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替格瑞洛對急性冠脈綜合征患者EMPs和sICAM-1的影響及預(yù)后觀察

2020-12-14 04:17譚文鵬李文杰何曉青
中國醫(yī)藥導報 2020年30期
關(guān)鍵詞:格瑞洛氯吡格雷

譚文鵬 李文杰 何曉青

[摘要] 目的 觀察并探討替格瑞洛治療非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征(NSTE-ACS)患者,血清內(nèi)皮細胞微粒(EMPs)和可溶性細胞間黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)的水平變化及預(yù)后。 方法 選取2019年1—6月廣州醫(yī)科大學附屬第三醫(yī)院收治的NSTE-ACS患者146例,根據(jù)隨機數(shù)字表法分為兩組,每組73例,氯吡格雷組給予氯吡格雷治療,替格瑞洛組給予替格瑞洛治療。觀察兩組經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入術(shù)(PCI)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后7 d和術(shù)后30 d的EMPs和sICAM-1的水平變化。隨訪比較兩組術(shù)后6個月主要不良心臟事件(MACE)和不良反應(yīng)的差異。 結(jié)果 兩組患者EMPs和sICAM-1水平在術(shù)后24 h較PCI前均明顯上升,在術(shù)后7 d較術(shù)后24 h均顯著下降,在術(shù)后30 d較術(shù)后7 d均顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。替格瑞洛組EMPs和sICAM-1水平在術(shù)后7 d均低于氯吡格雷組、在術(shù)后30 d均低于氯吡格雷組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。與氯吡格雷組比較,替格瑞洛組總體MACE事件降低,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);兩組出血事件發(fā)生率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 替格瑞洛治療NSTE-ACS患者,能夠更加迅速改善血管內(nèi)皮功能并降低炎癥反應(yīng),從而穩(wěn)定動脈粥樣硬化斑塊,不增加出血風險。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 替格瑞洛;非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征;內(nèi)皮細胞微粒;可溶性細胞間黏附分子-1

[中圖分類號] R54? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)10(c)-0142-04

Effects of Ticagrelor on EMPs and sICAM-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome and its prognosis

TAN Wenpeng? ?LI Wenjie? ?HE Xiaoqing

Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ?510150, China

[Abstract] Objective To observe the changes of serum endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels and prognosis of Ticagrelor in treatment of patients with Non-ST-Elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Methods A total of 146 patients with NSTE-ACS admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January to June 2019, according to the random number table method, patients were divided into two groups, with 73 patients in each group. Clopidogrel group was treated with Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor group was treated with Ticagrelor. The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 in the two groups were observed before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as well as 24 h, 7 d and 30 d after PCI. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups within six months after PCI. Results The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 of the two groups increased significantly at 24 h after PCI, decreased significantly at seven days after PCI compared with 24 h after PCI, and decreased significantly at 30 d after PCI compared with seven days after PCI, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 in Ticagrelor group were lower than those in Clopidogrel group seven days after PCI, and were lower than those in Clopidogrel group 30 d after PCI, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total MACE events in Ticagrelor group were lower than that in Clopidogrel group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference in the incidence of bleeding events between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Ticagrelor can improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory reaction more rapidly in the treatment of NSTE-ACS patients, andstabilize atherosclerotic plaques, protect myocardium and does not increase bleeding risk.

[Key words] Ticagrelor; Non-ST-Elevation acute coronary syndrome; Endothelial microparticles; Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

急性冠脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是指冠狀動脈的不穩(wěn)定斑塊破裂、血栓形成導致心肌缺血或梗死[1]。經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是治療ACS的主要手段之一[2]。PCI圍術(shù)期的抗血小板治療是決定臨床治療效果的重要因素。PCI圍術(shù)期必須使用兩聯(lián)抗血小板藥物:阿司匹林和P2Y12受體拮抗劑[3]。氯吡格雷是傳統(tǒng)的P2Y12受體拮抗劑已應(yīng)用多年,而近年來替格瑞洛作為新型的P2Y12受體拮抗劑,應(yīng)用逐漸廣泛,但是臨床療效仍有一定爭議,長期安全性有待進一步考察[4-5]。替格瑞在抗血小板作用以外,還具有保護內(nèi)皮功能、拮抗炎癥反應(yīng)、改善冠脈微循環(huán)等作用[6]。血清內(nèi)皮細胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)是評價內(nèi)皮功能狀態(tài)的有效指標,可溶性細胞間黏附分子-1(soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)可用于反映內(nèi)皮損傷和炎癥反應(yīng)程度[7]。本研究觀察替格瑞洛治療非ST段抬高型急性冠脈綜合征(non-ST-elevation ACS,NSTE-ACS)患者過程中,血清EMPs和sICAM-1的水平變化,及其對預(yù)后的影響。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2019年1—6月廣州醫(yī)科大學附屬第三醫(yī)院收治的NSTE-ACS患者146例,所有病例均符合中華醫(yī)學會心血管病學分會非ST段抬高型急性冠狀動脈綜合征診斷標準[8]。NSTE-ACS的診斷符合以下條件:缺血性胸痛;心電圖ST段下移或者T波改變。排除標準:合并嚴重感染、血液病、風濕結(jié)締組織疾病或腫瘤;嚴重肝腎功能不全;既往有心肌梗死病史或有PCI史;射血分數(shù)(EF)<30%;有嚴重替格瑞洛不良反應(yīng)及氯吡格雷抵抗者;存在抗凝、抗血小板禁忌;其他嚴重的疾病預(yù)期生存期不確定的。所有患者按照隨機數(shù)字表法分為兩組,替格瑞洛組73例和氯吡格雷組73例。本研究符合醫(yī)院醫(yī)學倫理學相關(guān)要求,所有患者對治療方案均知情同意,自愿參與本研究,并簽訂知情同意書。

1.2 方法

所有患者在入院48 h內(nèi)經(jīng)橈動脈行冠脈造影檢查和PCI術(shù)。替格瑞洛組給予替格瑞洛(商品名:倍林達;生產(chǎn)廠家:阿斯利康制藥有限公司;批準文號:國藥準字J20181077;產(chǎn)品批號:YAAZ)術(shù)前負荷劑量180 mg,術(shù)后維持劑量每次90 mg,2次/d;氯吡格雷組給予氯吡格雷[商品名:波立維;生產(chǎn)廠家:賽諾菲(杭州)制藥有限公司;批準文號:國藥準字J20181129;產(chǎn)品批號:8A787]術(shù)前負荷劑量300 mg,術(shù)后維持劑量每次75 mg,1次/d。均予阿司匹林、他汀、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑/血管緊張素Ⅱ受體阻劑、β受體阻滯劑或CCB類藥物等常規(guī)治療。

1.3 EMPs和sICAM-1測定

于PCI術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h、術(shù)后7 d、術(shù)后30 d晨起采取空腹肘靜脈血5 mL。3000 r/min離心,離心半徑15 cm,10 min后取血清,-80℃低溫冰箱保存。采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測EMPs和sICAM-1血清表達水平,試劑盒由上海酶聯(lián)生物科技有限公司提供(產(chǎn)品批號:20181006),操作步驟嚴格按照試劑盒說明書。

1.4 主要終點觀察

對兩組患者進行6個月跟蹤隨訪觀察。①主要不良心臟事件(MACE):包括心源性死亡、急性心肌梗死、靶血管再次血運重建、支架內(nèi)血栓形成、及腦卒中;②藥物不良反應(yīng):出血事件。

1.5 統(tǒng)計學方法

采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進行分析。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用t檢驗和重復(fù)測量方差分析,計數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)和百分率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 兩組一般臨床資料比較

兩組在年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)、心血管危險因素、PCI前及后TIMI血流3級比例方面比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。見表1。

2.2 兩組EMPs和sICAM-1水平比較

整體分析:兩組EMPs、sICAM-1組間、時間點比較差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),EMPs交互作用差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。兩組EMPs和sICAM-1水平在PCI術(shù)前、術(shù)后24 h比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。兩組EMPs和sICAM-1水平在術(shù)后24 h較PCI前均明顯上升,在術(shù)后7 d較術(shù)后24 h均顯著下降,在術(shù)后30 d較術(shù)后7d均顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。替格瑞洛組EMPs和sICAM-1水平在術(shù)后7 d均低于氯吡格雷組、在術(shù)后30 d均低于氯吡格雷組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。

2.3 兩組主要終點事件比較

氯吡格雷組有8例MACE事件,其中2例急性心肌梗死、2例支架內(nèi)血栓、2例腦卒中、2例心源性死亡;替格瑞洛組有1例急性心肌梗死、無其他事件。兩組總體MACE事件發(fā)生人數(shù)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2 = 4.263,P = 0.039)。氯吡格雷組有8例輕微出血,替格瑞洛組有5例輕微出血,兩組均無大出血事件,出血事件發(fā)生人數(shù)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(χ2 = 0.760,P = 0.383)。

3 討論

介入手術(shù)是治療ACS的重要手段,術(shù)后必須使用足夠療程的抗血小板藥物。氯吡格雷是臨床常用的傳統(tǒng)抗血小板藥物,顯著改善ACS患者的臨床療效和預(yù)后。近年來出現(xiàn)的新型抗血小板藥物替格瑞洛,在國內(nèi)外指南中,被優(yōu)先推薦用于NSTE-ACS的治療[8]。研究證實,與氯吡格雷比較,替格瑞洛能顯著改善ACS患者心血管事件復(fù)合終點[4-5,9]。但是替格瑞洛的臨床療效仍有一定爭議,強效的抗血小板作用也帶來出血風險升高。本研究觀察ACS患者在PCI后隨訪6個月,替格瑞洛組患者MACE事件較氯吡格雷組明顯減少,但是兩組的出血事件差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,提示替格瑞洛治療可以使NSTE-ACS患者有更好的獲益,并且無明顯增加出血風險,安全性良好。但本研究樣本量不多,為單中心研究,有待于進一步增加樣本量的多中心研究繼續(xù)觀察。

替格瑞洛除了抗血小板作用起效快、作用強以外,還可以提高腺苷水平,產(chǎn)生臨床多效性[6]。腺苷具有改善內(nèi)皮功能、拮抗炎癥因子、清除氧自由基、擴張冠狀動脈、改善冠脈微循環(huán)等作用。EMPs是內(nèi)皮細胞在激活或凋亡時脫落到外周血的小囊泡狀物質(zhì),作為內(nèi)皮細胞的產(chǎn)物,能夠準確反映出內(nèi)皮細胞的功能。對于各種內(nèi)皮細胞功能異常的疾病,如冠心病、糖尿病、心力衰竭等患者,血漿EMPs水平會明顯升高[10-12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EMPs反映冠脈斑塊炎性程度和內(nèi)皮功能,促進斑塊形成和斑塊的不穩(wěn)定,還可以通過促進血小板的聚集導致血栓形成,是心血管風險的獨立預(yù)測因子[13]。介入手術(shù)中的缺血再灌注也可以誘導內(nèi)皮細胞釋放內(nèi)皮微粒,并通過促進細胞凋亡和氧化應(yīng)激的作用損害心肌[14-15]。EMPs可能成為冠心病新的標志物和治療靶點[16]。ICAM-1是免疫蛋白超家族黏附分子之一,在炎癥因子刺激后的內(nèi)皮細胞、單核細胞、淋巴細胞表面高度表達,反映炎癥反應(yīng)的水平[17]。sICAM-1是細胞表面脫落下來的ICAM-1的細胞外成分,sICAM-1的水平可以用來反映ICAM-1的表達程度。ICAM-1參與炎癥細胞與內(nèi)皮細胞黏附,促使巨噬細胞吞噬氧化脂質(zhì)后轉(zhuǎn)化為泡沫細胞,在動脈粥樣硬化形成中起重要作用[18]。ACS患者ICAM-1水平明顯高于穩(wěn)定性心絞痛患者,能反映動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的不穩(wěn)定性[19]。心肌梗死后sICAM-1水平升高,與炎癥反應(yīng)密切相關(guān),可用于預(yù)測血管成形術(shù)后冠狀動脈再狹窄和心肌梗死后心力衰竭的危險性[20-21]。本研究顯示,在PCI治療后7 d、30 d替格瑞洛組EMPs和ICAM-1水平均明顯低于氯吡格雷組。提示替格瑞洛對改善NSTE-ACS患者內(nèi)皮功能和炎癥反應(yīng)的效果優(yōu)于氯吡格雷。其主要作用機制可能與提高腺苷水平有關(guān)。

綜上所述,替格瑞洛在NSTE-ACS患者治療中能夠更好地改善血管內(nèi)皮功能并降低炎癥反應(yīng),從而穩(wěn)定動脈粥樣硬化斑塊、減少心血管事件,不增加出血風險。

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(收稿日期:2020-03-11)

[基金項目] 廣東省醫(yī)學科研基金立項項目(B2019066)。

[作者簡介] 譚文鵬(1983-),男,博士,廣州醫(yī)科大學附屬第三醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科副主任醫(yī)師;研究方向:冠心病及心力衰竭。

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