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含水率對羊糞堆肥腐熟度及污染氣體排放的影響

2020-12-25 08:20李丹陽馬若男亓傳仁李國學(xué)孫少澤
關(guān)鍵詞:堆體羊糞含水率

李丹陽,馬若男,亓傳仁,袁 京,李國學(xué),孫少澤,劉 燕

含水率對羊糞堆肥腐熟度及污染氣體排放的影響

李丹陽1,馬若男1,亓傳仁1,袁 京1,李國學(xué)1※,孫少澤2,劉 燕1

(1. 中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,農(nóng)田土壤污染防控與修復(fù)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100193;2. 中國科學(xué)院化學(xué)研究所綜合處,北京 100190)

為了優(yōu)化羊糞好氧堆肥的工藝條件,研究初始含水率對羊糞堆肥腐熟度及污染氣體排放的影響。該研究以高濕新鮮羊糞為堆肥原料(含水率為75%),添加玉米秸稈調(diào)節(jié)初始物料含水率分別為70%、65%、60%和55%,堆肥在60 L密閉發(fā)酵罐中共持續(xù)35 d。結(jié)果表明:75%含水率羊糞堆體單獨(dú)不能順利啟動升溫,且在試驗(yàn)期間釋放了大量的甲烷和氧化亞氮等溫室氣體,在所有處理中產(chǎn)生的總溫室效應(yīng)最大(41.4 g/kg)。玉米秸稈與羊糞聯(lián)合均能成功啟動堆肥過程,且堆肥產(chǎn)品均可以達(dá)到無害化衛(wèi)生要求和腐熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。其中初始含水率為65%時(shí),堆體不僅高溫期持續(xù)時(shí)間長,且有機(jī)質(zhì)降解程度高,物料干質(zhì)量降解率達(dá)45%,同時(shí)比其他處理可降低4.81%~16.99%的總氮損失和7.56%~48.62%的總溫室氣體排放量。因此,在羊糞和玉米秸稈聯(lián)合堆肥時(shí),初始含水率65%左右為最佳條件。

含水率;糞;堆肥;腐熟度;污染氣體

0 引 言

隨著中國羊產(chǎn)業(yè)向規(guī)?;?、集約化和專業(yè)化方向發(fā)展,羊糞污排放量也迅速增加。羊糞中有機(jī)質(zhì)、總氮及磷含量遠(yuǎn)高于牛糞和豬糞,且銅、鋅含量低于其他畜禽糞便[1],同時(shí)新鮮羊糞中一般含有大量病原菌、微生物、寄生蟲卵等有毒有害的物質(zhì)。利用好氧堆肥技術(shù)可有效減少畜禽糞便污染、轉(zhuǎn)化生成可利用的有機(jī)肥,是目前關(guān)注度最高、應(yīng)用最廣泛的資源化處理途徑。

不同地區(qū)羊養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境及飼養(yǎng)方式的不同,羊糞的含水率差異很大。前期實(shí)地調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn),以漏縫地板為羊場圈舍地面、用刮糞板收集的羊糞污含水率較高(可達(dá)75%)。在堆肥過程中,物料的初始含水率是影響堆肥進(jìn)程及有機(jī)質(zhì)降解率的主要因素[2],它會影響物料堆體的氧氣運(yùn)輸量,還可以調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)酵溫度、物料孔隙率以及微生物活性等[3]。過高的含水率不僅不利于空氣擴(kuò)散,造成堆體局部厭(缺)氧環(huán)境,從而產(chǎn)生大量CH4、N2O、H2S等污染氣體[4],且有機(jī)質(zhì)降解速率減小,增加堆肥腐熟時(shí)間。而當(dāng)含水率不足時(shí),微生物活性降低,發(fā)酵過程受到抑制,導(dǎo)致堆肥腐熟延后,甚至不能腐熟[5]。腐熟度是后續(xù)有機(jī)肥農(nóng)田利用中首要考慮的因素,未腐熟的畜禽糞污施用于土壤中,可能對種子發(fā)芽和作物生長有毒害作用[6]。另外,污染氣體的排放也是一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的問題,這些氣體排放不但會造成堆肥過程中養(yǎng)分大量損失,從而影響堆肥產(chǎn)品的肥效,且會給周圍環(huán)境帶來嚴(yán)重的危害,降低堆肥的環(huán)境效益[7]。研究表明適宜的含水率可以提高堆肥的腐熟度,減少堆肥過程中污染氣體的排放。Tamura和Osada[8]通過對不同含水率的堆肥試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),物料含水率越高,溫室氣體排放量越高。Petrica等[9]研究表明,雞糞和麥秸聯(lián)合堆肥時(shí)的最佳初始含水率為69%,過高的含水率會造成NH3大量揮發(fā)。蔡海森[10]研究了3種初始含水率(55%、60%和70%)對雞糞與稻殼堆肥腐熟度的影響,結(jié)果表明,只有含水率60%的處理可達(dá)到無害化要求和堆肥腐熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

目前,對好氧堆肥的研究主要集中于以豬糞、雞糞或牛糞為原料[11-13],而對于氮磷含量較高的羊糞好氧堆肥的研究相對較少。因此,本文以羊糞為堆肥原料,系統(tǒng)研究不同初始含水率對堆肥產(chǎn)品腐熟度及污染氣體排放的影響,從而為羊糞堆肥產(chǎn)品的應(yīng)用及污染氣體減排提供一定的理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料

試驗(yàn)所用羊糞取自北京市奧鑫牧業(yè)有限公司。玉米秸稈取自中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)上莊試驗(yàn)站,用粉碎機(jī)將其切割為長度為3 cm的段狀秸稈,物料基本理化性狀見表1。

表1 初始物料的基本理化性質(zhì)

注:含水率以濕基計(jì)算;總碳和總氮均基于干基計(jì)算。

Note: Moisture was calculated based on wet basis; Total carbon and total nitrogen were acquired based on dry basis.

1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

試驗(yàn)共設(shè)5個(gè)處理,初始含水率分別設(shè)為75%、70%、65%、60%和55%,設(shè)計(jì)方案如表2所示。為了在室內(nèi)模擬高含水率羊糞堆肥,將從奧鑫公司所取羊糞(含水率約55%)按照1∶1(質(zhì)量比)加水混合調(diào)節(jié)含水率至75%,再分別加入不同質(zhì)量的玉米秸稈調(diào)節(jié)物料初始含水率到相應(yīng)的設(shè)定值,用尿素調(diào)節(jié)各堆料初始C/N為22左右。試驗(yàn)裝置為60 L密閉發(fā)酵罐(圖1),通風(fēng)方式為機(jī)械強(qiáng)制連續(xù)通風(fēng),通風(fēng)速率為0.2 m3/h,堆肥周期為35 d,每周翻堆一次,翻堆后取樣約300 g左右,樣品分為2份,一份(約200 g)為新鮮樣品冷凍保存,用于測定含水率、pH值、電導(dǎo)率(EC, Electrical Conductivity)、種子發(fā)芽率指數(shù)(GI,seed Germination Rate Index)、銨態(tài)氮(NH4+-N)、硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N);另一份(約100 g)經(jīng)自然風(fēng)干、粉碎、過100目篩后用于測定總碳(TC)和總氮(TN)。

表2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

注:a為基于鮮質(zhì)量。

Note: a is based on wet weight.

圖1 密閉式堆肥發(fā)酵罐示意圖

1.3 測定指標(biāo)及分析方法

堆肥溫度,通過連接電腦的溫度傳感器直接讀取,每半小時(shí)自動記錄一次;堆肥積溫計(jì)算方法見參考文獻(xiàn)[14]。含水率的測定在105 ℃的烘箱中烘干至恒定質(zhì)量。有機(jī)質(zhì)的測定是將樣品使用馬弗爐灼燒(600 ℃±20 ℃)3h至恒重。利用元素分析儀(Vario Micro Cube,德國)測定樣品中的TC、TN含量。pH值、EC、GI測定:用水浸提鮮樣,固液比為1∶10,振蕩30 min,靜置10 min后過濾取濾液,使用多參數(shù)分析儀(DZS-706-A,中國)測定pH值、EC值。GI的測定方法參考文獻(xiàn)[15]。NH4+-N、NO3--N的測定用2 mol/L的KCl溶液,按照1∶10(質(zhì)量體積比)同樣品混合,震蕩30 min,靜置10 min,過濾后取濾液經(jīng)流動分析儀(Auto Analyzer 3,Seal,德國)測定。溫室氣體(CH4和N2O)用安裝有火焰電離檢測器、電子捕獲檢測器的氣相色譜(SP-3420A,北京北分瑞利分析儀器有限責(zé)任公司,中國)測定。NH3通過發(fā)酵罐頂部裝有質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為2%的硼酸吸收瓶吸收后,用0.02 mol/L標(biāo)準(zhǔn)濃度的稀硫酸滴定測得。O2和CO2由泵吸式沼氣分析儀(Biogas 5000,Geotech,英國)直接讀數(shù)測定。堆肥氣體一天一測。

作圖采用origin 8.5軟件完成;統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用Microsoft Excel和SPSS 20.0軟件完成。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 溫度的變化

溫度是表征堆體中微生物對有機(jī)物降解狀況的重要指標(biāo),也可判斷堆肥的無害化和穩(wěn)定性[16]。各處理的堆體溫度變化如圖2所示。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明,MC75處理的溫度與其他處理均存在極顯著差異(<0.001),而其他4個(gè)處理的溫度之間無顯著差異(=0.480)。處理MC75的堆溫在堆肥周期內(nèi)始終與環(huán)境溫度相近,最高溫度僅為25.1 ℃,表明75%含水率的高濕羊糞無法成功啟動堆肥過程,這主要是由于該處理羊糞結(jié)構(gòu)致密,造成了堆體緊實(shí),透氣性差,不利于微生物的生長繁殖。在堆肥初期(第0~7天),連續(xù)通風(fēng)使得堆體中氧氣含量充足,微生物代謝活動旺盛,堆肥物料被快速分解并產(chǎn)生大量熱量,使得T2~T5 4個(gè)處理的堆溫迅速升高,在第2天均進(jìn)入了高溫期(>50 ℃),在第4天均達(dá)到溫度峰值,最大值分別為71.1、72.5、70.6 ℃和68.3 ℃。在高溫期的維持時(shí)間分別為10、10、9和8 d,可以有效殺滅羊糞中的病原菌、微生物及有害蟲卵,均達(dá)到中國糞便無害化衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB 7959—2012)。試驗(yàn)第8~14天,由于前期有機(jī)物降解消耗了大量氧氣,供氣不足,且高溫使水分大量蒸發(fā),所以溫度逐漸下降。在第14天翻堆后各處理溫度又有所回升,這是因?yàn)榉芽商岣呶锪现g的孔隙度,從而增加了物料與氧氣的接觸面積,未降解的有機(jī)質(zhì)得到充分降解,產(chǎn)生熱量導(dǎo)致溫度增加,這一現(xiàn)象在Szanto等[17]的研究中也有所發(fā)現(xiàn)。堆肥后期,可被降解的有機(jī)物不斷減少,微生物活動減弱,堆體溫度逐漸降低至室溫。

在5個(gè)處理中,MC65處理達(dá)到高溫期所需時(shí)間短、溫度峰值最高、高溫期持續(xù)時(shí)間最長且有效積溫最大(24 472.8oC·h),這是由于物料初始含水率為65%時(shí),堆料具有足夠的自由空域,更有利于微生物的新陳代謝,使得有機(jī)質(zhì)降解更加充分。

圖2 堆肥過程中溫度變化

2.2 氧氣含量的變化

O2含量變化可以反映堆體中微生物的活性和有機(jī)物的降解情況。O2含量與溫度呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(=-0.844,<0.001),這與陳是吏等[18]的研究結(jié)果一致。由圖3可知,在堆肥前7 d,羊糞中的易降解性有機(jī)物質(zhì)被微生物快速分解,消耗大量O2,導(dǎo)致O2含量降低。隨著堆肥反應(yīng)的進(jìn)行,微生物分解有機(jī)質(zhì)速度變緩,對O2需求量減少,O2含量逐漸上升。從第14天開始,每次翻堆后O2含量均呈先下降后升高的趨勢。在第28天后,隨著堆體溫度逐漸接近室溫,所有處理的O2含量逐漸趨近于環(huán)境本底值,說明堆肥已達(dá)到腐熟、穩(wěn)定。研究表明,堆料中微生物生理活動的適宜O2含量為10%~18%[19]。整個(gè)堆肥過程中,只有MC65處理在堆肥第19天的O2含量較低,其余各處理在堆肥過程中O2含量均大于10%,較適宜微生物代謝活動。5個(gè)處理中,總體以MC65處理O2含量最低,這是因?yàn)槌跏己蕿?5%更有利于微生物消耗大量O2降解有機(jī)質(zhì)。

圖3 堆肥過程中氧氣含量變化

2.3 堆肥物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)和物料腐熟指標(biāo)變化

各處理初始及結(jié)束時(shí)的物理化學(xué)和物料腐熟指標(biāo)如表3所示,堆肥前后各處理的含水率變化幅度較小。T1~T5各處理的物料干質(zhì)量降解率分別為7.07%、44.32%、45.09%、33.90%和36.61%,高含水率組(70%和65%)比低含水率組(60%和55%)的干質(zhì)量降解率高,這表明高含水率會增大有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解程度,這可從溫度、CO2和NH3的排放規(guī)律中進(jìn)一步得到反證[9]。物料的TC和TN隨著堆肥進(jìn)行而不斷降解損失,當(dāng)TN的損失速率小于TC的降解速率時(shí),TN含量由于被濃縮而增加,這與楊帆等[20]的研究結(jié)果一致。同時(shí),T1~T5處理的C/N比均隨著有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解而呈下降趨勢,在堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)比初始值分別降低了4.20%、34.56%、38.86%、26.60%和27.79%。其中,MC65處理下降幅度最大,這是因?yàn)槠銽C含量高,分解較快,而TN損失較少所致。

堆肥結(jié)束時(shí),T1~T5處理有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解率分別為1.39%、8.00%、9.20%、10.22%和12.17%。55%初始含水率的堆料疏松,有利于好氧微生物生長,使有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解程度最大,但可能會增加污染氣體排放。GI值是評價(jià)堆肥腐熟程度和植物毒性最敏感也是最佳的指標(biāo)[21],當(dāng)GI值超過80%時(shí),可以認(rèn)為堆肥已經(jīng)腐熟或?qū)χ参餂]有毒性[22]。EC的變化能表示堆肥浸提液中可溶性鹽含量,是評判堆肥產(chǎn)品對植物造成鹽害作用的重要參數(shù)。在堆肥結(jié)束時(shí),除了MC75處理的GI值未發(fā)生明顯改變且EC值有所增加外,其他處理最終堆肥產(chǎn)品的GI>80%且EC<4 mS/cm,達(dá)到堆肥腐熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[23]。另外,所有處理在堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)的pH值在8~9范圍內(nèi)[24],滿足堆肥產(chǎn)品呈弱堿性的要求。堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)各處理pH值的大小與堆體初始含水率呈正比,這是因?yàn)槌跏己试降停从衩捉斩捳急仍蕉?,其對羊糞堆肥pH的增大有一定的抑制能力[25]。

2.4 銨態(tài)氮和硝態(tài)氮含量的變化

堆肥過程中銨態(tài)氮(NH4+-N)和硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N)含量變化如圖4所示。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表明,各處理間NH4+-N含量差異顯著(<0.001),同樣地,各處理間NO3--N含量差異顯著(=0.001)。初始物料中秸稈添加量越大,NH4+-N含量越低,這是因?yàn)樘砑优蛩蓜♂屛锪现蠳H4+-N的濃度。除MC75處理外,在有機(jī)氮的礦化分解和微生物的氨化作用下,各處理NH4+-N都有所增加,在第3天均達(dá)到最大值。之后隨著堆肥進(jìn)入高溫期,部分NH4+-N被微生物固定,部分以NH3形式揮發(fā)損失,堆肥中NH4+-N含量逐漸降低最后趨于穩(wěn)定,堆肥結(jié)束時(shí)T2~T5處理NH4+-N含量下降至0.06~0.41 g/kg。

在堆肥前14 d,各處理的溫度較高且反硝化作用較為劇烈,NO3--N作為底物被大量消耗,另外由于高溫抑制了硝化細(xì)菌的活性[26],所以NH4+-N不能通過硝化作用轉(zhuǎn)化為NO3--N,使NO3--N含量總體呈下降趨勢。在第21天后,堆肥逐漸進(jìn)入降溫期,堆體O2含量增高,硝化細(xì)菌活性增強(qiáng),NH4+-N轉(zhuǎn)化為NO3--N,各處理的NO3--N含量逐漸升高[27]。其中,MC70處理由于在后期溫度明顯下降,硝化細(xì)菌活動相對比較劇烈,該處理從第14天到堆肥結(jié)束,NO3--N含量上升幅度可達(dá)78%。整個(gè)堆肥過程中各處理物料的NO3--N含量始終維持在較低水平,均在7 mg/kg以下,說明堆肥過程中各處理的硝化作用都較弱。

表3 堆肥物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)和物料腐熟指標(biāo)

注:同一列不同小寫字母代表同一指標(biāo)在<0.05水平上具有顯著性差異。

Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicated significant difference in same index at<0.05.

圖4 堆肥過程中NH4+-N和NO3--N含量的變化

2.5 氣體排放

2.5.1 CH4排放

堆肥期間CH4日排放速率及累積排放量如圖5所示。各處理的CH4排放高峰主要集中在堆肥高溫期(圖5a),與之前學(xué)者研究結(jié)果相似[28]。這是因?yàn)槎逊手械奈⑸锵拇罅垦鯕饨到庥袡C(jī)質(zhì),使得堆體溫度升高,并造成堆體中出現(xiàn)局部缺氧環(huán)境,導(dǎo)致CH4產(chǎn)生。MC75處理在堆肥第2天達(dá)到CH4日排放速率最大值,為0.415 g/(kg·d),T2~T5處理均在第3天達(dá)到排放高峰,排放率分別為0.091、0.089、0.081 g/(kg·d)和0.093 g/(kg·d)。在堆肥第2周翻堆后,各處理的CH4排放速率又明顯增加,這是因?yàn)槎洋w溫度回升,且在翻堆后,堆體內(nèi)的CH4得以釋放[29]。在第21天后,T2~T5四個(gè)處理CH4的日排放速率趨近于0,而MC75處理在第28~35天的CH4日排放速率又逐漸增加,最大值可達(dá)0.114 g/(kg·d),這可能與該處理長期處于高濕環(huán)境且第28天后溫度隨著室溫小幅度增加有關(guān)。由圖5b可知,堆肥結(jié)束時(shí),MC75處理的CH4累積排放量最大(1.38 g/kg),以其為對照,T2~T5處理可明顯減排CH4(0.001),減排率分別為36.35%、50.43%、52.01%和35.92%,其中初始含水率為60%~65%的減排效果較好。

2.5.2 N2O排放

堆肥過程中銨態(tài)氮硝化與硝態(tài)氮反硝化作用均會導(dǎo)致N2O的產(chǎn)生[30],各處理的N2O排放規(guī)律如圖6所示。從圖6a可知,各處理的N2O排放主要集中在堆肥初期,排放高峰大約持續(xù)8 d,這是由于初始物料中NO3--N含量較高,在反硝化作用下產(chǎn)生N2O[31]。除了MC75處理外,其他處理在堆肥初期有機(jī)質(zhì)劇烈降解,O2消耗量大,堆體內(nèi)部易出現(xiàn)厭氧或缺氧情況,從而使得N2O大量排放并達(dá)到峰值。T1~T5處理的N2O排放峰值分別為7.93、0.94、1.95、5.07和8.98 mg/(kg·d)。MC65、MC60和MC55處理在第二周翻堆后會出現(xiàn)N2O排放小高峰,對比溫度(圖2)及O2含量變化規(guī)律(圖3),可知這3個(gè)處理在翻堆后溫度迅速上升,O2含量均有明顯的下降,部分NO3--N通過反硝化作用產(chǎn)生N2O,這與周談龍等[29]的研究結(jié)果類似。之后隨著物料孔隙度的增大及通氣狀況的改善,N2O排放速率均趨于0,沈玉君等[32]用雞糞、秸稈和干草皮為堆肥原料進(jìn)行好氧堆肥也得到了類似的N2O排放規(guī)律。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析數(shù)據(jù)表明,初始含水率能顯著影響N2O的排放(=0.000)。堆肥結(jié)束時(shí),T1~T5處理的N2O累計(jì)排放量分別為10.51、4.32、8.12、17.29 mg/kg和41.96 mg/kg(見圖6b),除了未發(fā)酵的MC75處理外,初始含水率越高,N2O峰值和累積排放量越低。

圖5 堆肥過程中CH4排放速率及累積排放的變化

2.5.3 NH3排放

堆肥期間NH3平均排放速率和累積排放規(guī)律如圖7所示。由圖7a可知,5個(gè)處理NH3排放速率變化趨勢基本相同,均呈現(xiàn)先快速上升后迅速下降再趨于穩(wěn)定的過程。NH3排放主要發(fā)生在高溫期,與其他學(xué)者的研究結(jié)果一致[33-34],這是因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)質(zhì)降解產(chǎn)生的NH4+-N在高溫和高pH條件下迅速轉(zhuǎn)化為NH3,使各處理的NH3排放速率在第2天均達(dá)到峰值,T1~T5處理NH3排放峰值分別為0.02、0.24、0.42、0.31和0.37 g/(kg·d)。在第7天翻堆后NH3排放率有小幅上升,這是因?yàn)橐环矫嫣幱趨捬鯀^(qū)的物料通過翻堆轉(zhuǎn)移到氧氣充足的區(qū)域,發(fā)生了進(jìn)一步的降解。另一方面翻堆使堆料更加疏松,內(nèi)部呈游離狀態(tài)的部分NH4+-N和NH3暴露于堆體表層[35],進(jìn)一步提高了NH3的排放。堆肥前8 d,T2~T5處理的NH3累積排放量占整個(gè)堆肥周期的97%以上。之后隨著堆肥溫度的降低,NH4+-N含量減少,NH3釋放率逐漸下降幾乎為0。而MC75處理因?yàn)闆]有經(jīng)歷高溫期,NH3平均排放速率很低,在第21天后,由于其堆體溫度隨著室溫略有增加,可檢測到少量NH3排放。

圖6 堆肥過程中N2O排放速率及累積排放的變化

到堆肥結(jié)束時(shí),T1~T5處理的NH3累積排放量分別為0.23、0.85、0.96、0.64 g/kg和0.66 g/kg(圖7b),高含水率組(70%和65%)的NH3揮發(fā)量顯著高于低含水率組(60%和55%)(<0.0001),這是因?yàn)橐环矫娓吆式M在整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間的pH較大,從而促進(jìn)NH3揮發(fā)。另一方面提高初始物料的含水率可促進(jìn)物料中有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解,提高堆體的溫度,而溫度是影響NH3釋放的最主要因素[36]。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果表明,溫度與NH3累積排放量呈極顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(=0.359,<0.001),與Pagans等[37]的研究結(jié)果一致。

2.6 碳氮平衡及溫室效應(yīng)分析

各處理碳氮平衡及溫室效應(yīng)分析如表4所示。雖然MC75處理因含水率太大未能成功啟動堆肥過程,有機(jī)質(zhì)降解緩慢,但也有7.75%的TC損失。其他4個(gè)處理TC損失率為38.21%~48.06%,TC主要以CO2-C形式損失,占初始TC的29.44%~40.65%;CH4排放貢獻(xiàn)率較小,占初始TC的0.10%~0.15%。除了MC75處理的TN損失較低之外(3.69%),其他各處理TN損失率為15.05%~18.13%,MC65處理比其他3個(gè)成功啟動堆肥的處理減少4.81%~16.99%的TN損失,保氮效果最好。NH3-N是TN主要的損失形式,占TN損失的51.35%~87.04%,N2O-N形式損失僅占初始TN的0.01%~0.14%,這與Jiang等[38]的研究結(jié)果相似。以其他形式損失的碳和氮可能是被微生物利用合成細(xì)胞組織[35]。

圖7 堆肥過程中NH3排放速率及累積排放的變化

堆肥過程中CO2是微生物新陳代謝的產(chǎn)物,故在廢棄物管理過程中不作為溫室效應(yīng)的貢獻(xiàn)因子[39]。堆肥過程中溫室氣體的排放以CH4和N2O為主,各處理溫室氣體的CO2排放當(dāng)量如表4所示。由表可知,CH4排放對總溫室效應(yīng)貢獻(xiàn)率均在65%以上。MC75處理盡管未經(jīng)過高溫期來實(shí)現(xiàn)物料無害化,但在試驗(yàn)期間仍會產(chǎn)生大量溫室氣體,總溫室效應(yīng)在所有處理中最高(41.40 g/kg)。這表明在羊場實(shí)際生產(chǎn)活動中,若對高濕羊糞未能進(jìn)行及時(shí)的收集及不合理堆置,在自然通風(fēng)條件下,堆體內(nèi)部很容易缺氧,產(chǎn)生的大量溫室氣體不僅會威脅動物及工作人員的健康,同時(shí)還會造成嚴(yán)重的大氣污染。加入適量秸稈可調(diào)節(jié)物料的水分含量,明顯降低溫室氣體排放當(dāng)量,其中初始含水率為65%的處理在堆肥過程中產(chǎn)生的總溫室效應(yīng)最低(21.27 g/kg),比其他處理降低7.56%~48.62%。

表4 碳氮平衡及溫室效應(yīng)分析

注:碳、氮素平衡為碳、氮損失占初始總碳、氮的百分比;溫室氣體排放當(dāng)量值以物料的干基計(jì)算;N2O和CH4對溫室效應(yīng)的貢獻(xiàn)率分別為CO2的256和28倍[40]。

Note: The balance of carbon and nitrogen is the percentage of carbon and nitrogen loss in the initial total carbon and nitrogen; The greenhouse gas emissions equivalent was calculated based on dry basis; The global warming potentials of N2O and CH4are 256 and 28 times higher than that of CO2, respectively[40].

3 結(jié) 論

1)75%含水率的高濕羊糞無法成功啟動堆肥過程,未能實(shí)現(xiàn)物料的無害化,堆肥產(chǎn)品也未能達(dá)到腐熟標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但在試驗(yàn)期間可排放大量的CH4和N2O溫室氣體,總溫室效應(yīng)在所有處理中最高。

2)添加秸稈一方面能降低初始物料的含水率,另一方面能調(diào)節(jié)堆體的通氣狀況。本文中添加秸稈與高濕羊糞聯(lián)合堆肥均能成功啟動堆肥過程,滿足堆肥高溫?zé)o害化衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且堆肥產(chǎn)品均可達(dá)到腐熟。其中,初始物料含水率為65%時(shí),堆體不僅升溫快、有效積溫最大,有機(jī)質(zhì)分解程度高,物料干質(zhì)量降解率達(dá)45%,且比其他3 個(gè)成功啟動堆肥的處理減少了4.81%~16.99%的總氮損失。

3)初始含水率對N2O、CH4和NH3排放有顯著影響。在成功升溫的堆肥處理中,初始含水率越大,N2O峰值和累積排放量越低,適宜的含水率可顯著降低CH4排放。由于初始物料含水率為65%的堆肥高溫期持續(xù)時(shí)間最長,導(dǎo)致NH3累積排放量最高,但堆肥過程產(chǎn)生的總溫室效應(yīng)比其他4個(gè)處理降低了7.56%~48.62%。綜上,在羊糞和玉米秸稈聯(lián)合好氧堆肥時(shí),初始含水率65%左右為最佳條件,后續(xù)也可使用部分添加劑來控制氨氣排放。

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Effects of moisture content on maturity and pollution gas emissions during sheep manure composting

Li Danyang1, Ma Ruonan1, Qi Chuanren1, Yuan Jing1, Li Guoxue1※, Sun Shaoze2, Liu Yan1

(1.,,,100193,; 2.,,,100190,)

With the development of intensive and large-size livestock farming, a large amount of livestock manure has brought environmental pollution in some areas. Aerobic composting is a widely-used and efficient technology for the treatment and utilization of organic waste, which realizes harmless treatment, quantity reduction, stabilization and reutilization. However, there are several issues such as low maturity degree of compost product and emission of polluting gases during the process of composting, moisture content (MC) is one of the most important factors of composting. In order to study the effects of initial MC on maturity and pollution gas emissions during the sheep manure composting and optimize the process conditions, an experiment was carried out in 60 L sealed fermenters for 35 days. In this research, sheep manure and cornstalk were used as raw composting materials. According to the different initial MC, high-humidity sheep manure without any cornstalk was set as MC75 treatment, cornstalks were thoroughly mixed with sheep manure in certain proportions to adjust the initial MC to be 70%, 65%, 60% and 55%, respectively. C/N ratio of the composting mixture of five treatments was adjusted to 22 approximately by adding urea. The chemical and physical characters and maturity indicators such as temperature, germination index, electric conductivity, and pH value were analyzed, and continuous monitoring of pollution gases (CH4, N2O, and NH3) were conducted. The results demonstrated that the sheep manure composting pile with the MC of 75% could not be activated successfully, the compost product still had the risk in farmland utilization because it did not experience the thermophilic period (>50 ℃). However, lots of greenhouse gases such as CH4and N2O were released and the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent was the largest among all treatments during the experiment (41.4 g/kg). While the co-composting process could be started effectively for all treatments with sheep dung and cornstalks. MC70%, 65%, 60% and 55% treatments all entered into thermophilic stage and reached the peak values of temperature on the 2nd and 4th day, respectively. The thermophilic phase lasted for 8-10 d to reach the compost sanitary requirements. Moreover, the germination index of all treatments under the addition of cornstalks were higher than 80%, the electric conductivities were below 4 mS/cm and the pH values were in the range of 8 to 9 at the end of composting, which could be biologically non-toxic and meet the maturity standard completely. The treatment with the initial MC of 65% had long thermophilic phase (10 d) and high biodegradation degree, whose degradation rate of dry material reached 45%. Meanwhile, compared to the other treatments, the total nitrogen loss and the total greenhouse effects were decreased by 4.81%-16.99% and 7.56%-48.62%, respectively. Consequently, sheep manure with high moisture content should be collected and disposed frequently in sheep farming, and it is not environmentally friendly to pile up without any bulking agent. The optimal initial moisture content is about 65% in this study during the aerobic co-composting of sheep manure and cornstalk. In addition, the control of ammonia emissions by adding additives could be taken into account in future research.

moisture content; manure; composting; maturity; pollution gas

李丹陽,馬若男,亓傳仁,等. 含水率對羊糞堆肥腐熟度及污染氣體排放的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(20):254-262.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.030 http://www.tcsae.org

Li Danyang, Ma Ruonan, Qi Chuanren, et al. Effects of moisture content on maturity and pollution gas emissions during sheep manure composting[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(20): 254-262. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.030 http://www.tcsae.org

2020-07-05

2020-10-10

國家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-39-19)

李丹陽,博士生,從事固體廢棄物資源化利用研究。Email:lidanyang@cau.edu.cn

李國學(xué),教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,從事固體廢棄物資源化利用研究。Email:ligx@cau.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.20.030

X713

A

1002-6819(2020)-20-0254-09

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