程明華
英語閱讀文章經(jīng)常會有一些長難句,它們含有較多、較長的修飾成分、并列成分或者從句。其結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性往往會導(dǎo)致理解困難,而且還有針對長難句理解的考題。那么如何突破長難句呢?
一、找句子主干
不管句子有多長多復(fù)雜,它都是由主干和修飾成分組成的。主干是指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu),是整個(gè)句子的骨架。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補(bǔ)充作用,它可能是單詞、短語或從句,尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。我們應(yīng)跳讀修飾成分,找出句子的主干并理解其意義,然后再理解修飾成分,便可長句短化,難句易化。如:
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇)According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
解析:這個(gè)句子長達(dá)48個(gè)詞,句子主干是:race walkers would burn about 800 calories per hour ,意為:競走者每小時(shí)可消耗大約800卡路里。
二、找并列連詞
有些長難句是由多個(gè)并列的句子成分或句子組成。找出并列連詞,理清前后的邏輯關(guān)系,再根據(jù)語境正確理解句意。常見的并列連詞有and, but, yet, while, so, for ,not only ... but also等。并列連詞后很可能存在省略問題。如:
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇)These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
解析:在句中找到and,分析誰跟誰并列;本句中顯然是plants與a plant并列,句子主干是:These include plants and a plant. 句中的plants和a plant后分別跟有一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句。前句中的定語從句中還含有一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,作show的賓語。句意為:這些包括在葉子上印有傳感器來顯示何時(shí)缺水的植物,和可以檢測到地下水中有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)的植物。
三、找從句連詞
區(qū)分主句與從句有助于整個(gè)句子的理解。從句前面有一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞,找到這個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞就找到了從句,分析從句,弄清它是名詞性從句、狀語從句還是定語從句,理解句意。如:
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀B篇)I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.
解析:句中that在動詞imagine后,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語從句;在賓語從句中又有由一個(gè)while引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,還有一個(gè)省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語從句a reader can pay them,修飾currency。句意是:我想,雖然金錢確實(shí)是美妙的和必要的,但是重讀作者的作品是讀者能支付給他們的最高報(bào)酬。
四、找名詞
在長句中,名詞后只要不是謂語動詞,一般都是定語或同位語等,對其進(jìn)行修飾限定或補(bǔ)充說明。尋找名詞,去掉其后的修飾成分,就可簡化句子。如:
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇)As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers.
解析:名詞the injuries后面的associated with running是過去分詞作定語, such as runners knee是舉例說明具體的傷害。簡化了的句子是some of the injuries are uncommon among race walkers. 句意是:因此,她說,一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷,比如跑步者的膝蓋,在競走者中并不常見。
五、去插入成分
為了交代某句話是誰說的或者是說話人的身份,或解釋、說明前面的內(nèi)容,句子中帶有插入成分。此時(shí)要先看主句,再看插入成分。如:
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇)Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
解析:去掉says Jaclyn Norberg和他的同位語an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass,該句就是強(qiáng)調(diào)主語this strange form的強(qiáng)調(diào)句。句意為:然而,正是這種奇怪的形式使競走成為一項(xiàng)吸引人的活動,馬薩諸塞州塞勒姆州立大學(xué)運(yùn)動科學(xué)助理教授Jaclyn Norberg這樣說。
(2020年全國Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇)Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(電源)——such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway——a lot of energy is lost during transmission.
解析:破折號之間的內(nèi)容是舉例說明照明遠(yuǎn)離電源,是插入成分,可去掉;since引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句,從句去掉,其余的a lot of energy is lost during transmission是主句。句意是:因?yàn)檎彰魍ǔ_h(yuǎn)離電源,例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離,在傳輸過程中會損失大量能源。
英語閱讀中的長難句是一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象,我們要綜合運(yùn)用上述方法去準(zhǔn)確理解和分析,使長難句不再成為閱讀的障礙。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青