哈爾濱市第三十五中學 紀宇紅

教師在指導初中生寫作過程中，困難difficulties和困惑problems相伴而生。對于師生雙方來說，學生不知道怎么寫作文，教師不知道如何指導，這是困難。學生寫了練了，教師花了很多時間批改，但是寫作水平不見提高，這就讓教師和學生有些困惑了。

這些困難和困惑，往往會帶來下面的問題：教師忽略對審題的指導，導致學生寫作時“跑題”或“跑體”（輕審題）；教師往往注重語言的指導，而忽視對結(jié)構(gòu)的指導，導致學生寫的文章結(jié)構(gòu)不合理（輕結(jié)構(gòu)）；在語言指導時，有的教師會忽略語言的連貫性，文章整體的邏輯性，段落與段落之間，句子與句子之間的銜接不暢，導致學的文章邏輯混亂（輕邏輯）；不管是困難還是困惑，教師要把問題課題化，經(jīng)過思考、實踐，尋求解決問題的途徑和策略。

初中英語寫作教學不同學段的教學目標：

三級目標：

1.能正確使用常用的標點符號；

2.能使用簡單的圖表和海報等形式傳達信息；

3.能參照范例寫出或回復簡單的問候卡和邀請卡；

4.能用短語或句子描述系列圖片，編寫簡單的故事。

四級目標：

1.能正確使用標點符號；

2.能用詞組或簡單句為自己創(chuàng)作的圖片寫出說明；

3.能寫出簡短的文段，如簡單的指令、規(guī)則；

4.能在教師的幫助下以小組討論方式起草和修改作文。

五級目標：

1.能根據(jù)寫作要求，收集、準備素材；

2.能獨立起草短文、短信等，并在教師指導下進行修改；

3.能使用常見的連接詞表示順序和邏輯關系；

4.能簡單描述人物和事件；

5.能根據(jù)所給圖示或表格寫出簡單的段落或操作說明；

由此可見，不同學段，教師有不同的任務，寫作是一個循序漸進的過程。

初中英語寫作教學的框架指導策略

明確了要達到的目標，帶著要解決的問題，我們往往會形成一定的策略。在指導學生寫作的過程中，根據(jù)寫作內(nèi)容梳理寫作框架是首要的，而思維可視圖能夠在寫作教學中發(fā)揮重要的作用。

以人教版PEP教材為例，九年級第一單元How to become a successful learner文章本身就提供了很清晰的寫作框架結(jié)構(gòu)。我們可以用“思維導圖”引導學生梳理，打開并完善學生的寫作思路。

基于教材閱讀文章，我們提煉寫作框架，如何成為好的學習者，列出右側(cè)三點。再從教材中提煉三點建議的支撐句，即具體做法。左側(cè)，將話題從多個視角遷移出類似的話題。如，如何提高英語水平，如何實現(xiàn)夢想，等等，引導學生生成新的建議和支撐句。這樣，學生就能在不同的題目面前，通過“提綱挈領”以不變應萬變了。

初中英語寫作教學的語言指導策略在框架指導的基礎上，我們就要采取適當?shù)牟呗詠碇笇дZ言。這里，我們從利用課內(nèi)語段句式仿寫和利用課外語段讀寫結(jié)合兩個方面來嘗試分享一些指導寫作語言的策略。

1.利用課內(nèi)語段中的句式仿寫

仿寫是學生寫作起始階段較容易上手的方法。我們從初一下冊（Go for it人教版七年級下冊）拿出一個例子。

Jane：Hi，Bob.What club do you want to join?

Bob：I want to join a sports club.

Jane：Great!What sports can you play?

Bob：Soccer.

Jane：So you can join the soccer club.

Bob：What about you?You’re very good at telling stories.You can join the story telling club.

Jane：Sound good....

我們從對話中提煉表示擅長的句式做如下引導：

StepI：教師指導學生通頭腦風暴（Brain-storming）說出若干日常人們感興趣活動的短語：

do word puzzles/play the piano/play football/sing/dance...

StepII：學生可以根據(jù)自己的實際情況借助句式仿寫，在仿寫的基礎上，教師可以指導學生用do well in...進行改寫。

例如：

（1）You need to take breaks away from the computer.

We need to take breaks from hard work.

Students need to take breaks from boring homework.

（2）It is not enough to just get good grades at school.

It’s not enough to just listen to teachers carefully in class.

It’s not enough to just eat healthy diets.

（3）The earlier kids learn to be independent，the better it is for their future.

（4）Doing chores helps to develop children’s independence and teaches them how to look after themselves.

（5）Many of the students are learning exam skills so that they can get into a good high school.

（6）Feel free to ask me anything on today’s Great Wall tour.

（7）They run over to them with excitement.

（8）It’s unbelievable that technology has progressed in such a rapid way!

（9）Watching the tea preparation is just as enjoyable as drinking the tea itself.

（10）Many resolutions have to do with self-improvement，like making a weekly plan for schoolwork.

（11）Unless we talk to someone，we’ll certainly feel worse.

（12）It’s best not to run away from our problems.

（13）Sharing a problem is like cutting it in half.So you’re halfway to solving a problem just by talking to someone about it.

教材里的素材就是觸手可及的資源。立足教材，用好教材是教師指導學生寫作最容易的“殺手锏”。

2.利用課外語段讀寫結(jié)合

“Life is like a box of chocolates，you never know what you are going to get.”This is a very famous sentence from a film.I totally agree with it.

Life is like a box of chocolates.There are many different kinds of tastes.You like some of them and you hate some of them.There are good things and bad things in life.

If the chocolate you are eating now is sweet，I hope you can enjoy it.Life has its sweet moments.But please，also remember that not all chocolates are sweets.Life can be hard too.If you have picked a bitter chocolate，remember that one day you’ll get another sweet one.

If the chocolate you are eating now is bitter，I hope you will thank life for it.Why do I say this We cannot enjoy the sweet tastes in life without knowing the bitter ones.The bitter chocolate is like the tunnel（隧道）of our lives.It is dark now.But please remember，there is no tunnel without an exit.Go straight ahead，and you will see the light from the end of it.Never give up.

Before you taste a chocolate，you don’t know what it will be like.Sometimes in life you get only bitter chocolates.But please don’t forget there are also ones you will like.When you get the ones you like，remember that not all chocolates taste this good.There is both good and bad in life.

When you have eaten the box of chocolates，you will know the taste of life.

課外語段也是指導學生進行積累和變式的主要素材。

（1）詞匯與短語：

A.totally agree with...完全贊同

e.g.I totally agree with your ideas.

B.many different kinds of...許多種

e.g.There are many different kinds of activities we can join in our free time，such as doing volunteer work.

文章里的詞匯和短語有借鑒之處，也可以改進?？梢杂酶呒壴~匯various來代替different，表示多種多樣的，如：There are various kinds of theme parks in China.

（2）從句：

A.If the chocolate you are eating now is bitter，I hope you will thank life for it.如果你現(xiàn)在吃的巧克力是苦的，希望你因此感恩。

B.Before you taste a chocolate，you don’t know what it will be like.在你品嘗巧克力之前，你并不知道它是什么樣的。

C.When you get the ones you like，remember that not all chocolates taste this good.當你得到你想要的，記得并非所有的巧克力嘗起來都那么美味。

（3）引用：

“Life is like a box of chocolates，you never know what you are going to get.”引用經(jīng)典電影《阿甘正傳》的臺詞。

（4）修辭：

The bitter chocolate is like the tunnel（隧道）of our lives.（比喻）

作者把苦的巧克力比作生活中黑暗的隧道。凡是隧道都有出口。生活終會苦盡甘來。

除了借鑒原文的句子作為積累，還可以在原文的基礎上進行仿寫、改寫和擴寫的指導。

（1）仿寫：

Go straight ahead，and you will see the light from the end of it.?

這句話可以轉(zhuǎn)換如下：

If you go straight ahead，you will see the light from the end of it.

我們可以嘗試仿寫：

結(jié)構(gòu)：祈使句，+and/then（那么）/or（否則）

比如建議類的句子，我們可以這樣寫：

Practice more，and you can improve your spoken English sooner or later.

Do more exercises，and you can avoid making the same mistakes.

Work harder，and you will make further progress.

除了仿寫句子，還可以仿文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。

（2）改寫：

Why do I say this?We cannot enjoy the sweet tastes in life without knowing the bitter ones.

這兩個句子可以做合并處理。

The reason why I say this is we cannot enjoy the sweet tastes in life without knowing the bitter ones.

在列舉多于一個原因時，我們可以采用核心句型：

One of the main reasons why+句子is+句子。

話題1：閱讀

One of the main reasons why we spend as much time as possible reading is reading books helps us learn what we can't learn from our textbooks.

話題2：旅行

One of the main reasons why people enjoy traveling is traveling opens our minds.

話題3：參加志愿者活動

One of the main reasons why I do volunteer work is activities like volunteering provide us with opportunities（機會 chances）to develop independence.

（3）擴寫：

Never give up.

Giving up is not a good choice.

If you have a never-give-up attitude，you will....

如果在段落與段落之間，句子與句子之間，有恰到好處銜接和過渡，那么寫作的邏輯性和層次性就能自然而然地體現(xiàn)出來了。

文章不厭百回改，反復推敲出好文。在英語寫作的路上，如果我們善于審題，樂于推敲，不厭修改，又勤于練筆，那么英語寫作，想說愛你也容易。