張起毓 嚴(yán)嘯 李匯華
摘要:綜述了大蒜來源有機(jī)硫化物與動脈粥樣硬化、高血壓、心肌肥厚與心力衰竭、心肌梗死等心血管疾病的關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展,為大蒜及其相關(guān)硫化物對心血管系統(tǒng)的分子機(jī)制研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
關(guān)鍵詞:大蒜;有機(jī)硫化物;心血管疾病
近年來,天然存在的氣體信號分子包括NO、CO以及H2S受到越來越多研究者的重視。這些分子由細(xì)胞內(nèi)特定酶系統(tǒng)合成,生成或缺乏時會產(chǎn)生明顯的生理結(jié)局,比如心血管系統(tǒng)[14]。NO、CO和H2S保護(hù)心血管的多種分子機(jī)制被認(rèn)為與大蒜相關(guān)硫化物共享,這可能是與大蒜及其硫化物(SAC、阿霍烯以及二/三硫化合物)激活哺乳動物組織中NO、CO和H2S的生物合成系統(tǒng)有關(guān)。研究顯示,大蒜及其相關(guān)精油在特定情況下能產(chǎn)生H2S[5],并與其中的成分DATS、環(huán)2乙烯二噻、3乙烯二噻以及阿霍烯有關(guān)[6],這些分子可能作為天然H2S供體,類似于新型藥理學(xué)供體GYY4137、AP39以及非甾體抗炎藥的H2S釋放衍生物[79]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),H2S和NO可共同作用產(chǎn)生多硫化物(H2Sn)[1011]。大蒜來源H2S能否與內(nèi)源性NO共同作用形成細(xì)胞內(nèi)多硫化物值得進(jìn)一步研究。
1大蒜來源多硫化物分類
11硫代亞硫酸鹽
當(dāng)大蒜完整性被破壞時,大蒜素等一系列硫代亞硫酸鹽產(chǎn)生,均不穩(wěn)定。
12有機(jī)硫揮發(fā)物
大蒜素通常分解為二烯丙基二硫(DADS)、二烯丙基硫醚(DAS)、三硫化二烯丙基(DATS)以及二氧化硫。切碎大蒜和大蒜油中主要揮發(fā)物為DAS、DADS、DATS及阿霍烯等。
13乙烯二噻烯
此類化合物是大蒜素的熱分解產(chǎn)物,包括2乙烯4H1和3二噻等,在油浸生蒜中含量豐富[12]。
14阿霍烯
阿霍烯是大蒜素的降解產(chǎn)物。隨著溫度升高,阿霍烯的濃度逐漸增加,主要為E阿霍烯和Z阿霍烯。
15水溶性有機(jī)硫化物
水和酒精大蒜提取物主要含有S烯丙基L半胱氨酸(SAC)、S(反式1丙烯)L半胱氨酸(S1PC)以及少量的S甲基L半胱氨酸(SMC),同時也是陳化大蒜提取物(AGE)的主要成分。
2動脈粥樣硬化
研究表明,大蒜存在多種抗動脈粥樣硬化(AS)作用。血漿膽固醇水平升高,尤其是低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDLC)被認(rèn)為是AS發(fā)病的首要原因。研究顯示,嚙齒動物口服大蒜素粉末(5~50 mg/kg體重)或生蒜提取物(3~300 mg/kg體重)后,高膽固醇飲食誘導(dǎo)的血漿總膽固醇、LDLC及甘油三酯(TG)增高得到明顯抑制[1315]。與之類似,大蒜來源多硫化物DADS類似物干預(yù)可有效降低高膽固醇大鼠的總脂質(zhì)水平。研究顯示,AGE對于抑制LDLC攝取有著不可或缺的作用。在AS損傷進(jìn)展過程中,CD36膽固醇清道夫受體表達(dá)增加和巨噬細(xì)胞分化在OXLDL攝取和泡沫細(xì)胞形成中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。人單核/巨噬細(xì)胞(THP1細(xì)胞和人原代單核細(xì)胞)用同型半胱氨酸孵育后,AGE可抑制CD36表達(dá)、OXLDL攝取以及巨噬細(xì)胞分化[1617]。此外,Morihara等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),AGE通過抑制PPARγ(OXLDL攝取關(guān)鍵調(diào)控因子)下調(diào)CD36表達(dá)。
目前,有多項(xiàng)隨機(jī)雙盲安慰劑對照臨床研究試圖闡明大蒜對AS危險因素的作用。每日給予大蒜治療可降低高脂血癥和冠狀動脈疾?。–AD)患者的總膽固醇、LDLC及TG水平[1820]。相似結(jié)果也發(fā)現(xiàn)于健康男性長跑者[21]。C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)是炎癥的重要標(biāo)志物,同時也是心血管風(fēng)險因素[22 23]。在AS中,CRP沉積于動脈壁,上調(diào)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞粘附分子表達(dá),促進(jìn)泡沫細(xì)胞形成[22,24]。兩項(xiàng)納入無癥狀和中度危險CAD患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),每日補(bǔ)充AGE(300、1 200 mg)可降低CRP水平[2526]。大蒜抗AS作用也有矛盾的發(fā)現(xiàn),有研究顯示,大蒜對血漿膽固醇水平無顯著作用。大蒜的成分和制備以及大蒜中硫化物的量可能造成了這些不一致的結(jié)果。
3高血壓
40%的心血管相關(guān)死亡歸因于高血壓[27]。研究表明,膳食大蒜攝入均能降低血壓,生蒜和AGE可降低自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠收縮壓[2830]。Harauma等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),AGE改善動脈延伸性并減輕僵硬度,顯示AGE可能存在對血管壁的其他直接作用,從而改善血管順應(yīng)性。類似結(jié)果也見于每日給予大蒜粉處理的高脂膳食喂養(yǎng)大鼠[28]。在高血壓患者中,大蒜補(bǔ)充劑有明顯的降血壓作用[31]。每日補(bǔ)充AGE,4周即能顯著降低不受控制高血壓患者收縮壓[27,32]。針對時釋性大蒜片Allicor和常規(guī)大蒜片Kwai的比較研究顯示,二者對于輕至中度高血壓均能降低收縮壓,然而,只有Allicor可降低舒張壓[33]。一項(xiàng)納入了無癥狀、高職業(yè)壓力消防員的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),每日給予AGE干預(yù)1年后,血管彈性和內(nèi)皮功能得到明顯改善[26]。NO在血管功能發(fā)揮重要作用,通過促進(jìn)血管舒張或抑制收縮,從而調(diào)節(jié)血壓。在大鼠鹽敏感高血壓模型中,每日大蒜治療可通過提高NO生物活性降血壓[34]。Mohamadi等[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),NO在每日大蒜和AGE介導(dǎo)的自發(fā)性高血壓大鼠收縮壓降低中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[35]。生蒜和AGE不僅能改善血管反應(yīng)性[14,36]和內(nèi)皮功能障礙[36],一些研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),生蒜和AGE能同時提高NO合成酶活性及NO生成[3739]。
H2S在組織中主要由胱硫醚γ裂解酶(CSE)、胱硫醚β合成酶(CBS)以及3巰基丙酮酸硫轉(zhuǎn)移酶(3MST)合成[2]。Benavides等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),大蒜來源多硫化物例如DATS和DADS是H2S的供體,且不依賴CSE、CBS以及3MST。與NO十分類似,H2S是一種內(nèi)源產(chǎn)生的氣體信號分子,在許多生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用,并且在多種心血管疾病和損傷模型中呈現(xiàn)細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能[4144]。Benavides等[40]研究證實(shí),大蒜來源多硫化物通過介導(dǎo)H2S生成調(diào)控血管反應(yīng)性。大蒜(1 g/L)干預(yù)后,SpragueDawley大鼠離體血管環(huán)表現(xiàn)出劑量反應(yīng)性血管收縮,同時伴隨H2S生成[40]。外源和內(nèi)源性H2S激活血管平滑肌的ATP敏感性K+通道,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞膜超極化[45];滅活電壓依賴性L型Ca2+通道,使血管收縮和舒張。研究表明,H2S介導(dǎo)的心臟保護(hù)作用可能通過與NO的交互作用,并依賴于NO信號[43,4650]。NO供體干預(yù)上調(diào)H2S生成酶CBS和CSE,促進(jìn)血管舒張[5153]。H2S可增強(qiáng)NO供體介導(dǎo)的體外大鼠胸主動脈收縮[54]。eNOS信號鳥苷酸環(huán)化酶通過形成第二信使系統(tǒng)環(huán)磷酸5’鳥苷(cGMP),介導(dǎo)周圍組織NO合成。多位點(diǎn)的磷酸化,特別是Ser1177或Thr495,通過調(diào)控eNOS活性分別增強(qiáng)或抑制NO生成[5557]。在OXLDL存在的情況下,DADS和DATS通過介導(dǎo)Ser1177磷酸化恢復(fù)eNOS功能,提高NO代謝物亞硝酸鹽、硝酸鹽及亞硝基硫醇濃度[58]。此外,H2S增強(qiáng)內(nèi)皮NO合成酶(eNOS)活性及NO生物利用率,從而改善血管功能[59]。Nie等[60]發(fā)現(xiàn),冠狀動脈損傷后采用包被DATS支架治療可上調(diào)eNOS和NO生成,介導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮愈合而改善血管功能。大蒜多硫化物來源的H2S激活eNOS,提高NO生物利用率從而發(fā)揮心臟保護(hù)作用,其中潛在機(jī)制還需要進(jìn)一步研究。
4心肌肥厚和心力衰竭
目前,心臟肥厚性重構(gòu)導(dǎo)致的心力衰竭,仍是全球首要死因之一[61]。生蒜、大蒜油及大蒜來源多硫化物均有產(chǎn)生H2S的能力[36,47,62]。生蒜含有活性代謝產(chǎn)物大蒜素,在大鼠肺動脈高壓和心衰模型中可明顯減輕右室壓力和肥厚[36]。與之類似,大蒜油中的多硫化物DATS和DADS可減輕糖尿病誘導(dǎo)心肌病模型中病理性心肌肥厚,改善心臟收縮功能[62]。在小鼠主動脈縮窄誘導(dǎo)心衰模型中,大蒜來源DATS有類似地減輕左心室擴(kuò)張和功能障礙的作用。Polhemus等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn),DATS治療可緩解外周血管和肌肉間纖維化進(jìn)展。此外,大蒜來源硫化物DADS和代謝產(chǎn)物通過eNOSNrf2Tfam信號激活線粒體生物合成,介導(dǎo)Na+/K+ATP酶表達(dá),改善異丙腎上腺素誘導(dǎo)大鼠心肌肥厚[6364]。
5心肌梗死
與傳統(tǒng)速效H2S供體(硫化鈉和硫化氫鈉)相比,大蒜來源DATS能在更長時間內(nèi)逐漸升高H2S水平,并提高心肌缺血/再灌注后循環(huán)和組織中內(nèi)源性H2S濃度[46]。Predmore等[46]發(fā)現(xiàn),再灌注期給予DATS靜脈或腹腔注射可顯著減輕心肌損傷,包括梗死面積減少和心臟損傷標(biāo)志物心肌肌鈣蛋白I循環(huán)濃度降低。利用H2S生成酶CSE基因敲除小鼠,King等[65]發(fā)現(xiàn),再灌注期補(bǔ)充DATS可恢復(fù)H2S濃度,并減少梗死范圍。此外,在鏈脲佐菌素誘導(dǎo)大鼠糖尿病模型中,DATS通過AMPK介導(dǎo)AKT/GSK3β/HIF1α信號通路激活,減輕心肌缺血—再灌注損傷[66]。
綜上所述,大蒜介導(dǎo)的心臟有益作用與多種機(jī)制有關(guān),這些機(jī)制可能由大蒜的活性成分介導(dǎo)。大蒜素分解為有機(jī)多硫化物以及隨后與硫醇間的相互作用,導(dǎo)致H2S產(chǎn)生。鑒于臨床前研究證實(shí)H2S具有心血管保護(hù)作用,膳食大蒜對心血管的保護(hù)和逆轉(zhuǎn)作用可能部分通過H2S介導(dǎo)。此外,H2S與NO信號間的交互作用進(jìn)一步闡明了大蒜對血管反應(yīng)性、血管生成及心血管的保護(hù)作用。未來需要更多實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床研究來揭示大蒜及其來源有機(jī)硫化物對心血管疾病的作用及潛在機(jī)制。◇
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