唑累積釋放量并繪制累積釋放曲線。
:累積釋放量(%);:每次取樣體積(1 mL);C:第i次取樣時(shí)釋放液的濃度(mg·mL-1);V:釋放介質(zhì)總體積(200 mL);:第次取樣釋放液的濃度(mg·mL-1);:取樣次數(shù);m:丙硫菌唑微囊有效成分的總質(zhì)量(mg)。
1.3.6 微囊水中光解 取一定量的丙硫菌唑微囊,分散于30 mL 0.2%吐溫-80水溶液中,置于具塞石英管內(nèi),以高壓氙燈作為光源,輻照度為25 mW·cm-2,石英管距光源10 cm,啟動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)電機(jī)并不斷攪拌使反應(yīng)液均勻受光,溫度保持在(20±1)℃,待光解儀穩(wěn)定后進(jìn)行光解試驗(yàn)。光照不同時(shí)間后分別取樣1 mL,用甲醇稀釋后超聲處理30 min,過0.22 μm濾膜后用HPLC檢測(cè)丙硫菌唑濃度(mg·L-1)。以丙硫菌唑原藥作為對(duì)照。每個(gè)試驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
農(nóng)藥在溶液中光化學(xué)降解可按一級(jí)反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程進(jìn)行描述,其光解動(dòng)力學(xué)方程及半衰期計(jì)算公式如(5)和(6):
Ct=C0e-kt(5)
T1/2=ln2/k (6)
式中,Ct為t時(shí)刻反應(yīng)液中丙硫菌唑的質(zhì)量濃度(mg·L-1),C0為丙硫菌唑的初始質(zhì)量濃度(mg·L-1),k為光解速率常數(shù)(min-1),T1/2為光解半衰期(min)。
1.3.7 室內(nèi)生物活性測(cè)定 采用菌絲生長(zhǎng)速率法[22]測(cè)定丙硫菌唑微囊對(duì)花生白絹病菌的殺菌活性。將丙硫菌唑微囊分別使用二甲基亞砜(DMSO)、無菌水配制成相同濃度的母液,使用無菌水進(jìn)行稀釋配制不同濃度的工作溶液。依次定量吸取不同濃度的藥液分別加入馬鈴薯葡萄糖瓊脂(PDA)培養(yǎng)基中,充分搖勻,然后倒入直徑為90 mm培養(yǎng)皿中,制成濃度分別為2.5、5、10、20和40 mg·L-1的含藥平板。丙硫菌唑原藥用DMSO溶解,無菌水稀釋作為對(duì)照。將培養(yǎng)好的花生白絹病菌接種于含藥平板中央,置于25℃培養(yǎng)箱中。當(dāng)空白處理菌落直徑接近長(zhǎng)滿培養(yǎng)皿直徑時(shí),采用“十字交叉法”測(cè)量各處理菌落直徑,取其平均值按公式(7)計(jì)算菌絲生長(zhǎng)抑制率。
1.3.8 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析 各試驗(yàn)因素對(duì)微囊性能的研究指標(biāo)以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(mean±SE)表示,通過SPSS 22.0軟件采用Duncan氏新復(fù)極差法進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析。測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel和Origin 9.1軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)分析并繪制丙硫菌累積釋放曲線。通過Origin 9.1軟件擬合方程,得到k值,通過降解動(dòng)力學(xué)方程,計(jì)算半衰期。
2.1.1 PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)丙硫菌唑微囊性能的影響 隨著PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的增大,乳狀液體系逐漸達(dá)到穩(wěn)定,微囊粒徑呈減小的趨勢(shì),跨距也逐漸減小,微囊粒徑D50由4.61 μm減至2.55 μm,單因素方差分析表明其對(duì)微囊粒徑的影響顯著。在0.5%—2%范圍內(nèi),PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)微囊載藥量和包封率的影響并不顯著,分別為15.12%—15.69%和77.47%—80.47%(表3)。
2.1.2 芯壁質(zhì)量比對(duì)丙硫菌唑微囊性能的影響 隨著芯壁質(zhì)量比由1﹕20增至1﹕5,載藥量由4.66%逐漸增至15.31%,微囊粒徑D50由4.33 μm逐漸減至3.46 μm,包封率由71.72%增至77.04%。由單因素方差分析可知,芯壁質(zhì)量比對(duì)微囊粒徑和載藥量的影響顯著,對(duì)包封率的影響不顯著(表4)。
表3 PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)對(duì)微囊性能的影響
同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示經(jīng)Duncan氏新復(fù)極差法檢驗(yàn)在<0.05水平差異顯著。下同
Different lowercases after the data in the same column indicate significant difference at 0.05 level by Duncan’s new multiple range test. The same as below
表4 芯壁質(zhì)量比對(duì)微囊性能的影響
2.1.3 油水體積比對(duì)丙硫菌唑微囊性能的影響 油水體積比由1﹕5降至1﹕20,載藥量為14.82%—15.38%,包封率67.07%—76.98%,粒徑2.65—3.46 μm。由單因素方差分析可知,油水體積比對(duì)微囊粒徑有顯著的影響,對(duì)微囊載藥量與包封率影響不顯著(表5)。油水體積比對(duì)形成穩(wěn)定的乳液具有很大的影響,當(dāng)比例過小時(shí),在溶劑蒸發(fā)過程中,乳化液滴變得不穩(wěn)定,易導(dǎo)致微囊發(fā)生聚結(jié),造成微囊成囊率降低。
2.1.4 剪切速率對(duì)丙硫菌唑微囊性能的影響 隨著剪切速率的增大,微囊粒徑逐漸減小,跨距先增后減。單因素方差分析表明,剪切速率對(duì)微囊粒徑的影響顯著,對(duì)微囊載藥量和包封率的影響不顯著,分別為15.29%—15.84%和77.88%—78.33%(表6)。
以粒徑和載藥量為篩選試驗(yàn)工藝的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo),采用極差法和綜合平衡法對(duì)L9(34)正交試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行分析(表7、表8)。結(jié)果表明,各因素對(duì)載藥量的影響程度依次為芯壁比>油水體積比>剪切速率>PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù);對(duì)粒徑的影響由大到小的因素:剪切速率>PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)>芯壁材質(zhì)量比>油水體積比(表8)。綜合載藥量與粒徑進(jìn)行考慮,其最佳制備工藝條件為A3B3C3D3,即芯壁比為1﹕5,油水體積比1﹕5,PVA質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)2%,剪切速率為12 000 r/min。
表5 油水體積比對(duì)微囊性能的影響
表6 乳化剪切速率對(duì)微囊性能影響
表7 正交試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
表8 正交試驗(yàn)極差分析
按上述最佳工藝條件(A3B3C3D3)進(jìn)行3次丙硫菌唑微囊制備,測(cè)得3次平均粒徑D50為3.32 μm,跨距為2.82,載藥量為15.52%,包封率為80.24%;與正交表中的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較,符合其試驗(yàn)分析結(jié)果,表明優(yōu)選條件合理,該工藝制備條件最佳。
最佳制備工藝條件下得到的微囊為彼此沒有黏連流動(dòng)性良好的粉末狀固體,掃描電鏡結(jié)果顯示其為表面較為光滑、粒徑較為均勻的球形微囊,較大粒徑的微囊表面出現(xiàn)了凹陷(圖3)。制備工藝中油水體積比對(duì)微囊的分散性能影響顯著。通過光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察可以看出,隨著油水體積比的減小,微囊易發(fā)生聚結(jié),使微囊跨距逐漸增大(圖4)。圖5為單因素試驗(yàn)中油水體積比為1﹕20時(shí)的微囊SEM觀察圖,當(dāng)對(duì)其微囊局部放大后,可以觀察到微囊之間彼此黏連,并未形成分散性良好的球形微囊。
由圖6可見,丙硫菌唑原藥在3 000 cm-1處出現(xiàn)苯環(huán)C-H鍵不對(duì)稱伸縮振動(dòng)吸收峰,1 560 cm-1為苯環(huán)骨架伸縮振動(dòng),750 cm-1為C-Cl鍵的伸縮振動(dòng)。載藥微囊在1 560和750 cm-1顯示出丙硫菌唑的特征峰;未載藥微囊在1 735 cm-1處有較大的吸收峰,由C=O鍵不對(duì)稱伸縮振動(dòng)引起。載藥微囊與空載體相比,1 735 cm-1處的吸收峰出現(xiàn)了藍(lán)移,可能受到了丙硫菌唑的影響。丙硫菌唑原藥特征的1 560和750 cm-1吸收峰在載藥微囊中出現(xiàn),表明丙硫菌唑已成功包埋在P(3HB-co-4HB)載體中。
從丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊的累積釋放曲線(圖7)可以看出,室溫下原藥釋放20 h后不再釋放,累積釋放率為45%。丙硫菌唑微囊在前20 h釋放較快,之后緩慢釋放,84 h時(shí)累積釋放率達(dá)到84%。為了揭示藥物從緩控釋體系中釋放的機(jī)理或釋放動(dòng)力學(xué),一般將釋放數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)模型的擬合。利用Origin軟件對(duì)累積釋放數(shù)據(jù)分別進(jìn)行零級(jí)、一級(jí)、Higuchi、Ritger- Peppas釋放擬合[23],其擬合結(jié)果見表9。由回歸方程分析,丙硫菌唑原藥的釋放(決定系數(shù)2=0.9727)更符合一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程,為擴(kuò)散釋放。丙硫菌唑原藥受其外觀形態(tài)、晶型及溶解性能的影響,其釋放過程受丙硫菌唑濃度的影響。丙硫菌唑微囊釋放更符合Higuchi(2=0.9596)與Ritger-Peppas(2= 0.9622)方程。當(dāng)芯材均勻分布在整個(gè)微囊中或者部分芯材分布在外壁中,其釋放動(dòng)力學(xué)更符合Higuchi擬合方程,微囊釋放的芯材質(zhì)量與時(shí)間的平方根成正比,釋放機(jī)理是Fick擴(kuò)散[24]。Ritger-Peppas方程的對(duì)數(shù)形式為:lg (Mt/M∞)=lgk+nlgt,其中,Mt/M∞為藥物累積釋放百分率,k為藥物釋放速率常數(shù),n為擴(kuò)散指數(shù)。根據(jù)n的數(shù)值可以推斷釋放機(jī)理的類型,當(dāng)n≤0.45時(shí),藥物釋放以Fick擴(kuò)散為主;當(dāng)0.45<n<0.89時(shí),釋放以非Fick擴(kuò)散為主,藥物釋放呈現(xiàn)擴(kuò)散和溶蝕并存;當(dāng)n>0.89時(shí),以載藥體系骨架的溶蝕而釋放藥物為主[25]。丙硫菌唑微囊釋放Ritger-Peppas擬合方程n=0.42,屬于Fick擴(kuò)散。丙硫菌唑釋放呈現(xiàn)先“突釋”后“緩釋”兩個(gè)過程,“突釋”比“緩釋”速率大,其屬于Fick擴(kuò)散。方程擬合結(jié)果證明了P(3HB-co-4HB)丙硫菌唑微囊具有緩釋作用。
圖3 丙硫菌唑微囊掃描電鏡圖
A: 1﹕5; B: 1﹕10 ; C: 1﹕15; D: 1﹕20
圖5 油水體積比1﹕20丙硫菌唑微囊掃描電鏡圖
用一級(jí)反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型對(duì)丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊在水中的光降解反應(yīng)進(jìn)行擬合分析,光解曲線如圖8所示,擬合結(jié)果見表10。結(jié)果表明,丙硫菌唑的光降解反應(yīng)符合一級(jí)反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)(2介于0.975—0.997),在高壓氙燈的照射下,丙硫菌唑微囊的光解半衰期為1.52 h,而丙硫菌唑原藥的半衰期為0.76 h。丙硫菌唑微囊化可顯著降低其在水環(huán)境中的光解速率,提高其穩(wěn)定性。
表9 丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊緩釋曲線擬合結(jié)果
圖6 丙硫菌唑原藥(a)、丙硫菌唑微囊(b)和未載藥P(3HB-co-4HB)微囊(c)紅外光譜圖
圖7 丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊緩釋曲線
為明確丙硫菌唑微囊化仍然保持有效成分的活性,采用菌絲生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行室內(nèi)毒力測(cè)定。微囊分別采用DMSO和無菌水進(jìn)行母液配制。在測(cè)試質(zhì)量濃度范圍內(nèi),丙硫菌唑測(cè)試藥劑對(duì)花生白絹病菌菌絲生長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出顯著的抑制作用。當(dāng)采用DMSO配制微囊母液時(shí),微囊壁材因溶解于DMSO而導(dǎo)致微囊破壁,微囊中的丙硫菌唑游離釋放出來,與原藥具有基本一致的溶液濃度。質(zhì)量濃度為40 mg·L-1的丙硫菌唑原藥與微囊對(duì)花生白絹病菌的抑制率分別為94.70%和92.98%,其毒力效果相當(dāng),在其他低濃度情況下也具有同等毒力。當(dāng)采用無菌水配制微囊母液時(shí),由于丙硫菌唑在水中具有一定的溶解度,微囊表面和初始階段釋放出來的丙硫菌唑可以發(fā)揮殺菌活性的作用。當(dāng)微囊均勻分布在PDA培養(yǎng)基中,由于缺少液體釋放介質(zhì),微囊內(nèi)部的丙硫菌唑釋放非常緩慢。因此,在低濃度時(shí),無菌水配制的微囊溶液具有與原藥相當(dāng)?shù)纳锘钚?,?dāng)濃度較高時(shí),由于水中溶解度和釋放的限制,對(duì)靶標(biāo)病原菌的抑制率低于同等濃度的原藥(表11)。
圖8 丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊水中光解曲線
表10 丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊水中光解動(dòng)力學(xué)
表11 丙硫菌唑原藥和微囊對(duì)花生白絹病菌的毒力
農(nóng)藥微囊的制備工藝會(huì)對(duì)微囊形態(tài)、粒徑及分布、載藥量、包封率及緩釋性能等理化性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生影響,一套完善而可行的制備工藝對(duì)微囊的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)具有重要意義。在微囊最佳制備工藝條件下,微囊呈球形且分散性良好。由SEM觀測(cè)到在某些粒徑較大的微囊表面出現(xiàn)凹陷,可能是在溶劑揮發(fā)過程中,微囊之間以及微囊與攪拌磁子之間的碰撞所致[26]。載體P(3HB-co-4HB)具有較寬的分子量分布,在溶劑蒸發(fā)時(shí)可能存在非均相沉析現(xiàn)象,高分子量鏈段首先析出,而低分子量鏈段后析出,導(dǎo)致微囊內(nèi)外部出現(xiàn)微孔及表面產(chǎn)生皺縮現(xiàn)象,Embleton等[27]也觀察到類似現(xiàn)象。
PVA具有乳化劑及分散劑雙重作用,其質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)增加連續(xù)相黏度增大,能夠防止乳滴聚合,導(dǎo)致微囊粒徑減小[28-31]。乳化劑用量對(duì)微囊包封率沒有顯著影響[32],但對(duì)微囊形態(tài)影響較大,乳化劑用量過大或者不足均會(huì)造成微囊乳狀液不穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)PVA濃度過大,乳狀液黏稠,微囊難以離心分離,溶劑蒸發(fā)與干燥過程中微囊會(huì)黏結(jié)、形成形狀不規(guī)則的團(tuán)聚體,使微囊收得率降低。隨著芯壁質(zhì)量比增加,包裹在丙硫菌唑液滴周圍壁材的量逐漸減少,囊壁的厚度逐漸變薄,芯材所占比重增大,載藥量呈遞增趨勢(shì)[33]。隨著剪切速率的增大,微囊粒徑及其分布逐漸減小,其變化規(guī)律與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道一致[34-36]。油水體積比例在合適范圍內(nèi)降低,使乳滴分散效果好,凝聚機(jī)會(huì)減少,對(duì)載藥量與包封率沒有顯著影響。Conti等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)PVA的濃度為0.5%時(shí),藥物的包封率依賴于攪拌速度,隨著攪拌速度的提高,包封率從17.5%升至90%。本研究單因素試驗(yàn)中各因素對(duì)微囊包封率的影響均不顯著。丙硫菌唑微囊理論上應(yīng)具有較高的包封率,然而在制備微囊的過程中,由于P(3HB-co-4HB)和丙硫菌唑溶解于三氯甲烷中所得溶液的黏度較大,在實(shí)驗(yàn)室制備量較小的條件下,試驗(yàn)材料黏附在與其接觸的容器上,造成損失,從而降低微囊包封率,隨著制備量的增加,損失量逐漸減小,包封率會(huì)有所提高,黃彬彬等[38]在文獻(xiàn)中也有相同的分析;另外,在微囊制備過程中微囊的收率是影響包封率的關(guān)鍵因素,并不是所有的微囊干燥后均為分散性良好的微囊,部分微囊黏結(jié)成塊,成為形狀不規(guī)則的團(tuán)聚體,使得到的微囊質(zhì)量下降,造成包封率降低。Shenderova等[39]則認(rèn)為聚合物在載體溶液中的濃度降低,包封率也隨之降低,載體材料濃度下降,所需揮發(fā)溶劑時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),乳滴析出成固態(tài)的時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)造成包封率降低。
除了試驗(yàn)所考察的4個(gè)主要因素,其他參數(shù)如壁材的性質(zhì)和濃度、制備溫度、溶劑蒸發(fā)時(shí)間和攪拌速率等也會(huì)對(duì)微囊的形態(tài)、性能產(chǎn)生一定的影響[40-42]。載體材料濃度提高使油相溶液黏度增加,乳滴中載體材料向外遷移困難,易發(fā)生粘連,使微囊形狀不規(guī)則。溫度升高過快或者蒸發(fā)時(shí)間太長(zhǎng),會(huì)使微囊材料析出,微囊粘結(jié)嚴(yán)重,分散性不好,控制蒸發(fā)時(shí)的溫度,可防止微囊粘連聚結(jié)。王光磊等[43]采用溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備牛樟芝總?cè)莆⒛遥尤肟拐硠┯仓徜X以防止微囊之間的粘結(jié),增加其分散性,提高微囊收率。在本研究最佳制備工藝條件下得到的微囊具有良好的分散性,沒有黏結(jié),但微囊跨距較大,值得進(jìn)一步研究,比如油相加入水相時(shí)逐滴滴加,或者增加高速剪切的時(shí)間以降低微囊跨距。
微囊的釋放及降解速度與微囊形態(tài)及尺寸、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、聚合物組成及降解方式等均有關(guān)系[44]。此外,藥物的含量也會(huì)影響微囊的釋藥,微囊中的藥物能提供釋藥過程中藥物擴(kuò)散的勢(shì)能,所以藥物含量高,釋藥速度快。微球粒徑越小,表面積越大,釋藥加快[45-46]。由丙硫菌唑微囊的累積釋放曲線分析,丙硫菌唑的釋放大致可分為“突釋”和“緩釋”兩個(gè)階段:“突釋”階段為微囊在開始很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)大量快速釋放藥物,吸附在微囊表面和淺層的丙硫菌唑在初始階段快速釋放到環(huán)境介質(zhì)中,可保證速效性的要求;“緩釋”階段為藥物“突釋”后相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)緩慢釋放,包裹在微囊內(nèi)部的丙硫菌唑持續(xù)緩慢釋放出來,可提高丙硫菌唑的持效期。生物完全可降解材料聚乳酸-羥基乙酸共聚物載藥微囊的釋放分為3個(gè)階段[47],除了上述的兩個(gè)階段,第3階段是藥物緩慢釋放后出現(xiàn)的較快藥物釋放,為快速釋放階段,這是聚合物降解所致。明確丙硫菌唑微囊的藥物釋放規(guī)律,可根據(jù)農(nóng)作物病害對(duì)防控劑量的需求制備不同釋放速率的丙硫菌唑微囊,延長(zhǎng)持效期、減少農(nóng)藥使用量。
農(nóng)藥水中光解是環(huán)境化學(xué)及環(huán)境毒理學(xué)的研究熱點(diǎn)之一。此外,噴灑使用后的農(nóng)藥在植物及土壤表面也會(huì)受到光的影響而發(fā)生降解,使藥效逐步喪失。研究降解速度低的劑型及施藥方式,對(duì)于延長(zhǎng)持效期,充分發(fā)揮農(nóng)藥的綜合效益具有重要價(jià)值。丙硫菌唑微囊的光解半衰期約為丙硫菌唑原藥的兩倍,顯著降低了丙硫菌唑在水中的光解。在光降解試驗(yàn)中,影響藥物在水環(huán)境中降解的因素有很多,比如溫度,隨著溫度的升高降解速率增大,pH、光源、藥物初始濃度等都會(huì)影響微囊的光降解行為[48]。管磊等以紫外燈為光源,研究了吡唑醚菌酯在水環(huán)境中光化學(xué)降解及微囊化對(duì)其光穩(wěn)定性的影響,結(jié)果表明微囊化明顯降低了吡唑醚菌酯在水中的光降解速率[49]。
丙硫菌唑微囊生物活性測(cè)定選用花生白絹病菌,主要原因是白絹病為花生田土傳病害,近幾年來危害嚴(yán)重,造成花生減產(chǎn)。聚羥基脂肪酸酯(PHA)在土壤中可生物降解,土壤中施用丙硫菌唑微囊后可隨著載體材料的降解緩慢釋放出丙硫菌唑,有效防控土傳病害。另外PHA可促進(jìn)土壤中PHA降解菌的生長(zhǎng)[50],調(diào)節(jié)土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu),從而有利于土壤養(yǎng)分循環(huán)能力的保持和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定[51]。
以生物可降解聚(3-羥基丁酸酯-co-4-羥基丁酸酯)為載體材料,采用乳化溶劑蒸發(fā)法制備丙硫菌唑微囊,對(duì)其制備工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,制備出分散性良好,粒徑D50為3.32 μm,跨距為2.82,載藥量為15.52%,包封率為80.24%的球形微囊。該微囊具有較好的緩釋性能,與原藥相比微囊在水溶液中的光穩(wěn)定性增強(qiáng),菌絲生長(zhǎng)抑制試驗(yàn)表明其對(duì)花生白絹病菌的抑制活性與原藥相當(dāng)。丙硫菌唑微囊化延長(zhǎng)藥物持效期,降低丙硫菌唑?qū)κ褂谜叩谋┞讹L(fēng)險(xiǎn),生物可降解的載體材料降低對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)面影響,具有較大的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用潛力。
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Performance Study of Prothioconazole Microcapsules Prepared by Solvent Evaporation Method
Chen Ge, CAO LiDong, XU ChunLi, ZHAO PengYue, CAO Chong, LI FengMin, HUANG QiLiang
Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193
【】The biodegradable material poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P (3HB-co-4HB)) was used as the wall material to prepare prothioconazole microcapsules. The effect of preparation process on the microcapsule size, pesticide loading and encapsulation efficiency was optimized. The microcapsules with good dispersion, small particle size, and high pesticide loading were screened out, and the preliminary researches on the release kinetics, photodegradation, and indoor biological activity onwere carried out. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for improving the stability and utilization efficiency of prothioconazole in the environment.【】The solvent evaporation method was used to prepare prothioconazole microcapsules, and the effects of the mass ratio of core to wall material, volume ratio of oil to water, mass fraction of emulsifier and shearing speed on the particle size, pesticide loading and encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules were investigated through a single factor test. Taking pesticide loading and particle size as the key technical indicators, the optimal preparation parameters were screened out through the L9(34) orthogonal test, which was further verified. The morphological and structural features, release performance and photodegradability of the microcapsules were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The toxicity of prothioconazole microcapsules onwas investigated by indoor bioassay.【】The mass ratio of core to wall material had a significant effect on the pesticide loading capacity of the microcapsules. As the ratio of core material increased, the loading capacity gradually increased. the volume ratio of oil to water, PVA mass fraction, and shearing speed had significant effects on the microcapsule particle size. As the shearing speed and PVA mass fraction increased, the microcapsule particle size gradually decreased. The volume ratio of oil to water had a great influence on the morphology and dispersion of microcapsules, and the influence of various factors on the encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules was not significant. The optimal preparation parameters obtained through the L9(34) orthogonal test was as follows: the mass ratio of core to wall material of 1﹕5, volume ratio of oil to water of 1﹕5, PVA mass fraction of 2%, and shearing speed of 12 000 r/min. Under the optimal preparation process, spherical prothioconazole microcapsules with a particle size (D50) of 3.32 μm and a span of 2.82 were prepared with a loading content of 15.52% and an encapsulation efficiency of 80.24%. Compared with prothioconazole technical material, the microcapsules had better sustained-release performance, and the release kinetics conformed to Fick’s diffusion law, presenting two processes of “burst release” followed by “sustained release”. The photostability of prothioconazole in the microcapsules in aqueous solution was enhanced, and the half-life of photolysis was doubled. The mycelial growth rate inhibition result showed that the fungicidal activity of prothioconazole microcapsules againstwas equivalent to that of prothioconazole technical material.【】Prothioconazole microcapsules with biodegradable material P (3HB-co-4HB) as a carrier were prepared, and different preparation processes affect the pesticide loading, dispersion state and particle size of microcapsules. The slow and sustained release and photostability are of great significance for reducing the amount of pesticide applied and improving the utilization efficiency of pesticide, which has potential application in control of peanut southern blight.
prothioconazole; polyhydroxybutyrate; microcapsule; preparation process; controlled release;
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.04.008
2020-05-14;
2020-07-08
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃(2017YFD0200300)、中央級(jí)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(Y2020XK14)
陳歌,E-mail:chenge0036@126.com。通信作者曹立冬,E-mail:caolidong@caas.cn。通信作者黃啟良,E-mail:qlhuang@ippcaas.cn
(責(zé)任編輯 岳梅)