孫蘭 張帆 石明雋 田平平 郭兵
摘 要 目的:探討吡格列酮(PIO)對(duì)高糖誘導(dǎo)的大鼠腎小管上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化(EMT)的影響及可能機(jī)制,為防治糖尿病腎病提供理論依據(jù)及新靶點(diǎn)。方法:將大鼠腎小管細(xì)胞NRK-52E隨機(jī)分為對(duì)照組(5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖)、高糖組(30 mmol/L葡萄糖)、PIO干預(yù)組(30 mmol/L葡萄糖+5.0 μmol/L PIO)、GW9662干預(yù)組(30 mmol/L葡萄糖+5.0 μmol/L PIO+5.0 μmol/L特異性拮抗劑GW9662)。前3組細(xì)胞分別在培養(yǎng)6、12、24、48 h時(shí)進(jìn)行動(dòng)態(tài)檢測,GW9662干預(yù)組細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)48 h時(shí)進(jìn)行檢測。采用Real- time PCR法檢測細(xì)胞中第10號(hào)染色體缺失的磷酸酶和張力蛋白同源基因(PTEN)、過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ(PPARγ)mRNA的表達(dá)水平;采用Western blotting法檢測細(xì)胞中PTEN、PPARγ、α-平滑肌肌動(dòng)蛋白(α-SMA)、上皮鈣黏素(E-cadherin)的表達(dá)以及磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)信號(hào)通路的變化。結(jié)果:隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長,與正常組比較,高糖組細(xì)胞中PPARγ、PTEN mRNA及蛋白(除PPARγ 6 h外)表達(dá)水平均顯著降低,α-SMA、p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著升高,E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著降低(P<0.05),且呈時(shí)間依賴趨勢;與高糖組比較,PIO組細(xì)胞中PPARγ(除6 h時(shí)的蛋白表達(dá)外)、PTEN的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著升高,α-SMA、p-AKT(Thr308)(除6 h外)蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著降低,E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著增高(P<0.05),且呈時(shí)間依賴趨勢。與高糖組比較,GW9662干預(yù)組細(xì)胞PTEN、PPARγ mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平,α-SMA、E-cadherin、p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白表達(dá)水平的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,PIO的作用效應(yīng)被PPARγ拮抗劑GW9662阻斷。結(jié)論:在高糖條件下PIO可能是通過激活PPARγ而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)PTEN表達(dá)的調(diào)控,使PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路受到抑制,進(jìn)而抑制腎小管上皮細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞 吡格列酮;腎小管上皮細(xì)胞;過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體γ;第10號(hào)染色體缺失的磷酸酶和張力蛋白同源基因;磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B信號(hào)通路;上皮細(xì)胞-間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)分化;大鼠
ABSTRACT? ?OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pioglitazone(PIO)on high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) in renal tubular epithelial cells of rat and its possible mechanism, and to provide theoretic reference and new target for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.? METHODS: The rat renal tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells were randomly divided into control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high-glucose group (30 mmol/L glucose), PIO intervention group (30 mmol/L glucose+5.0 μmol/L PIO), GW9662 intervention group (30 mmol/L glucose+5.0 μmol/L PIO+5.0 μmol/L specific anta- gonist GW9662). The cells of the first 3 groups were detected at 6, 12, 24, 48 h of culture, while those in GW9662 intervention group were detected at 48 h of culture. mRNA expression of PTEN and PPARγ were detected by real-time PCR. The protein expression of PTEN, PPARγ, α-SMA and E-cadherin as well as the changes of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were determined by Western blotting assay. RESULTS: With the extension of culture time, compared with control group, the mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ (except for protein expression at 6 h) and PTEN in high-glucose group reduced significantly, while the protein expression of α-SMA and p-AKT(Thr308) increased significantly, and the protein expression of E-cadherin reduced significantly(P<0.05), showing time-dependent trend. Compared with high-glucose group, the mRNA and the protein expression(except for 6 h) of PPARγ and PTEN were increased significantly in PIO intervention group, while the protein expression of α-SMA and p-AKT(Thr308) were decreased significantly, and the protein expression of E-cadherin was increased significantly (P<0.05), showing time-dependent trend. There was no statistical significance in mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ and PTEN, protein expression of E-cadherin,α-SMA and p-AKT(Thr308) between GW9662 intervention group and high-glucose group; the effect of PIO was blocked by PPARγ antagonist GW9662. CONCLUSIONS: PIO may up-regulate the expression of PTEN by activating PPARγ, inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling pathway so as to inhibit the occurrence of EMT of renal tubular epithelial cells.
3.3.2 對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)的影響 Western blotting法結(jié)果顯示,與高糖組比較,PIO干預(yù)組細(xì)胞中PPARγ、PTEN和E-cadherin蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平均顯著升高,α-SMA、p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平均顯著降低(P<0.05);而與高糖組比較,GW9662干預(yù)組細(xì)胞中各蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)水平的差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明PPARγ拮抗劑GW9662可以阻斷PIO的作用效應(yīng)。PIO和GW9662對(duì)高糖條件下NRK-52E細(xì)胞中PPARγ、PTEN、E-cadherin、α-SMA、p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白表達(dá)影響的電泳圖見圖3,對(duì)蛋白表達(dá)水平的影響見表5。
4 討論
DN是糖尿病最常見的并發(fā)癥,主要有腎小球硬化和腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化等病理表現(xiàn),但其發(fā)病機(jī)制中的很多具體環(huán)節(jié)目前尚不甚清楚。近年來研究認(rèn)為,腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化在DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展中具有更為重要的作用[10-11]。而已有研究表明,促進(jìn)腎間質(zhì)纖維化并進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致DN腎臟損傷的主要機(jī)制是EMT[1-2]。目前認(rèn)為,上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin表達(dá)于上皮細(xì)胞中,在EMT過程中其表達(dá)減少甚至消失,而間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物α-SMA在EMT早期則表達(dá)增多[12]。PTEN是第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)具有磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因,可通過負(fù)性調(diào)控PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路而發(fā)揮抗纖維化效應(yīng)[3]。本研究結(jié)果也驗(yàn)證了隨著高糖處理時(shí)間的逐漸延長,體外培養(yǎng)的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞NRK-52E中PPARγ和PTEN的mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平,以及上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin的蛋白表達(dá)水平均較對(duì)照組進(jìn)行性降低,而間質(zhì)細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物α-SMA和PI3K/AKT通路因子p-AKT(Thr308)的蛋白表達(dá)水平均較正常對(duì)照組進(jìn)行性升高。這提示,PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路可以在高糖條件下被激活,同時(shí)高糖培養(yǎng)的NRK-52E細(xì)胞中PPARγ和PTEN的表達(dá)較正常時(shí)明顯降低,表明腎小管上皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生了明顯的EMT。
噻唑烷二酮類藥物是PPARγ的選擇性激動(dòng)劑,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其抗腎臟纖維化病變的機(jī)制是通過活化PPARγ 而實(shí)現(xiàn)的[9]。研究表明,PPARγ對(duì)PTEN表達(dá)進(jìn)行調(diào)控的機(jī)制可能是其可以與位于PTEN上游的2個(gè)反應(yīng)元件直接結(jié)合[6-7]。然而,噻唑烷二酮類藥物是否通過活化PPARγ而具有上調(diào)高糖誘導(dǎo)的NRK-52E細(xì)胞中PTEN表達(dá)的功能,從而發(fā)揮抗EMT的作用,尚未有研究闡明。本研究選用噻唑烷二酮類抗糖尿病藥物PIO,通過MTT檢測顯示,PIO對(duì)NRK-52E細(xì)胞增殖的影響具有雙相性,濃度為2 μmol/L時(shí)能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖,10 μmol/L時(shí)則抑制細(xì)胞增殖。本次試驗(yàn)選擇5 μmol/L濃度的PIO,該濃度既可對(duì)NRK-52E細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生一定抑制作用,又對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖無明顯影響。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,PIO干預(yù)組細(xì)胞在不同作用時(shí)間(除少數(shù)時(shí)間點(diǎn)外)下,其PPARγ、PTEN mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平均較高糖組顯著升高,α-SMA和p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白表達(dá)水平均較高糖組顯著降低,上皮細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物E-cadherin蛋白表達(dá)水平較高糖組顯著升高,且呈時(shí)間依賴趨勢。這提示,PIO可一定程度地激活PPARγ、上調(diào)PTEN并抑制PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路的過度激活,從而表現(xiàn)出抑制NRK-52E細(xì)胞EMT發(fā)生和進(jìn)展的作用。
為了進(jìn)一步確定PIO是否通過PPARγ途徑上調(diào)PTEN來發(fā)揮抑制EMT的作用,筆者應(yīng)用PPARγ特異性拮抗劑GW9662進(jìn)行反向驗(yàn)證。GW9662能不可逆性地與PPARγ的285位半胱氨酸位點(diǎn)共價(jià)結(jié)合,有體外細(xì)胞試驗(yàn)已證實(shí),1~10 μmol/L的GW9662具有特異性拮抗PPARγ活化的功能[13]。因此,選擇GW9662作為驗(yàn)證藥物來確定PIO是否通過PPARγ依賴性途徑對(duì)PTEN的表達(dá)產(chǎn)生影響。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與高糖組比較,PIO確能使PPARγ和PTEN mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)水平以及E-cadherin蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯升高,使α-SMA、p-AKT(Thr308)蛋白的表達(dá)水平明顯降低;而加入PPARγ特異性拮抗劑GW9662干預(yù)后,PPARγ、PTEN mRNA及蛋白的表達(dá)水平以及其余各蛋白的表達(dá)水平與高糖組均無顯著性差異,即GW9662阻斷了PIO對(duì)NRK-52E細(xì)胞的上述所有保護(hù)性作用。這進(jìn)一步明確了PIO是通過PPARγ/PTEN/PI3K/AKT通路來發(fā)揮對(duì)NRK-52E細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的抑制作用。
綜上,在高糖條件下PIO可能是通過激活PPARγ而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)PTEN表達(dá)的調(diào)控,使PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路受到抑制,進(jìn)而抑制腎小管上皮細(xì)胞EMT的發(fā)生。本研究結(jié)果可為明確DN的發(fā)病機(jī)制以及尋找DN防治的有效藥物提供理論依據(jù)。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-13 修回日期:2020-06-28)
(編輯:段思怡)