劉朝奎 邢雪
[摘要] 目的 基于三維重建技術(shù)探討肝硬化病人肝中靜脈(MHV)相關(guān)解剖指標(biāo)變化,為臨床半肝切除術(shù)和活體肝移植(LDLT)提供理論依據(jù)。方法 回顧分析符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并行腹部增強(qiáng)CT掃描的肝硬化病人50例(肝硬化組)和無(wú)肝臟疾病病人50例(正常組)的臨床資料。將腹部增強(qiáng)CT圖像進(jìn)行三維重建,觀(guān)察MHV匯入下腔靜脈(IVC)的形式,MHV分型以及MHV主要屬支在肝臟Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ段的分布。測(cè)量MHV匯入IVC的直徑,MHV與IVC、肝右靜脈(RHV)、肝左靜脈(LHV)及矢狀面的夾角,MHV主干的長(zhǎng)度,MHV至膈面距離,MHV至前下緣距離。結(jié)果 與正常組比較,肝硬化組MHV與LHV的夾角明顯增大(t=-4.871,P<0.05),MHV管徑顯著縮?。╖=6.052,P<0.01),MHV主干長(zhǎng)度明顯縮短(Z=5.139,P<0.01),MHV至膈面距離減?。╰=5.557,P<0.01),MHV至前下緣距離增加(Z=-2.944,P<0.05)。兩組MHV主要屬支在Ⅳ、Ⅴ段分布無(wú)明顯差異,而肝硬化組在Ⅷ段很少會(huì)出現(xiàn)直徑≥5 mm的屬支(Z=2.087,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 肝硬化病人MHV相關(guān)影像解剖學(xué)指標(biāo)發(fā)生顯著改變,術(shù)前應(yīng)用三維重建技術(shù)能夠精確評(píng)估這些變化,為肝臟手術(shù)提供依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肝靜脈;肝硬化;肝切除術(shù);肝移植;體層攝影術(shù),X線(xiàn)計(jì)算機(jī)
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R322.123;R657.3 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)06-0710-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.163 [開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20200722.1311.003.html;
[ABSTRACT] Objective To investigate the changes in anatomical parameters of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) in patients with liver cirrhosis based on three-dimensional reconstruction, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical hemihepatectomy and living donor liver transplantation. ?Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 100 patients, including 50 patients with liver cirrhosis (liver cirrhosis group) and 50 patients without liver diseases (normal group), who met the inclusion criteria and underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). The obtained abdominal contrast-enhanced CT images were subjected to three-dimensional reconstruction. The form of MHV confluence into the IVC, the classification of MHV, and the distribution of major tributaries of the MHV in segments Ⅳ, Ⅴ, and Ⅷ were observed. The diameter of the MHV that joined the IVC, the angle between the MHV and the IVC, right hepatic vein (RHV), left hepatic vein (LHV), or sagittal plane, the length of MHV trunk, the distance from the MHV to the diaphragmatic surface, and the distance from the MHV to the ante-rior inferior border were measured. ?Results Compared with the normal group, the liver cirrhosis group had significant increases in the angle between the MHV and the LHV (t=-4.871,P<0.05) and the distance from the MHV to the anterior inferior border (Z=-2.944,P<0.05) and significant reductions in the diameter of the MHV (Z=6.052,P<0.01), the length of MHV trunk (Z=5.139,P<0.01), and the distance from the MHV to the diaphragmatic surface (t=5.557,P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the distribution of major tributaries of the MHV in segments Ⅳ and Ⅴ between the two groups, but the liver cirrhosis group had significantly fewer tributaries with a diameter of ≥5 mm in segment Ⅷ than the normal group (Z=2.087,P<0.05). ?Conclusion The anatomical parameters of the MHV are significantly changed in patients with liver cirrhosis. These changes can be precisely assessed by three-dimensional reconstruction before surgery, thus providing a basis for liver surgery.
[KEY WORDS] hepatic veins; liver cirrhosis; hepatectomy; liver transplantation; tomography, X-ray computed
肝中靜脈(MHV)走行于肝臟正中裂內(nèi),是左右半肝的分界線(xiàn),在半肝切除手術(shù)以及活體肝移植(LDLT)中有重要意義[1]。原發(fā)性肝癌是我國(guó)常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,手術(shù)是改善原發(fā)性肝癌病人預(yù)后最重要的手段。我國(guó)原發(fā)性肝癌病人常伴有肝硬化背景[2],而肝硬化本身也會(huì)并發(fā)原發(fā)性肝癌。肝硬化進(jìn)程中肝內(nèi)門(mén)靜脈、肝靜脈和肝動(dòng)脈3個(gè)血管系統(tǒng)之間失去正常關(guān)系。因此,正確認(rèn)識(shí)肝硬化狀態(tài)下MHV的變化,對(duì)于肝臟外科手術(shù)治療具有重要意義。而以往MHV的解剖數(shù)據(jù)多來(lái)自于對(duì)無(wú)肝病個(gè)體的觀(guān)測(cè),而對(duì)于肝硬化狀態(tài)下的MHV解剖數(shù)據(jù)較少。本研究基于三維重建技術(shù),探討肝硬化狀態(tài)下MHV及其屬支相關(guān)解剖變化,以期為臨床實(shí)施LDLT及半肝切除術(shù)等提供理論依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
搜集2016年12月—2019年5月在我院確診為肝硬化[3]并行腹部增強(qiáng)CT檢查(肝硬化組)病人50例,其中男22例,女28例;年齡38~83歲,平均59.26歲。選取無(wú)肝臟疾病史因其他系統(tǒng)疾病行腹部增強(qiáng)CT檢查病人50例作為正常組,其中男26例,女24例;年齡35~85歲,平均61.98歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往無(wú)肝臟手術(shù)史或外傷史,肝內(nèi)無(wú)占位病變;②肝靜脈期顯影良好;③排除有Budd-Chiari綜合征及右心衰竭等影響肝臟血流循環(huán)者。
1.2 檢查設(shè)備及材料
增強(qiáng)CT:采用美國(guó)GE寶石能譜CT(型號(hào)為GE discovery 750D);高配計(jì)算機(jī)(惠普Elite Desk 800G3TWR);三維重建軟件(GE Revolution CT工作站中的AW 4.7版本三維重建軟件)。造影劑應(yīng)用碘普羅胺注射液(優(yōu)維顯,生產(chǎn)商Bayer Schering Pharma AG,國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字號(hào)J2010004,300 g/L)。
1.3 檢查方法
病人檢查前0.5 h飲清水500~1 000 mL充盈胃腸道,掃描前再次飲清水400~500 mL,采用智能追蹤技術(shù),設(shè)置腹腔干層面為感興趣區(qū),平靜吸氣末開(kāi)始掃描,設(shè)定開(kāi)始閾值為160 Hu,造影劑注射觸發(fā)后6~7 s延時(shí),肝動(dòng)脈期與門(mén)靜脈期時(shí)間間隔為17~18 s,門(mén)靜脈期與肝靜脈期時(shí)間間隔20~21 s。
1.4 圖像重建方法
將原始三期薄層增強(qiáng)CT圖像傳輸至GE Re-volution CT工作站中的AW(4.7版本)三維重建軟件,通過(guò)容積再現(xiàn)(VR)和最大密度投影(MIP)等進(jìn)行三維重建(圖1A、B),在所得到的三維重建圖像中,剔除肋骨、腎臟等影響MHV觀(guān)測(cè)的影像。
1.5 觀(guān)測(cè)指標(biāo)及方法
①M(fèi)HV匯入下腔靜脈(IVC)的形式,即Goldsmith主肝靜脈分型[4],可分為3型。Ⅰ型:MHV與肝左靜脈(LHV)共干匯入IVC;Ⅱ型:MHV單獨(dú)匯入IVC;Ⅲ型:MHV與肝右靜脈(RHV)共干匯入IVC(圖1C、D)。②MHV分型:基于Neumann分型分為3型[5]。Ⅰ型:MHV 由大小相近的引流Ⅴ段屬支和Ⅳ段屬支匯合而成;Ⅱ型:MHV呈單一主干,全程接收鄰近組織的靜脈回流;Ⅲ型:形態(tài)上雖與Ⅰ型類(lèi)似,但靜脈支深入到Ⅵ段(圖1E~G)。③MHV與矢狀面、IVC、RHV、LHV之間的夾角:通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)得到肝臟三維重建圖像,在俯視圖上測(cè)量MHV與RHV、LHV和矢狀面之間的夾角;在左視圖上測(cè)量 MHV與IVC之間的夾角(圖1H、I)。④MHV主干的長(zhǎng)度:測(cè)量從MHV匯入IVC處至MHV管徑為3 mm處的長(zhǎng)度。⑤MHV至膈面距離:在三維重建工作站上,鼠標(biāo)能夠在重建的三維圖像軸位、矢狀位和冠狀位圖像上實(shí)現(xiàn)聯(lián)動(dòng),當(dāng)鼠標(biāo)移動(dòng)至三維圖像上的MHV主干中點(diǎn)上壁時(shí),鼠標(biāo)也隨之定位至矢狀位圖像上的MHV中點(diǎn)上壁,此時(shí)在矢狀位圖像上測(cè)量MHV主干中點(diǎn)上壁至肝臟膈面的最短距離(圖1J~L)。⑥MHV至前下緣距離:在矢狀面上測(cè)量MHV主干末端至肝臟前下緣的距離(圖1J~L)。⑦M(jìn)HV主要屬支在肝臟Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ段的分布:通過(guò)放大和調(diào)整方向,觀(guān)察并統(tǒng)計(jì)MHV位于肝臟Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅷ段直徑3~4 mm和≥5 mm的屬支數(shù)量(圖1M)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用SPSS 24.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料采用±s和極值描述,數(shù)據(jù)間比較采用t檢驗(yàn)、秩和檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) ?果
2.1 主肝靜脈分型和MHV分型
本文100例中主肝靜脈分型Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型分別為62例(62.0%)、38例(38.0%),未見(jiàn)Ⅲ型。MHV分型的Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型分別為38例(38.0%)、46例(46.0%)、16例(16.0%)。
2.2 兩組MHV與矢狀面、IVC、RHV、LHV之間的夾角比較
與正常組比較,肝硬化組MHV與矢狀面夾角、MHV與IVC之間夾角、MHV與RHV之間夾角差異無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05);MHV與LHV之間夾角顯著增大(t=-4.871,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 兩組MHV匯入IVC的管徑及主干長(zhǎng)度比較
與正常組比較,肝硬化組MHV的管徑明顯減小,主干長(zhǎng)度明顯縮短,差異均具有顯著意義(Z=6.052、5.139,P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.4 兩組MHV至膈面和前下緣距離比較
與正常組比較,肝硬化組MHV至膈面距離縮短,而MHV至前下緣距離增加,差異均有顯著性(t=5.557,Z=-2.944,P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
3.4 MHV屬支解剖、分型與LDLT
MHV的屬支分布和分型對(duì)于LDLT時(shí)MHV的保留與否、屬支重建與否具有重要意義[24-25]。本研究顯示,正常組有11例(22.0%)MHV無(wú)≥5 mm屬支分布,這與KAMEL等[26]的研究結(jié)果相一致,表明MHV在部分個(gè)體沒(méi)有≥5 mm的屬支分布。MHV分型臨床常用Neumann分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5]。崔楷悅等[27]分析570例無(wú)肝臟疾病病人肝臟增強(qiáng)CT圖像,結(jié)果顯示MHV的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分別占54.9%、30.5%、14.6%。本研究100例病人MHV的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分別占38.0%、46.0%、16.0%,其中Ⅱ型所占比例最高,可能與本組樣本偏小以及個(gè)體間肝靜脈解剖變異較大有關(guān)。LDLT時(shí)對(duì)于≥5 mm的屬支是否應(yīng)該重建,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[28]。Meta分析顯示,對(duì)MHV屬支進(jìn)行重建會(huì)增加受體的總生存率[29]。因此,術(shù)前應(yīng)全面評(píng)估供體的MHV解剖、受體的終末期肝病模型評(píng)分等因素,在保證供體安全的前提下,對(duì)MHV主要屬支進(jìn)行重建或行包含MHV的肝移植以改善受體預(yù)后。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))