李大鵬 夏順明 徐萍 熊中奎 張小勝
[摘要] 目的 探討多層螺旋CT(MSCT)在急性腸脂垂炎(Acute epiploic appendagitis,AEA)的臨床診斷價(jià)值及對(duì)該病發(fā)病機(jī)制的探索。 方法 收集本院2014年7月~2018年12月急性腸脂垂炎患者資料22例,完善相關(guān)的人體學(xué)指標(biāo),并按照中國(guó)成年人體質(zhì)指數(shù)分為4組(輕體重、健康體重、超重、肥胖),所有患者行中下腹CT掃描,觀察病灶的部位、形態(tài)、密度、大小、邊緣及鄰近脂肪組織等表現(xiàn)。 結(jié)果 本組22例患者病灶均位于結(jié)腸前外側(cè)壁,9例位于盲腸,7例位于乙狀結(jié)腸與降結(jié)腸交界處,4例位于降結(jié)腸,1例位于乙狀結(jié)腸,1例位于結(jié)腸肝曲,所有病例均表現(xiàn)為典型的“環(huán)征”,中央卵圓形脂肪密度,邊緣環(huán)形軟組織密度,周圍脂肪密度增高;通過(guò)臨床資料分析,本病好發(fā)于青壯年,男性多于女性,隨著B(niǎo)MI指數(shù)增加,發(fā)病率有上升趨勢(shì)。 結(jié)論 急性腸脂垂炎在MSCT上表現(xiàn)為典型的“環(huán)征”,結(jié)合相關(guān)的臨床資料,如年齡、性別、體重,能夠達(dá)到方便、快捷的診斷。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 急性腸脂垂炎;多平面重建;CT;腹部
[中圖分類號(hào)] R57;R5 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)21-0131-04
Clinical value of multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) in acute lipositis
LI Dapeng1 ? XIA Shunming1 ? XU Ping1 ? XIONG Zhongkui2 ? ZHANG Xiaosheng3
1.Imaging Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210028, China; 2.Radiotherapy Department, Shaoxing Second Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China; 3.Radiology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital on Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT(MSCT) in acute epiploic appendagitis(AEA) and explore the pathogenesis of the disease. Methods The data of 22 patients with AEA from July 2014 to December 2018 in our hospital were collected to improve relevant anthropometric indexes. According to the body mass index(BMI) of Chinese adults, the patients were divided into 4 groups(lightweight, healthy weight, overweight, obesity). All patients underwent CT scans of the lower and middle abdomen to observe the location, shape, density, size, edge and adjacent adipose tissue of the lesions. Results The focus of 22 patients in this group was located in the anterior lateral wall of the colon, 9 cases in cecum, 7 cases at the junction of sigmoid colon and descending colon, 4 cases in descending colon, 1 case in sigmoid colon and 1 case in hepatic flexure of the colon. All cases showed typical ‘ring sign, with central oval fat density, marginal annular soft tissue density and increased peripheral fat density. According to the analysis of clinical data, the disease was more frequent in young adults and more common in men than in women. With the increase in BMI, the incidence rate had an upward trend. Conclusion AEA is a typical ‘ring sign on MSCT. Combined with relevant clinical data, such as age, sex and weight, it achieves convenient and rapid diagnosis.
3.2 急性腸脂垂炎(AEA)的CT表現(xiàn)
正常脂肪垂因其密度與周圍腸系膜組織相同,CT掃描難以發(fā)現(xiàn),只有在發(fā)生炎癥或有腹水環(huán)繞時(shí)才能在CT圖像上顯示[8]。急性腸脂垂炎(AEA)CT表現(xiàn)為直徑小于5 cm(典型0.8~2.7 cm)的卵圓形脂肪密度團(tuán)塊,中間密度較低,CT值在-40~-75 HU之間,邊緣密度較高,為壞死組織,即形成“環(huán)征”,增強(qiáng)后常呈環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,鄰近周圍脂肪間隙模糊,密度增高,呈火焰樣,為周圍炎性病變;局部腹膜組織可因充血水腫或繼發(fā)感染滲出而發(fā)生增厚,相鄰結(jié)腸壁可稍增厚。Ergelen Rabia等[9]報(bào)道有54%的患者,病灶中央見(jiàn)線狀高密度,這一征象可能為血栓形成或纖維隔膜。Giannis Dimitrios等[10]認(rèn)為經(jīng)常還可見(jiàn)到“中心點(diǎn)征”,即卵圓形病灶中間見(jiàn)點(diǎn)片狀或線條狀稍高密度影,為壞死、中央動(dòng)靜脈充盈缺損或血栓形成,同時(shí)研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),高密度環(huán)可出現(xiàn)在腸脂垂炎的所有病例中,僅有42.9%的病例病灶中央出現(xiàn)線狀或點(diǎn)狀高密度影,也就是說(shuō)沒(méi)有點(diǎn)、線狀高密度影也不能排除腸脂垂炎的診斷。本組22例CT表現(xiàn)均為結(jié)腸前緣卵圓形脂肪密度影,邊緣高密度,周圍可見(jiàn)滲出影,也就是“環(huán)征”,“環(huán)征”是典型的影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),對(duì)于診斷急性腸脂垂炎有非常重要的價(jià)值,本組22例中未出現(xiàn)文獻(xiàn)描述的病灶中央線樣高密度征象及“中心點(diǎn)征”的表現(xiàn),筆者認(rèn)為可能是樣本量小的原因。
3.3 急性腸脂垂炎(AEA)的鑒別診斷
3.3.1 急性闌尾炎 ?急性闌尾炎是臨床上常見(jiàn)的急腹癥,臨床表現(xiàn)為轉(zhuǎn)移性右下腹痛,右下腹麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)壓痛,反跳痛等,部分患者可以出現(xiàn)惡心、嘔吐等胃腸道癥狀及發(fā)熱、白細(xì)胞升高,CT表現(xiàn)為闌尾直徑增粗(>6 mm),主要由于闌尾腔內(nèi)積液擴(kuò)張,壁增厚(>2 mm),周圍包繞闌尾的脂肪間隙呈片絮狀密度增高,闌尾腔內(nèi)經(jīng)??梢?jiàn)糞石影,原因是糞石嵌頓阻塞而引起闌尾積液擴(kuò)張,尤其是青少年患者[11],與急性腸脂垂炎的鑒別診斷非常重要,因兩者治療方案截然不同,所以對(duì)于臨床上懷疑急性闌尾炎的患者,術(shù)前進(jìn)行多層螺旋CT檢查是很有必要的。本組實(shí)驗(yàn)中有2例臨床以急性闌尾炎擬行手術(shù)治療收住院,經(jīng)CT檢查后診斷為急性腸脂垂炎,因此在臨床上要格外細(xì)心加以鑒別,避免給患者帶來(lái)不必要的手術(shù)損傷。
3.3.2 網(wǎng)膜梗死 ?極似急性腸脂垂炎,常有持續(xù)幾天的腹痛臨床特點(diǎn),多數(shù)局限在右上或下腹,15%發(fā)生于兒童,因?yàn)槠溆写罅康膫?cè)支循環(huán),很少引起小腸或大腸梗死,CT表現(xiàn)為單個(gè)較大不同密度的網(wǎng)膜腫塊,沒(méi)有強(qiáng)化,多無(wú)連續(xù)的高密度環(huán),常大于5 cm,靠近但不接觸結(jié)腸和盲腸[12]。
3.3.3 急性憩室炎 ?年齡較急性腸脂垂炎更大些,常有惡心、嘔吐、發(fā)熱、WBC增高和反跳痛,多有彌漫性下腹痛;CT表現(xiàn)結(jié)腸憩室囊袋樣突出,周圍可見(jiàn)片絮狀滲出及索條影,鄰近結(jié)腸壁可水腫增厚,也可發(fā)生穿孔而出現(xiàn)腸外積氣或積液,甚至系膜膿腫或結(jié)腸外膿腫形成[13]。急性憩室炎感染可引起繼發(fā)性腸脂垂炎,增加了CT診斷的難度、腸管外積氣,長(zhǎng)節(jié)段的增厚的結(jié)腸壁不是急性腸脂垂炎的CT征象,而是急性憩室炎的征象[14]。
3.3.4 硬化性腸系膜脂膜炎 ?好發(fā)于60~70歲,男性多見(jiàn),有腹痛、發(fā)熱、惡心、嘔吐、腹瀉、體重減輕等癥狀,多數(shù)患者有自愈性并且預(yù)后良好[15],其主要征象包括霧狀腸系膜征、脂肪環(huán)征、腫塊假包膜、軟組織小結(jié)節(jié)及囊性變5種征象[16]。硬化性腸系膜炎,病灶大,多數(shù)起源于小腸系膜,不臨近結(jié)腸壁;而腸脂垂炎7病灶小,鄰近結(jié)腸,不累及小腸系膜。另外硬化性腸系膜脂膜炎尤其是退縮性腸系膜炎還需要和腫瘤相鑒別。
總之,隨著人們生活的日益提高,超體重及肥胖的人群增加,在日常臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn),急性腸脂垂炎發(fā)病率有上升的趨勢(shì),所以影像科醫(yī)生必須掌握急性腸脂垂炎的CT表現(xiàn)并結(jié)合相關(guān)的臨床資料,如年齡、性別、體重,方便、快捷、精準(zhǔn)的診斷該病并不困難,從而避免了濫用抗生素及不必要的手術(shù)治療。
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(收稿日期:2020-05-08)