王 亮,郭仁松,吾買爾江?庫(kù)爾班,田立文,林 濤,鄭子漂,徐海江,孔繁陽(yáng),崔建平
·農(nóng)業(yè)水土工程·
深松深度對(duì)南疆滴灌棉田水分利用效率與產(chǎn)量的影響
王 亮1,2,郭仁松2,吾買爾江?庫(kù)爾班1,田立文2,林 濤2,鄭子漂2,徐海江2,孔繁陽(yáng)2,崔建平2※
(1. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院庫(kù)車陸地棉試驗(yàn)站,庫(kù)車 842099;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)作物研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
為探明深松對(duì)南疆滴灌棉田耗水特性、水分利用效率及產(chǎn)量的影響。在新疆阿瓦提縣棉花科研示范基地開(kāi)展田間深松試驗(yàn),設(shè)置3個(gè)深松深度(TD1,30 cm;TD2,40 cm;TD3,50 cm),以不深松為對(duì)照(CK),比對(duì)分析不同處理土壤容重、棉田耗水特征、干物質(zhì)積累量、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的變化。結(jié)果表明,深松處理均能降低土壤容重,提高快速生長(zhǎng)期深層水分的利用吸收,增加棉田土壤水分消耗量和蒸散量;與CK處理相比,TD1、TD2和TD3處理0~60 cm平均土壤容重降低1.0%、1.9%和3.3%,花鈴期0~80 cm土層平均土壤質(zhì)量含水率減小5.3%、11.6%和11.3%,全生育期土壤水分消耗量顯著增加31.4、30.0和47.4 mm,總蒸散量則顯著增大6.7%、6.3%和10.0%。深松處理對(duì)棉花干物質(zhì)積累量、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率具有顯著促進(jìn)效應(yīng),但并不隨深松深度的增加呈逐漸增大趨勢(shì),當(dāng)深松深度為TD2時(shí)更有利于獲得最大干物質(zhì)積累量、最高產(chǎn)量和最大水分利用效率;吐絮期TD1、TD2和TD3處理干物質(zhì)積累量分別較CK增加11.6%、22.5%和20.8%,產(chǎn)量顯著增加7.0%、15.5%和13.0%,TD2處理水分利用效率較CK和TD3提高8.9%和6.3%??梢?jiàn),深松40 cm既能優(yōu)化土壤耕層結(jié)構(gòu),又能協(xié)同棉花產(chǎn)量及水分生產(chǎn)力的最大化,是南疆綠洲滴灌棉田適宜的深松深度,在南疆旱作棉田合理耕層構(gòu)建中具有一定的推廣應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
棉花;土壤;深松;土壤水分;產(chǎn)量;水分利用效率
南疆位于天山以南,昆侖山脈以北,是新疆乃至中國(guó)植棉面積最大、品質(zhì)最優(yōu)的棉花生產(chǎn)基地[1],其棉花產(chǎn)量和面積分別占全疆的71.2%和 67.6%[2]。該區(qū)域氣候極端干旱少雨(年均降水量?jī)H為46.7 mm),水分蒸發(fā)強(qiáng)烈,是典型的“綠洲生態(tài),灌溉農(nóng)業(yè)”,其灌溉需要指數(shù)在 85%以上[3],農(nóng)田水資源嚴(yán)重匱乏。同時(shí),由于南疆耕地自開(kāi)墾以來(lái)一直進(jìn)行棉花連作,輪作倒茬困難,小規(guī)模分散種植使得以鏵式犁為主的連年翻耕制度與高強(qiáng)度的機(jī)械作業(yè)長(zhǎng)期沿用,加劇了耕作層淺化(南疆灌溉棉區(qū)平均耕層深度僅為20 cm),犁底層加厚,形成土壤壓實(shí)的不合理耕層結(jié)構(gòu),導(dǎo)致耕層“淺、實(shí)、少、干”問(wèn)題突出,弱化了水肥氣熱傳導(dǎo)性能,致使水肥利用效率低下,土壤耕地質(zhì)量及地力生產(chǎn)力持續(xù)下降,嚴(yán)重制約了作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育與高產(chǎn)高效[4]。如何消減連作棉田土壤障礙,提高有限灌溉水的高效利用,實(shí)現(xiàn)棉田節(jié)水、高效用水與土壤庫(kù)容擴(kuò)增協(xié)同,增產(chǎn)增效,已成為目前南疆棉花生產(chǎn)上亟待解決的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問(wèn)題。
深松作為構(gòu)建合理耕層結(jié)構(gòu)的一項(xiàng)有效改土技術(shù)手段[5],對(duì)減輕農(nóng)田土壤連作障礙,優(yōu)化土壤環(huán)境,提升土壤生產(chǎn)力具有較好的效果[6]。近年,國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于深松的研究取得了階段性進(jìn)展,深松可打破犁底層致密結(jié)構(gòu),加深耕層厚度,形成虛實(shí)并存的土壤結(jié)構(gòu)[7]。深松耕作顯著增加了土壤碳庫(kù)容及土壤孔隙的連通性[8],田慎重等[9]在旋耕加深松和秸稈還田的綜合耕作措施下研究表明,深松配合秸稈還田提高了0~20 cm土壤團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性和活性有機(jī)碳含量及貢獻(xiàn)率,提高了深層土壤氣相比。土壤水分運(yùn)動(dòng)與深松之間存在很強(qiáng)的關(guān)聯(lián)性,Kaur等[10]和Kuang等[11]研究認(rèn)為,深松(35~40 cm)可為土壤水分入滲創(chuàng)造有效的輸送通道,提高穩(wěn)定入滲率,增加水滲透能力;Nidia等[12]研究了耕作方式對(duì)地中海氣候下土壤水分平衡的影響表明,深松可顯著增加土壤貯水量,對(duì)土體的有效供水能力有很好的提升作用[13]。深松減弱了土壤穿透阻力,利于優(yōu)化根系形態(tài),促進(jìn)根系對(duì)水分及養(yǎng)分的吸收與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[14],Sun等[15]在華北平原區(qū)開(kāi)展的耕作方式研究表明,深松促進(jìn)了作物根系下扎,有利于根系對(duì)深層土壤中養(yǎng)分和水分的吸收利用,提高了養(yǎng)分利用效率,從而促進(jìn)作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量提高[16]。這與溫美娟等[17]在引黃灌區(qū)灰鈣土上的研究結(jié)果一致。然而,上述關(guān)于深松耕作的研究主要集中在黃淮海平原及黃土高原生態(tài)區(qū),且多為不同耕作方式對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量、作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育方面的對(duì)比分析,有關(guān)深松深度研究也主要在30~40 cm的深度。針對(duì)南疆依賴灌溉的粉砂質(zhì)壤土環(huán)境條件下,深松深度對(duì)棉田土壤環(huán)境、耗水特性及作物生產(chǎn)的系統(tǒng)性研究不足,影響棉田水土環(huán)境及產(chǎn)量的機(jī)理尚不明晰,缺乏對(duì)應(yīng)土壤區(qū)位和障礙因子的深松作業(yè)深度規(guī)范,限制了深松耕作技術(shù)因地制宜的推廣應(yīng)用。因此,本文通過(guò)研究南疆滴灌棉田深松深度對(duì)土壤容重、土壤水分消耗變化過(guò)程、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的影響,揭示深松擴(kuò)容增產(chǎn)機(jī)理,以期為構(gòu)建南疆綠洲灌溉棉區(qū)適宜的耕層結(jié)構(gòu)及深松技術(shù)的合理應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
試驗(yàn)于2019年4—10月在阿瓦提縣新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院棉花科研示范基地(40°27'N,80°21'E,海拔1 025 m)進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)區(qū)位于塔克拉瑪干沙漠北緣,屬于暖溫帶大陸性干旱氣候,是典型的綠洲灌溉區(qū)。該區(qū)域降雨稀少,極干旱,年均降雨量?jī)H46.7 mm,平均蒸發(fā)量達(dá)1 890.7 mm,光熱資源豐富,年平均氣溫10.4 ℃,>10 ℃年積溫3 988 ℃,無(wú)霜期211 d,年日照時(shí)數(shù)2 679 h。2019年棉花生長(zhǎng)季日均氣溫19.9 ℃,降水量100.9 mm(圖1)。試驗(yàn)地土質(zhì)類型為粉砂質(zhì)壤土,砂粒、粉粒、黏粒質(zhì)量比例為61∶36∶3,地下水埋深大于5 m,無(wú)向上補(bǔ)給水量,灌溉水為地表天山融雪水。
圖1 試驗(yàn)地2019年棉花生長(zhǎng)季降水量和氣溫分布
試驗(yàn)采用單因素隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),以不深松為對(duì)照(CK),設(shè)置3個(gè)深松深度30 cm(TD1)、40 cm(TD2)和50 cm(TD3),共4個(gè)處理,秋收后,采用棉花秸稈粉碎機(jī)將棉秸稈全部粉碎還田,之后采用7M-2204型帶有深度定位儀的彎刀式深松機(jī)進(jìn)行精確深松,深松后進(jìn)行冬灌蓄墑。不同處理耕層土壤(0~60 cm)的基礎(chǔ)養(yǎng)分狀況見(jiàn)表1,整地播種前將氮肥施用總量的30%、鉀肥施用總量的50%和全部磷肥作為底肥,結(jié)合淺犁一次性施入,底肥共施入尿素(N質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)≥46%)202.5 kg/hm2,農(nóng)用硫酸鉀(K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)≥50%)75 kg/hm2,三料磷肥(P2O5質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)≥46%)375 kg/hm2。最后采用2BMJ-4型氣吸式精量鋪膜播種機(jī)進(jìn)行單粒精播。試驗(yàn)采用1膜雙管6行種植模式,膜寬2.05 m,播幅2.3 m,2根滴灌帶間距76 cm,滴頭間距20 cm,滴頭設(shè)計(jì)流量2.1 L/h。株行配置為窄行10 cm,寬行66 cm,株距11 cm,種植密度為2.4×105株/hm2。每處理重復(fù)3次,共12個(gè)小區(qū),每小區(qū)由3個(gè)播幅組成,小區(qū)寬6.9 m,長(zhǎng)6.5 m,面積44.85 m2,小區(qū)之間留1播幅設(shè)為保護(hù)行。2019年供試棉花品種為“新陸中88號(hào)”,屬于中熟棉花品種,于2019年4月15日播種,2019年9月25日收獲,生育期長(zhǎng)163 d。
表1 不同處理下試驗(yàn)區(qū)耕層土壤(0~60 cm)的基本性質(zhì)
注:CK 為不深松,TD1 為深松30 cm,TD2 為深松40 cm,TD3 為深松50 cm。下同。
Note: CK is not subsoiling, TD1 represents subsoiling of 30 cm, TD2 represents subsoiling of 40 cm, and TD3 represents subsoiling of 50 cm. Same as below.
試驗(yàn)區(qū)單獨(dú)水表控水計(jì)量,采用滴灌方式,每個(gè)處理灌水量相同,整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季灌水總量控制在360 mm,6月20日灌頭水,之后每間隔7 d滴灌1次,全生育期共滴灌10次,單次灌水量為36 mm。棉花生育期肥料按照“一水一肥”的方式進(jìn)行等量追施,追施尿素(N質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)≥46%)472.5 kg/hm2,農(nóng)用硫酸鉀(K2O質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)≥50%)75 kg/hm2,試驗(yàn)區(qū)周圍設(shè)置保護(hù)行,其他農(nóng)事管理措施同周邊大田。
1.3.1 土壤容重測(cè)定
于棉花收獲期,采用環(huán)刀法測(cè)定0~60 cm土層深度的土壤容重,每10 cm為一層,每處理重復(fù)取樣3次,環(huán)刀體積為100 cm3,測(cè)定位置為棉花寬行每層中間位置。
1.3.2 土壤質(zhì)量含水率的測(cè)定
土壤質(zhì)量含水率采用土鉆取土烘干法測(cè)定,在棉花生育期內(nèi),各處理每7 d(灌水前一天)用土鉆于小區(qū)第2幅膜(減小邊際效應(yīng))膜間滴頭正下方采取0~20、>20~40、>40~60、>60~80 cm土層土樣,置于鋁盒稱鮮土質(zhì)量,在80 ℃恒溫下烘干后稱干土質(zhì)量。各處理進(jìn)行3次平行測(cè)定,取平均值計(jì)算土壤質(zhì)量含水率。
1.3.3 土壤水分消耗量、農(nóng)田蒸散量及耗水系數(shù)
土壤貯水量(,mm)的計(jì)算公式如下[18]
=S(﹒﹒)×10 (1)
式中為土層厚度,cm;為該土層土壤容重,g/cm3;為該土層土壤質(zhì)量含水率,以占干土質(zhì)量的百分?jǐn)?shù)計(jì)。
土壤水分消耗量(Soil Water Consumption,SWC,mm)的計(jì)算公式如下
SWC=1-2(2)
式中1和2分別為生育階段初和階段末的土壤貯水量,mm;
采用水量平衡法計(jì)算作物農(nóng)田蒸散量(Evapotranspiration,ETc,mm),公式如下[18]
ETc=SWC+++--(3)
式中為時(shí)段內(nèi)灌水量,mm;為時(shí)段內(nèi)有效降雨量,mm;為地下水通過(guò)毛管作用上移補(bǔ)給作物水量,mm;為地表徑流量,mm;為補(bǔ)給地下水量,mm。試驗(yàn)區(qū)地勢(shì)平坦,在有作物生長(zhǎng)的農(nóng)田,降水入滲深度不超過(guò)2 m,所以和可忽略不計(jì);當(dāng)?shù)叵滤裆畲笥?.5 m時(shí),地下水上移補(bǔ)給作物水量可視為0(本試驗(yàn)地下水埋深在5 m以下,故值為0)。因此,公式(2)可簡(jiǎn)化為
ETc=SWC++(4)
耗水系數(shù)(Water Consumption Coefficient,WCC,%)的計(jì)算公式為[19]
WCC= ETa/ ETc×100 (5)
式中ETa為某一生育階段農(nóng)田蒸散量,mm;ETc為生育期農(nóng)田總蒸散量,mm。
1.3.4 棉花干物質(zhì)積累量測(cè)定
于棉株苗期、蕾期、盛花期、盛鈴期和吐絮期,在每小區(qū)選取長(zhǎng)勢(shì)均勻的5株棉樣,采集其地上部和地下部分,將獲得的鮮植株樣立即分根、莖、葉、蕾鈴花等器官,在105 ℃條件下殺青30 min后,于80 ℃烘干至恒質(zhì)量,測(cè)定其干物質(zhì)積累量。
1.3.5 產(chǎn)量及構(gòu)成因素和水分利用效率的測(cè)定
吐絮期在每小區(qū)選定2.9 m×2.3 m地塊,調(diào)查有效株數(shù)和單株成鈴數(shù),重復(fù)測(cè)定平行3組,取其平均值。并在每小區(qū)連續(xù)幾株分上、中、下3部位各取50個(gè)吐絮鈴,同樣各處理重復(fù)3次,室內(nèi)考種,調(diào)查單鈴質(zhì)量和衣分。
水分利用效率(WUE)的計(jì)算公式為[20]
WUE=/ ETc (6)
式中為籽棉產(chǎn)量,kg/hm2。
1.3.6 氣象要素測(cè)定
降水量、溫度和風(fēng)速等氣象參數(shù)由常規(guī)田間氣象站(Watch Dog 2900ET Weather Station,Spectrum,Inc,USA)測(cè)定。
利用Microsoft Excel 2010對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件One way ANOVA分析不同深松深度處理之間的差異顯著性。SigmaPlot Version 12.5(Systat Software,Inc. USA)繪圖。
不同深松深度對(duì)棉花收獲期0~60 cm土壤剖面容重的影響如表2所示。0~10 cm土層不同處理土壤容重差異不顯著(>0.05);>10~20 cm土層TD2和TD3處理土壤容重較CK顯著降低,分別降低2.9%和3.6%(<0.05);>20~30 cm土層3個(gè)深松處理土壤容重均顯著低于CK,分別降低5.6%、4.9%和5.6%(<0.05),但深松處理間差異不顯著(>0.05);>30~40 cm土層TD3處理土壤容重較CK、TD1和TD2處理分別顯著降低2.8%、4.1%和1.4%(<0.05);>40~50 cm土層僅TD3處理土壤容重顯著低于其他處理,較CK顯著降低4.7%(<0.05),而CK、TD1和TD2處理間差異不顯著(>0.05);>50~60 cm土層處理間土壤容重差異均不顯著(>0.05),這主要是由于深松未對(duì)>50~60 cm深層土壤造成擾動(dòng)。整體上,0~60 cm土層TD1、TD2和TD3處理平均土壤容重較CK分別降低1.0%、1.9%和3.3%,上述分析表明,深松處理均可降低不同土層的土壤容重,深松深度增加,容重降幅增大,且不同土層TD3處理土壤容重均最低。
表2 棉花收獲期各處理不同深度土層土壤容重變化
注:同一行中不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(<0.05)。表中數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。
Note: Different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant differences among treatments (<0.05). The data are mean ± standard deviation in the table.
耕層土壤結(jié)構(gòu)差異影響了土壤水分分布特征,圖2顯示了棉花生長(zhǎng)季不同深松深度下棉田0~80 cm土層剖面水分分布變化。棉花苗期,0~80 cm土層TD1、TD2和TD3處理平均土壤質(zhì)量含水率較CK分別高出2.6%、6.5%和7.2%;蕾期,0~40 cm土層深松處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率均較CK降低,各深松處理間差異較小,60~80 cm土層TD2和TD3處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率明顯高于CK;花鈴期土壤蒸發(fā)及蒸騰作用進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng),各處理表層0~20 cm土壤質(zhì)量含水率均較低,且處理間差異較小,該階段也是耗水高峰期,水分需求量明顯增大,20~40 cm土層各處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率仍較低,且TD1、TD2和TD3處理較CK大幅降低,40~80 cm土層各處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率明顯增加,但仍呈現(xiàn)深松處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率低于CK的趨勢(shì),整體來(lái)看,花鈴期0~80 cm土層TD1、TD2和TD3處理平均土壤質(zhì)量含水率較CK處理分別降低5.3%、11.6%和11.3%。這主要是由于深松打破犁底層,利于根系深扎與水分移動(dòng)吸收,故深松處理深層土壤水分消耗量較大。吐絮期棉花生長(zhǎng)對(duì)水分需求量減弱,加之該生育階段內(nèi)降雨量較大,0~40 cm土層各處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率增大,CK土壤質(zhì)量含水率顯著高于TD2和TD3處理,40~80 cm土層TD2和TD3處理土壤質(zhì)量含水率較CK略有增加,主要是由于TD2和TD3處理破除土壤犁底層,有利于充足的水分向深層移動(dòng)。
圖2 不同深松深度處理棉花各生育期剖面土壤質(zhì)量含水率的變化
表3給出了不同深松深度下棉花各生育期土壤水分消耗量、蒸散量及耗水系數(shù)的變化特征。由表可知,棉花苗期TD2和TD3處理土壤水分消耗量、蒸散量及耗水系數(shù)均與CK有顯著性差異(<0.05),與CK相比,TD2和TD3處理土壤水分消耗量顯著降低24.5%和29.6%,蒸散量顯著降低14.8%和17.9%,耗水系數(shù)顯著減小20.2%和25.8%;進(jìn)入蕾期后,土壤水分消耗轉(zhuǎn)為以植物蒸騰為主的過(guò)程,深松處理土壤水分消耗量、蒸散量及耗水系數(shù)較CK均顯著增加(<0.05),但深松處理間差異不顯著(>0.05),隨深松深度增加土壤水分消耗量、蒸散量逐漸增大,而耗水系數(shù)則呈先增后減的變化趨勢(shì);至花鈴期,各處理棉田耗水量均達(dá)到最大值,TD2和TD3處理土壤水分消耗量及蒸散量較CK和TD1處理顯著增加(<0.05),而TD2與TD3處理間差異不顯著(>0.05),土壤水分消耗量TD2和TD3處理較CK分別增加108.9%和111.4%,蒸散量TD2處理較CK和TD1處理分別增加7.5%和2.6%,TD3處理則分別增加7.7%和2.7%,各處理對(duì)耗水系數(shù)的影響差異不顯著(>0.05);吐絮期TD3處理土壤水分消耗量較其他處理顯著增加(<0.05),蒸散量及耗水系數(shù)以TD2處理最低。從整個(gè)生育期來(lái)看,TD1、TD2和TD3處理土壤水分消耗量較CK顯著增加31.4、30.0和47.4 mm(<0.05),各深松處理間差異不顯著(>0.05),深松能顯著增加棉花生育期總蒸散量(<0.05),TD1、TD2和TD3處理生育期總蒸散量均較CK顯著增加6.7%、6.3%和10.0%。綜上,深松可提高耗水高峰期水分的吸收利用,降低生育初期棉田土壤水分消耗,從保水與供水角度分析,TD2處理效果最佳。
表3 不同深松處理下棉田土壤水分消耗量和蒸散量的變化
注:SWC為土壤水分消耗量;ETc為蒸散量;WCC為耗水系數(shù);同一列中不同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(<0.05),下同。
Note: SWC is soil water consumption; ETc is evapotranspiration; WCC is water consumption coefficient; Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences among treatments (<0.05), same below.
干物質(zhì)積累合成是形成作物產(chǎn)量的關(guān)鍵,如圖3所示,TD2和TD3處理均顯著增加了棉花干物質(zhì)積累量(<0.05)。苗期TD3處理干物質(zhì)積累量較CK、TD1和TD2顯著增加61.3%、32.7%和34.9%;蕾期各處理間干物質(zhì)積累量差異均不顯著(>0.05);盛花至吐絮期不同處理干物質(zhì)積累量呈TD2>TD3>TD1>CK處理的變化趨勢(shì)。盛花期TD2處理干物質(zhì)積累量較CK顯著增加19.7%(<0.05);盛鈴期TD2和TD3處理干物質(zhì)積累量較CK分別顯著增加17.7%、15.8%(<0.05);吐絮期TD1、TD2和TD3處理較CK增加11.6%、22.5%和20.8%,各深松處理間差異均不顯著(>0.05)。綜上所述,深松有利于促進(jìn)干物質(zhì)量的形成,且以TD2處理效果最好。
棉花生長(zhǎng)季各處理干物質(zhì)積累速率呈單峰變化曲線(圖4),TD1、TD2和TD3處理干物質(zhì)積累速率均快于CK,生育后期差異更明顯。出苗后第105天前,各處理呈TD2>TD3>TD1>CK的變化;不同處理干物質(zhì)最大積累速率及出現(xiàn)時(shí)間存在差異,CK處理在出苗后第100天積累速率最快,為1.20 g/(plant·d),TD1、TD2和TD3處理則均在出苗后第105天積累速率最快,分別為1.26、1.42和1.40 g/(plant·d),最大積累速率依次較CK增加5.0%、18.3%和16.7%;出苗第105天后,CK處理干物質(zhì)積累速率明顯較深松處理減慢。結(jié)果表明,深松可加快干物質(zhì)積累速率,延遲最大積累速率出現(xiàn)時(shí)間,有利于干物質(zhì)量的形成,對(duì)促進(jìn)棉花增產(chǎn)奠定基礎(chǔ)。
圖3 不同深松處理棉花干物質(zhì)積累量變化特征
注:圖中箭頭指向?yàn)榉e累速率最快的天數(shù)。
深松深度對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量、單株成鈴數(shù)、單鈴質(zhì)量、衣分及水分利用效率的影響如表4所示。TD1、TD2和TD3處理棉花產(chǎn)量較CK顯著增加7.0%、15.5%和13.0%,TD2和TD3處理較TD1顯著增產(chǎn)7.9%和5.6%(<0.05),TD2和TD3處理間差異不顯著(>0.05);水分利用效率CK和TD1處理最低,TD2處理較CK和TD1處理顯著提高8.9%(<0.05),較TD3提高6.3%;產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素方面,TD2處理單株成鈴數(shù)較CK顯著增加10.4%(<0.05),其他處理間差異不顯著(>0.05);單鈴質(zhì)量以TD2和TD3處理最高,且較CK和TD1處理顯著增加7.5%和5.6%(<0.05);棉花衣分不同處理間差異均未達(dá)顯著水平(>0.05)。綜上,棉花產(chǎn)量、單株成鈴數(shù)及水分利用效率隨深松深度增加呈先增后減的變化趨勢(shì),當(dāng)深松深度為TD2時(shí)均可獲得最大值,結(jié)合耗水量分析,雖TD3處理更有利于調(diào)動(dòng)深層水分利用,但其產(chǎn)量、單株成鈴數(shù)及水分利用效率有所下降,TD2處理能更好的協(xié)同耗水與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系,獲得最大的產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率。
表4 不同深松處理棉花產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率的變化
合理構(gòu)建耕層結(jié)構(gòu)可優(yōu)化土壤物理性狀,提升地力生產(chǎn)力。深松是解決土壤耕作層瘠薄化問(wèn)題和構(gòu)建合理耕層的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)之一。研究表明,合理深松能夠有效打破硬實(shí)的犁底層,實(shí)現(xiàn)既能增加土壤疏松程度,又不擾亂土壤層次分布的目的[21]。深松(35~40 cm)可顯著降低表層(0~30 cm)的土壤容重與緊實(shí)度達(dá)到適宜狀態(tài)[17],提高土壤孔隙度和空隙連續(xù)性,增強(qiáng)水分入滲能力[22]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,深松深度對(duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的改善提升具有積極作用,不同深松深度對(duì)0~10 cm及50~60 cm土層土壤容重影響不顯著,這主要是由于秋季深松后,播種前進(jìn)行淺耙整地,使得表土層均處于疏松狀態(tài),而分別對(duì)相應(yīng)深松深度以上土層土壤容重有顯著的降低效果,且深松深度越深,容重降幅越大,深松50 cm對(duì)降低土壤容重具有最佳效果,這與前人的研究結(jié)果基本一致。但不同的是適宜的深松深度因地而異,這主要是受不同生態(tài)區(qū)域土壤類型、土壤質(zhì)地條件等影響,導(dǎo)致深松對(duì)農(nóng)田土壤結(jié)構(gòu)改變所呈現(xiàn)的效果存在很大差異。研究表明,黃淮海平原是典型的潮土、褐土分布區(qū),土壤質(zhì)地較均勻,呈黏質(zhì)壤土,該區(qū)域適宜的深松深度為35~40 cm[13,23]。黃土高原引黃灌區(qū)土壤以灰鈣土為主,質(zhì)地為中壤,土壤性狀表現(xiàn)為薄、沙、黏且鹽分多,土壤漏水漏肥,通透性差[24],深松35 cm秸稈還田能改善土壤特性。而南疆灌溉棉區(qū)為灌耕棕漠土,土壤質(zhì)地為粉砂質(zhì)壤土,以粉砂為主,黏粒含量少,粉粒、砂粒、黏粒質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)分別為36.4%、60.7%、2.9%[25],耕層土壤“淺、實(shí)、少”現(xiàn)象普遍,本研究中,僅改土效果以深松50 cm最好。因此,不同區(qū)域生態(tài)條件的差異化,導(dǎo)致深松改土效果及深松深度的一致性不同,應(yīng)因地制宜地選擇適宜的深松深度。
深松耕作通過(guò)改變土壤容重,進(jìn)而引起土壤水分特性發(fā)生相應(yīng)變化[26-27]。前人研究表明,深松能促進(jìn)水分入滲,提高土壤水分含量[28],特別是顯著增加了深層土壤含水量[29],降低表層土壤水分[30]。但本文研究結(jié)果有所不同,研究顯示深松處理可顯著降低蕾期至花鈴期中下層土壤水分含量,提高苗期0~80 cm土層的田間持水能力,這與翟振等[31]的研究結(jié)果大體一致。其主要原因是深松形成松軟的土壤質(zhì)地,水分自由運(yùn)動(dòng)阻力減弱,隨著蒸騰作用加強(qiáng),深層土壤水分的供應(yīng)與消耗能力明顯增強(qiáng),故關(guān)鍵需水時(shí)期深松處理的土壤水分含量顯著降低,而對(duì)于水分需求較小的生育階段,起到保水蓄墑的作用。深松對(duì)土壤水分消耗狀況有顯著影響,且與深松深度之間存在很強(qiáng)的相關(guān)性。本文研究顯示,深松40和50 cm使棉花苗期的土壤水分消耗量降低,顯著提高蕾期至花鈴期的土壤水分消耗量、蒸散量及耗水系數(shù),且深松40 cm可顯著獲得最高的作物水分利用效率,能更好的平衡水分的儲(chǔ)蓄與消耗。這說(shuō)明適宜的深松深度能保持較好的水分供需關(guān)系,深松強(qiáng)度過(guò)大反而不利于水分高效利用,這與Nidia等[12]的研究結(jié)果一致。但也有部分研究認(rèn)為,深松深度與農(nóng)田耗水量呈負(fù)相關(guān),深松顯著降低作物耗水量[32-33]。造成不同耕作區(qū)域深松對(duì)土壤水分消耗特性的差異性來(lái)源可能與取樣時(shí)間、農(nóng)田微氣候環(huán)境和土壤類型有關(guān),有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證研究。下一步還需開(kāi)展深松對(duì)土壤蒸發(fā)和作物蒸騰的定量分離研究,揭示深松對(duì)農(nóng)田耗水分配規(guī)律的影響。
深松耕作通過(guò)改善根區(qū)環(huán)境,提高了作物根系對(duì)水分和養(yǎng)分的吸收供應(yīng)能力,對(duì)作物生產(chǎn)潛能具有積極作用[34]。前人研究表明,深松可促進(jìn)深層根系生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,提高作物光合勢(shì)能[35],顯著促進(jìn)作物花后干物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分的積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)[15],進(jìn)而提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量[36-37]。本研究結(jié)果表明,增加深松深度對(duì)棉花干物質(zhì)積累量、最大積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)速率和產(chǎn)量均具有顯著地促進(jìn)效應(yīng),干物質(zhì)量增幅11.6%~22.5%,增產(chǎn)幅度為7.0%~15.5%;同時(shí),深松可延緩棉花衰老過(guò)程,這與以往的研究結(jié)果大致相同[21]。主要是由于深松改善了棉田耕層的疏松狀況,利于根系深扎和水肥的調(diào)動(dòng)利用,提高了棉花生長(zhǎng)所需水肥的持續(xù)供應(yīng)能力,從而對(duì)棉花發(fā)育和增產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生良好效應(yīng)。但Kuang等[11]和譚德沖[38]研究認(rèn)為深松35或50 cm處理更有利于作物生長(zhǎng)及產(chǎn)量提升。而本研究認(rèn)為深松深度對(duì)棉花生產(chǎn)力的正調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)并不呈線性關(guān)系,深松深度達(dá)到40 cm時(shí),棉花生長(zhǎng)各指標(biāo)最優(yōu)。這可能是由于不同耕作區(qū)域受土壤、氣候等環(huán)境因子和作物類型的影響,作物生產(chǎn)潛能對(duì)深松深度的響應(yīng)存在差異所致。
綜合分析表明,在南疆灌溉棉區(qū),深松40和50 cm均可創(chuàng)造寬厚疏松的耕層狀況,提高土壤水分供給能力,促進(jìn)光合產(chǎn)物及產(chǎn)量形成,但深松50 cm時(shí)并不能夠獲得最高產(chǎn)量和最大水分利用率,且增加了生產(chǎn)油耗投入成本。從經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)保角度考慮,深松40 cm是南疆旱作棉區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)高效節(jié)能和提質(zhì)增產(chǎn)的最佳深松深度。
本研究在大田設(shè)置 3個(gè)深松深度處理,以不深松(CK)為對(duì)照,對(duì)南疆棉田耗水特性、生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率進(jìn)行了研究,主要結(jié)論如下:
1)在南疆滴灌棉區(qū),深松40和50 cm可顯著降低>10~40 cm土壤容重(<0.05),深松50 cm處理對(duì)土壤耕層結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化效果最佳,0~60 cm平均土壤容重較CK降低3.3%。
2)與CK相比,深松40和50 cm處理增加了棉花苗期0~80 cm土層土壤質(zhì)量含水率,大幅降低了花鈴期0~80 cm土層土壤水分含量,有利于深層土壤水分的吸收利用;深松40和50 cm均能顯著提高蕾期至花鈴期棉田土壤水分消耗量和蒸散量,顯著降低苗期土壤水分消耗量和蒸散量(<0.05),有利于耗水高峰期需求水分的供應(yīng)及生育初期及末期充足水分的貯存。
3)深松40和50 cm處理均顯著增加了棉花干物質(zhì)積累量(<0.05),加快干物質(zhì)積累速率,延長(zhǎng)快速積累時(shí)間,有利于提高水分利用效率,顯著提高棉花產(chǎn)量與單鈴質(zhì)量(<0.05),但棉花干物質(zhì)積累量、產(chǎn)量及水分利用效率并不隨深松深度的增加而增加,深松40 cm處理可獲得最高干物質(zhì)積累量、產(chǎn)量及最大水分利用效率,能更好的平衡耗水與產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系,是南疆滴灌棉區(qū)粉砂質(zhì)土壤條件下最適宜的深松深度。
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Effects of subsoiling depth on water use efficiency and yield of cotton field under drip irrigation in south Xinjiang, China
Wang Liang1,2, Guo Rensong2, Wumaierjiang Kuerban1, Tian Liwen2, Lin Tao2, Zheng Zipiao2, Xu Haijiang2, Kong Fanyang2, Cui Jianping2※
(1.,,842099,;2.,,830091,)
Northwest China Plain has become the largest cotton production region in the world. Cotton production occupies a key position, as an important pillar industry for agricultural development in Xinjiang, China. However, continuous cropping in cotton field has caused increasingly serious shortage on the farmland water, particularly great negative effects on the soil ecological environment in the root area.Subsoiling has been an effective tillage measure to optimize the soil environment, and further to drive the process of water movement and dissipation, thereby to promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients and water in the deep soil by roots, finally to increase soil productivity and crop yields. However, the research on the response of water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency to subsoiling is lacking, particularly on the irrigated cotton area in southern Xinjiang.In this study, a positioning subsoiling experiment in a cotton cultivation field was carried out under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching from April to October of 2019 in Awati County experimental base of the arid inland Tarim Basin, Northwest China (40°06′N, 80°44′E, altitude 1 025 m). Using the non-subsoil (CK) as a control, a machete subsoiler with a depth locator was used for precise subsoiling at depths of 30 cm (TD1), 40 cm (TD2), and 50 cm (TD3). The test was performed to explore the effect of different subsoiling depths on soil bulk density, soil water consumption, evapotranspiration (ETc), water use efficiency (WUE) and the growth characteristics and crop productivity in cotton growing seasons.The results showed that the subsoiling reduced the bulk density of soil, while increased soil water consumption and evapotranspiration, thereby to improve the utilization and absorption of deep soil moisture in the rapid growth period. Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, on average, the bulk density of 0-60 cm soil reduced by 1.0%, 1.9% and 3.3%, respectively, and the soil moisture content of 0-80 cm soil layer by 5.3%, 11.6% and 11.3% at flowering and boll stage, respectively. The subsoiling significantly increased soil water consumption and ETc in the whole growing season (<0.05). Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, the subsoiling significantly increased soil water consumption by 31.4, 30.0 and 47.4 mm, respectively, ETc by 6.7%, 6.3% and 10.0%. In terms of the potential of subsoiling on cotton production, the subsoiling had a significant promotion effect on cotton dry matter accumulation, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE), but it did not increase linearly with the depth of subsoiling. Especially, TD2 was more conducive to the maximum of dry matter accumulation, yield, and WUE. Compared with CK, TD1, TD2 and TD3, the dry matter accumulation increased by 11.6%, 22.5% and 20.8%, respectively, as well as the yield by 7.0%, 15.5% and 13.0%(<0.05), respectively. TD2 increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 8.9% and 6.3%, compared with CK and TD3. The subsoiling of 40 cm can be an optimal subsoiling on the irrigated ecological cotton in the southern Xinjiang, where the rational construction of soil tillage layer, both the maximum of cotton yield and water productivity. The finding can provide a very high popularization and application for the dry farming cotton in the southern Xinjiang, China.
cotton; soils; subsoiling; soil moisture; yield; water use efficiency
王亮,郭仁松,吾買爾江?庫(kù)爾班,等. 深松深度對(duì)南疆滴灌棉田水分利用效率與產(chǎn)量的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(20):144-152.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.017 http://www.tcsae.org
Wang Liang, Guo Rensong, Wumaierjiang Kuerban, et al. Effects of subsoiling depth on water use efficiency and yield of cotton field under drip irrigation in south Xinjiang, China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(20): 144-152. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.017 http://www.tcsae.org
2020-07-01
2020-09-01
自治區(qū)自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2020D01B36);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31860358);新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院青年骨干創(chuàng)新能力培養(yǎng)基金項(xiàng)目(xjnkq-2019012);農(nóng)業(yè)部公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201503117);國(guó)家棉花產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系(CARS-15-50)
王亮,助理研究員,主要從事棉花旱作節(jié)水生理方面的研究。Email:980201749@qq.com
崔建平,研究員,主要從事棉花高產(chǎn)栽培與品質(zhì)保優(yōu)方面的研究。Email:3022825258@qq.com
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.017
S222.2,S562
A
1002-6819(2020)-20-0144-09