任中楷 汪建 于騰波
[摘要] 目的 通過(guò)系統(tǒng)化測(cè)量喙突形態(tài)數(shù)據(jù),分析數(shù)據(jù)之間相關(guān)性,探究國(guó)人喙突形態(tài),為臨床診治肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病提供依據(jù)。方法 選取青島大學(xué)解剖實(shí)驗(yàn)室完整成對(duì)肩胛骨標(biāo)本共50對(duì)(100只),分別測(cè)量喙突水平部長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度,喙突水平部中點(diǎn)寬度、厚度,喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度、寬度、高度,喙突尖至盂上結(jié)節(jié)距離和喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離。結(jié)果 肩胛骨標(biāo)本的喙突水平部長(zhǎng)(41.60±4.17)mm、寬(14.94±2.32)mm、厚(8.54±1.41)mm,喙突水平部中點(diǎn)寬(14.68±1.95)mm、厚(9.69±1.57)mm,喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)(27.94±3.18)mm、寬(10.34±1.74)mm、高(12.09±2.90)mm,喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離(20.51±2.89)mm,喙突尖至盂上結(jié)節(jié)距離(18.58±4.64)mm。上述各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)左右側(cè)均呈正相關(guān)(r=0.601~0.852,P<0.05)。喙突垂直部高度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離呈正相關(guān)(r=0.676,P<0.05)。結(jié)論 國(guó)人喙突形態(tài)部分指標(biāo)平均數(shù)據(jù)小于國(guó)外樣本,不可盲目借鑒國(guó)外研究結(jié)論,本文結(jié)果為國(guó)人肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診斷提供了解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。喙突垂直部高度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離存在相關(guān)性,可為臨床上判斷喙突下撞擊提供解剖學(xué)依據(jù)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 喙突;尸體解剖;運(yùn)動(dòng)人體測(cè)量學(xué);肩撞擊綜合征;數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)性
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R323.42;R684 ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A ?[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2020)05-0513-03
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2020.56.137 [開(kāi)放科學(xué)(資源服務(wù))標(biāo)識(shí)碼(OSID)]
[ABSTRACT] Objective To explore the morphology of the coracoid process in the Chinese by systematically measuring morphological data on the coracoid process and analyzing their correlations, and to provide clinical evidence for the treatment of shoulder joint diseases. ?Methods A total of 50 pairs (100 cases) of scapula specimens were selected and the following morphological parameters were measured: the length, width, and thickness of the horizontal and vertical parts of the coracoid process, the width and thickness of the midpoint of the horizontal part of the coracoid process, the distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the supraglenoid tuberosity, and the shortest distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the glenoid cavity. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the correlations of these morphological parameters. ?Results For the 100 scapular specimens, the mean length, width, and thickness of the horizontal part of the coracoid process were (41.60±4.17) mm, (14.94±2.32) mm, and (8.54±1.41) mm, respectively; the mean midpoint width and thickness of the horizontal part of the coracoid process were (14.68±1.95) mm and (9.69±1.57) mm, respectively; the mean length, width, and thickness of the vertical part of the coracoid process were (27.94±3.18) mm, (10.34±1.74) mm, and (12.09±2.90) mm, respectively; the mean shortest distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the glenoid cavity was (20.51±2.89) mm; the mean distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the supraglenoid tuberosity was (18.58±4.64) mm. There was a positive correlation between the left and right sides for each parameter (r=0.601-0.852,P<0.05). The length of the vertical part of the coracoid process was also positively correlated with the shortest distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the glenoid cavity (r=0.676,P<0.05). Conclusion The mean values of some morphological parameters of the coracoid process in the Chinese are lower than those of the samples from other countries, and the findings from those samples therefore should not be taken indiscriminately. This study provides an anatomical basis for the diagnosis of shoulder joint diseases in China. The length of the vertical part of the coracoid process is correlated with the shortest distance between the tip of the coracoid process and the glenoid cavity, thus providing an anatomical basis for clinical diagnosis of subcoracoid impingement.
[KEY WORDS] coracoid process; autopsy; kinanthropometry; shoulder impingement syndrome; correlation of data
喙突是從肩胛骨關(guān)節(jié)盂上側(cè)向上向前外側(cè)突出的鉤狀骨結(jié)構(gòu),外科醫(yī)生通常稱之為“肩上的燈塔”,它不僅是人體重要的解剖學(xué)標(biāo)志,也是胸部及上肢重要肌肉的附著點(diǎn),而且它靠近主要神經(jīng)血管結(jié)構(gòu)(如臂叢、腋動(dòng)脈等)。喙突下撞擊綜合征又稱喙突撞擊,其定義為喙突對(duì)肱骨小結(jié)節(jié)的侵犯。肱骨小結(jié)節(jié)是肩胛下肌肌腱止點(diǎn),肱骨內(nèi)旋時(shí),肩胛下肌肌腱在經(jīng)過(guò)喙突下空間時(shí)受到喙突撞擊,經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的壓迫和磨損,導(dǎo)致肩胛下肌損傷,影響肩關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)旋、內(nèi)收等功能[1]。國(guó)外學(xué)者認(rèn)為在大多數(shù)情況下,喙突的高度和長(zhǎng)度的變化會(huì)導(dǎo)致喙肩弓形態(tài)的改變以及肩袖的損傷[2]。前方關(guān)節(jié)盂缺損是確定肩關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)病人治療方式和預(yù)測(cè)預(yù)后的重要因素之一,因此,術(shù)前評(píng)估關(guān)節(jié)盂缺損對(duì)于制定最佳治療方案至關(guān)重要[3]。診斷關(guān)節(jié)盂缺損的方法包括術(shù)前X線片、三維重建計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描和術(shù)中關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查[4]。但上述方法依然無(wú)法復(fù)原缺損的關(guān)節(jié)盂,影響對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)盂缺損程度的評(píng)估。到目前為止,國(guó)外已有文獻(xiàn)對(duì)關(guān)節(jié)盂與周?chē)Y(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了探討,以評(píng)價(jià)關(guān)節(jié)盂缺損程度[4-5]。本研究系統(tǒng)性測(cè)量了成對(duì)喙突以及關(guān)節(jié)盂的形態(tài)數(shù)據(jù),并有針對(duì)性地分析了數(shù)據(jù)間的相關(guān)性,以期為肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的臨床治療提供指導(dǎo)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
于青島大學(xué)解剖實(shí)驗(yàn)室選取50對(duì)(共100只)成人肩胛骨標(biāo)本,左、右側(cè)各50只。標(biāo)本納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①標(biāo)本編號(hào)清楚無(wú)誤,每對(duì)肩胛骨標(biāo)本均來(lái)自同一成人骨骼;②肩胛骨標(biāo)本無(wú)污染、缺損。
1.2 研究方法
將100只肩胛骨標(biāo)本成對(duì)編號(hào)標(biāo)記后,用數(shù)字游標(biāo)卡尺(精確度為0.01 mm)分別測(cè)量喙突水平部長(zhǎng)度、寬度、厚度,喙突水平部中點(diǎn)寬度、厚度,喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度、寬度、高度,喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離,喙突尖至盂上結(jié)節(jié)距離(圖1)。以上指標(biāo)均測(cè)量3次,取平均值。分析上述各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)左右側(cè)的相關(guān)性,以及喙突垂直部高度和長(zhǎng)度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離的相關(guān)性。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS 25.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。計(jì)量資料以±s表示,左右側(cè)數(shù)據(jù)比較采用兩樣本比較的t檢驗(yàn);各指標(biāo)之間的相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)采用Pearson相關(guān)性分析。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) ?果
本文肩胛骨標(biāo)本各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的平均值:喙突水平部長(zhǎng)度(41.60±4.17)mm,喙突水平部寬度(14.94±2.32)mm,喙突水平部厚度(8.54±1.41)mm,喙突水平部中點(diǎn)寬度(14.68±1.95)mm,喙突水平部中點(diǎn)厚度(9.69±1.57)mm,喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度(27.94±3.18)mm,喙突垂直部寬度(10.34±1.74)mm,喙突垂直部高度(12.09±2.90)mm,喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離為(20.51±2.89)mm,喙突尖至盂上結(jié)節(jié)距離為(18.58±4.64)mm;關(guān)節(jié)盂平均長(zhǎng)徑(35.26±3.55)mm,關(guān)節(jié)盂平均短徑(26.11±3.20)mm。喙突各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)左右側(cè)比較,除了喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度(t=3.97,P<0.05)外,其他指標(biāo)差異均無(wú)顯著性(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。相關(guān)性分析顯示,喙突左右側(cè)各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均呈正相關(guān)(r=0.601~0.852,P<0.05)。喙突垂直部高度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離呈正相關(guān)(r=0.676,P<0.05),而喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離無(wú)相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。
3 討 ?論
喙突及關(guān)節(jié)盂是肩胛骨的重要解剖結(jié)構(gòu),可指導(dǎo)大部分肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診斷與治療。隨著微創(chuàng)手術(shù)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)使得疾病的診治變得更加便捷與精確,這要求外科醫(yī)生對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)的結(jié)構(gòu)必須有更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。目前,國(guó)外針對(duì)喙突及關(guān)節(jié)盂形態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)已有大量研究,但研究樣本大多來(lái)自歐洲、美洲等;而國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)研究中,鮮有研究系統(tǒng)性地測(cè)量大量成對(duì)肩胛骨并進(jìn)行左右側(cè)對(duì)比和相關(guān)性分析。本研究結(jié)果顯示,國(guó)人肩胛骨樣本部分指標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)小于國(guó)外樣本[6-9]。因此,在肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診治中,不可生搬硬套國(guó)外的研究結(jié)論,系統(tǒng)性研究國(guó)人肩胛骨形態(tài)對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診治很有必要。本研究對(duì)50對(duì)肩胛骨進(jìn)行配對(duì)分析顯示,左右側(cè)肩胛骨的各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比,除喙突垂直部長(zhǎng)度外,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。此結(jié)果與國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不一致[10],可能由于本研究測(cè)量樣本量較大,且均為左右側(cè)成對(duì)測(cè)量,有較強(qiáng)的可比性。本研究又通過(guò)計(jì)算各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)左右側(cè)相關(guān)性顯示,各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)左右側(cè)均呈較強(qiáng)的正相關(guān)性,表明臨床上可以通過(guò)觀察一側(cè)肩胛骨來(lái)判斷對(duì)側(cè)肩胛骨的形態(tài)大小,并可將其應(yīng)用于臨床肩關(guān)節(jié)骨缺損修補(bǔ)及3D打印。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外已有許多文獻(xiàn)證實(shí),喙突下空間形態(tài)的改變是造成喙突下撞擊的重要誘因[2,11]。有研究者認(rèn)為,盡管喙肩弓包括肩峰部、喙肩韌帶以及喙突,但喙突的形態(tài)是改變喙肩弓體積和形狀的主要原因[11]。國(guó)外已有尸體標(biāo)本研究結(jié)果顯示,喙突尖至盂唇的最小距離為21.5 mm[5]。與之相似,本研究喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離為(20.51±2.89)mm。RENOUX等[2]指出,在大多數(shù)情況下,喙突的高度和長(zhǎng)度發(fā)生變化是導(dǎo)致喙肩弓和肩袖之間空間改變的原因?;诖耍狙芯繙y(cè)量了喙突垂直部高度和長(zhǎng)度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果顯示,喙突垂直部高度與喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離存在正相關(guān)性。表明喙突垂直部越高,喙突尖至關(guān)節(jié)盂最短距離越長(zhǎng),喙突下空間越大,進(jìn)而表明喙突垂直部越高,罹患喙突下撞擊的概率越小。
綜上所述,本研究明確了國(guó)人喙突的部分形態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)小于國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù),表明在臨床手術(shù)過(guò)程中不可盲目借鑒國(guó)外數(shù)據(jù)。本文結(jié)果為國(guó)人肩關(guān)節(jié)疾病的診斷提供了解剖學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。本文結(jié)果還表明,喙突垂直部越高,罹患喙突下撞擊的概率越小;可通過(guò)觀察一側(cè)肩胛骨來(lái)判斷對(duì)側(cè)肩胛骨的形態(tài)大小,而這可應(yīng)用于臨床肩關(guān)節(jié)骨缺損修補(bǔ)及3D打印等方面。
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(本文編輯 馬偉平)