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圖形組織器在小學英語寫作教學中的運用

2020-08-21 08:53申菁
關(guān)鍵詞:魚骨校園環(huán)境圖形

申菁

摘要:圖形組織器是用圖形呈現(xiàn)文章的脈絡(luò),使文章內(nèi)容更形象化。圖形組織器的作用是在某些特定的圖示幫助下,讓學習者對事物、觀點之間的相互關(guān)系有更深刻的理解。根據(jù)不同的寫作主題、寫作類別,在教學中分別引入描述類圖形組織器、因果類圖形組織器、對比類圖形組織器。

關(guān)鍵詞:圖形組織器小學英語寫作教學

劉政良和申昌安在《圖形組織器:促進學習者高階思維發(fā)展的學習工具》一文中指出,圖形組織器是一種可視工具,是依靠圖片和圖形結(jié)構(gòu)展示的方式表現(xiàn)出整個學習過程以及學習結(jié)果的學習工具,也是一種方便學生構(gòu)建知識框架和處理組織語言信息的教學方式。簡單來說,它是用圖形的方式呈現(xiàn)文章的脈絡(luò),使文章內(nèi)容更形象化。根據(jù)不同的作用,可將圖形組織器分為六大類:描述類圖形組織器、因果類圖形組織器、對比類圖形組織器、分類圖形組織器、序列類圖形組織器以及決策類圖形組織器。圖形組織器主要用于對知識、概念、觀點進行可視化表達,其作用是在某些特定的圖示幫助下,讓學習者對事物、觀點之間的相互關(guān)系有更深刻的理解。

小學生天性好動,擅長形象思維,有意注意的時間較短。在寫作教學中適時引入圖形組織器,能激活學生的視覺智能,拓展學生思維能力,促使他們自主建構(gòu)文章結(jié)構(gòu),組織素材,輸出語言。本文主要探討描述類圖形組織器、因果類圖形組織器、對比類圖形組織器在小學英語寫作教學中的運用。

一、描述類圖形組織器的運用

描述類圖形組織器通常聚焦某一特定主題,適于表征事實性或概念性的知識。蛛形圖是此類圖形組織器的典型代表。蛛形圖,顧名思義,其圖形結(jié)構(gòu)是一只簡化的蜘蛛,蜘蛛的中心部分是被討論的特定主題,“分肢”是與主題相關(guān)聯(lián)的信息。在英語寫作教學中運用這種形式自由的圖形組織器,有助于學生在發(fā)散的信息與特定主題間搭建聯(lián)系,使其想法更加形象化,思維更有邏輯性。

譯林版小學英語六年級下冊Unit 6 An interesting country講的是孩子們想要了解澳大利亞的相關(guān)知識,他們將從多種渠道了解這個國家,主人公劉濤在因特網(wǎng)上了解到了澳大利亞的信息。學完本課,筆者打算讓學生試著寫一寫如何描述一個有趣的國家。首先,筆者給出主題詞country(國家),讓學生頭腦風暴,說一說自己知道的國家名稱,引出寫作主題。接下來,師生展開討論:

師You know the names of different countries. In Unit6, we learned something about an interesting country. What is it?

生Australia.

師Yes. What do you know about it now?

(教師畫出蛛形圖輪廓,在中心部分寫上“Australia”。)

生We can see kangaroos and Koalas in Australia.

師You know some animals. Do you like them?

(教師在蛛形圖“蜘蛛”的一“肢”上板書“animals”。)

生Certainly.

生Sportlovers will like Australian football games.

師You know some sports. (在蛛形圖“蜘蛛”的一“肢”上板書“sports”) Are Australian football games exciting?

生Yes.They are all very exciting.

生Sydney is a beautiful city.

師You know something about the city in Australia. Do you want to visit it?(在蛛形圖“蜘蛛”的一“肢”上板書“city”)What else do you know about it?

生I want to visit Sydney very much.

生The weather is warm and sunny in Australia.

師Well, the weather is different from ours. (播放關(guān)于澳大利亞的視頻)Now Ill show you a video. Youll know whats the weather like in Australia.

(學生觀看視頻。)

師(在蛛形圖“蜘蛛”的最后一“肢”上板書“weather”)So boys and girls, look at the blackboard. I put what you said in it.(讓學生認真觀察圖1)It looks like a ...

圖1

生Spider.

師This is a Spider Map. It will help you collect your ideas in writing. Look! Animals, sports, city, weather are four aspects about Australia. They are detailed information closely related with the topic. According to it, I wrote something.(出示圖2)Lets read together.

Australia is an interesting country. Its often warm and sunny. Sydney is a beautiful city. Youll see kangaroos and Koalas in Australia. Sportlovers will like Australian football games.

圖2(學生讀圖2中的短文。)

師(出示下頁圖3)Now,we will write about an interesting country—Australia. Is it a nice passage? Take out your check list and discuss in groups.

核查單(Check List)

1.內(nèi)容符合主題,覆蓋要點。

2.語言正確、流暢。

3.表達生動、有趣。

4.書寫工整、規(guī)范。

圖3(學生根據(jù)核查單評價上頁圖2所示的短文。)

師What do you think of the passage?

生Its not interesting.

師So how can we revise our writing? We can highlight “interesting”of Australia.

生We can add some interesting things in it. Like kangaroos and koalas are cute.

師Good idea.

生We can combine “Sportlovers will like Australian football games” and “theyre very exciting” using “because”.

……

師Thanks for your advice. Ill rewrite it. So in order to make it interesting, we can use one or more sentences to further describe your ideas. Some adjectives can also make your writing beautiful.Well,boys and girls, lets use the Spider Map to write an interesting country you like.First, choose the country and write down the name in the centre of the Spider Map.Second, fill in the Spider Map with your ideas.Third, write according to the Spider Map.Last, check and revise according to the checklist.

(學生思考寫作,然后展示自己的蛛形圖和習作。)

筆者在教學中發(fā)現(xiàn),小學生進行英語寫作時,常常無法有條理地整理自己的思路,無法聚焦中心思想,寫出來的東西往往東拼西湊。蛛網(wǎng)圖可以有效地幫助他們理清思路,讓思想形象化。

上述教學中,教師讓學生學著描述一個國家,借助蛛網(wǎng)圖,學生明確可以從animal(動物), sport(運動), city(城市), weather(天氣)幾個方面入手,進行有條理的描寫。

需要注意的是,圖形組織器是為學生的寫作學習服務的,不能為了用而用。將描述類圖形組織器運用于寫作教學時,教師不必急著向?qū)W生展示圖示,而要先通過復習課文,與學生一邊梳理課文知識,總結(jié)零散信息,一邊構(gòu)建圖示。當知識梳理清晰時,學生也就領(lǐng)會了構(gòu)建圖形組織器的基本要領(lǐng)。接下來,在學生完成寫作的基礎(chǔ)上,教師引導學生自主核查所寫內(nèi)容是否符合主題,是否覆蓋蛛網(wǎng)圖中所列出的要點,語言是否正確流利且表達生動有趣,書寫是否工整規(guī)范。在此基礎(chǔ)上修改文章,不僅寫作的信息更豐富,素材也更加貼近主題。

二、因果類圖形組織器的運用

因果類圖形組織器一般用于分析影響事物的因素和事物所帶來的影響。常用的因果類圖形組織器是魚骨圖。魚骨圖,即用魚刺來呈現(xiàn)一個復雜的想法或事件中的因果關(guān)系。運用這個圖形組織器,一般是從事件的結(jié)果開始——事件的結(jié)果,是魚骨的主干部分;引起結(jié)果的各種原因,是魚骨的分支。這個組織器能幫助學生理解與一個中心主題相關(guān)的許多想法。

譯林版小學英語六年級上冊Unit 6 Keep our city clean意在讓學生通過分析城市變臟的原因,找到污染根源,并針對問題找到保護環(huán)境的具體措施。這是一篇關(guān)于環(huán)保的實用性文章。筆者打算以此為話題,引入魚骨圖,展開環(huán)保話題寫作教學,加強學生的環(huán)境保護意識。教學過程如下:

師Boys and girls, nowadays some of the cities are messy and dirty. What makes the city dirty?

生Smoke from cars make the city dirty.

生Rubbish makes the streets messy and dirty.

生Black smoke from factories makes the air dirty.

生People litter here and there. Some spit on the road.

……

師What terrible things! Our mother earth is crying. Pollution is everywhere. (出示在校園中拍到的校園環(huán)境受到污染的照片)Boys and girls, look at our school. Is our school clean? Can you say something about these pictures?

生Our school is so dirty now.

生Theres a lot of rubbish on the floor.

生Some students draw pictures on the wall.

生Flowers and plants are dead. Nobody takes good care of them.

……

師Im sorry to see these bad things happened in our school. So what makes our school dirty? Please write down reasons in this Fishbone Map. (出示無標注的魚骨圖)First, look at the centre of the Fishbone Map. Write down the topic we are doing to discuss today. Then, discuss in your groups and write down your supporting ideas on the Fishbone Map to show the reasons what makes our school dirty. For example, I think rubbish makes our school dirty. So I write down rubbish here. You can only write down some key words or phrases. Understand? Lets do it.

(教師指導學生在魚骨圖中添加自己的觀點。)

師Now, its time to report. Show us your Fishbone Map. (出示魚骨圖,見圖4)Then four in a group and report your supporting ideas one by one. Group 1, what makes our school dirty?

圖4

生Some students throw rubbish on the floor.

生Some students write and draw on the desks and walls.

生Some students shout in the classroom.

師Yes. Noise pollution also makes our school dirty.

生Students dont pick up rubbish when they see it.

師Great! Thanks for your supporting ideas. Look, from the Fishbone Map,we see the reasons clearly. Boys and girls, do you want to study in the school like this? Of course not. According to it, what can we do to keep our school clean?

(教師指導學生根據(jù)魚骨圖出示的原因提出相應的措施。)

生We should put rubbish in the bin.

生We should not write or draw on the desks and walls .

生We should not shout in the classroom or on the playground.

生We should sweep the floor.

師Good job! Thanks for your ideas. You can give the solutions to these problems according to your Fishbone Map. I hope youll take actions from now on. Now lets write.

(學生完成寫作。)

針對學生身邊的“保護校園環(huán)境”的話題,教師總是苦口婆心地告訴學生有哪些污染校園環(huán)境的因素,可以采取哪些措施保護校園環(huán)境,卻收效甚微。借助此課教學,筆者想讓學生以寫作的方式,自己分析原因,自己尋找解決方法,從而認識到保護校園環(huán)境的重要性。在未引入魚骨圖指導寫作時,學生的寫作猶如“腳踩西瓜皮”,想到哪就寫到哪,毫無結(jié)構(gòu)可言。很多都是列舉了校園不干凈、不整潔的原因,卻不能“對癥下藥”。引入魚骨圖指導寫作,讓學生從身邊挖掘?qū)懽魉夭模粜男@被污染的情況。等學生有了一定的素材積累后,再引導他們有重點地對這些素材進行歸類,進而提出有針對性的改進建議。如此,一根魚骨串起了所有“因”和“果”。順著這根魚骨,將“因”和“果”落于筆端,寫作就容易了許多。

筆者從魚骨圖中發(fā)現(xiàn),學生給出的校園被污染的原因遠比教師預設(shè)的以及教材給出的多,他們不僅看到了讓校園環(huán)境變臟的“看得見”的垃圾,還看到了校園中的噪音污染等“看不見的垃圾”。由此“因”去尋“果”,學生表達的欲望被激發(fā)了。他們多角度提出針對性的解決方法,文章也變得有理有據(jù)了。

三、對比類圖形組織器的運用

對比類圖形組織器一般用于展示兩個或更多的人物(地點、事件、觀點等)之間的相似性或差異性。教學中常用的比較對比類圖形組織器有韋恩圖和T型圖。T型圖將事物的不同屬性分別記錄在兩列中,可用來揭示兩類事物之間的差異性。在寫作教學中引入對比類圖形組織器,讓學生圍繞寫作主題進行同一維度的比較,能使學生的思維更立體。

譯林版小學英語六年級上冊Unit 4 Then and now中的Story time板塊通過對比邁克一家四口過去和現(xiàn)在的學習、工作、生活等方面的變化,讓學生體會科技對生活的影響。根據(jù)教學目標,學生在學完本課后,要能正確運用時態(tài)去描述自己過去和現(xiàn)在的不同。本單元最后的Think and write板塊提供了小練筆,要求學生貼上自己的照片,然后寫一寫。為了幫助學生寫好這類作文,筆者引入T型圖幫助他們構(gòu)思。教學片段如下:

師(出示圖5)Lets fill in the blanks according to “Story time”.

圖5

(學生通過完成填空練習復習Story time板塊的知識。)

生Six years ago, Mike couldnt write. Now Mike can do many things.

生Twenty years ago, Mr Brown wrote letters to friends. He used the telephone at home and in the office. Now he writes emails. He has a mobile phone.

生Thirty years ago, Mikes grandpa listened to the radio and read newspapers for news. Now he reads and watches news on the Internet. He reads ebooks too.

生Twenty years ago, Mrs Brown made friends at school. She bought things from shops. Now she has efriends from all over the world. She does shopping on the Internet.

(發(fā)言完畢,學生核對答案。)

師(出示圖6)You did a good job. Boys and girls, look at this chart. We call it T chart. It helps us compare the information in the past and in the present. But can you find out how we can record the information? Discuss in groups and tell me.

圖6

(學生觀察T型圖,在T型圖中記錄相關(guān)信息。教師相機指導。)

生In the left part, I find Mr Brown wrote letters to his friends in the past. In the right part, he writes emails now. So it talks about how he contacts with his friends. And in the second line, it talks about he used the telephone in the past and he uses the mobile phone now. I think they compare the same kind of things.

師Exactly. That is to say, when a fact is recorded in the lefthand column, a parallel is required in the righthand column. T chart helps us write compare contrast compositions. Now lets use T chart to write something about your past and present.

(學生在T型圖內(nèi)記錄自己過去和現(xiàn)在的信息。教師展示學生作品,見圖7、圖8。)

Li HuaThenNowcouldnt walkwalk, jump and runread booksread e bookswrote letters to friendswrite emails to friends

圖7Zhang TongThenNowcant speakspeak wellplay footballwatch filmsuse the telephoneuse the mobile phone

圖8師Now Ill show the two charts you finished just now. Which one is better?

生I think Li Huas chart is better.

師I agree with you. Whats wrong with Zhang Tongs chart? Discuss in groups.

(學生討論圖7中的問題,教師收集學生的意見。)

師I walked around and some of you gave me reasons. First, the left column is about the past. So we should use the past tense of these verbs like couldnt speak, played football and used telephone. Second, “play football” and “watch films” are not paralleled information. Wed better talk about the paralleled information. For example, “l(fā)earn from books”and”study on the Internet”. Pay attention to these rules in T Chart. Now lets begin to write.

(學生開始寫作。)

對比類圖形組織器中的T型圖有利于學生比較想法和概念,能夠幫助學生寫作對比類的作文。運用這類圖形組織器時,首先,要引導學生識別與話題相關(guān)的想法,并在T型圖中記錄這些信息。其次,要引導學生學習在T型圖中的每一列記錄平行信息,也就是說,當一個事實記錄在左邊的列中時,右邊的列中需要記錄相關(guān)的平行信息,即比較的是同一類事物。通過平行對比,學生才可能知曉在同一類型的事件中,過去和現(xiàn)在的變化有多大,這樣的比較才更具典型性和說服力。

需要說明的是,在寫這類雙時態(tài)作文時,學生特別容易搞錯時態(tài),通常不認真審題就下筆寫,或者在寫作過程中忘記時態(tài),如寫到自己過去的事情時,不注意動詞過去式的變化。面對此種情況,教師應及時提醒。

圖形組織器在幫助學生分析文章脈絡(luò)、構(gòu)建文章框架方面的確功不可沒。用好這把“利器”,在教學中還應注意兩點:

第一,明確概念,相互匹配。由于圖形組織器能夠通過特定的圖示來呈現(xiàn)特定的組織類型和結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,即一種圖形組織器往往代表著一類思維圖示或認知加工方法,有其特定的形式和功能。因此,寫作時所選用的圖形組織器必須與作文的體裁相匹配。正如上文所言,當寫作話題用于展示事物的構(gòu)成要素、基本特征時,可以用描述類圖形組織器;當寫作話題與分析引起事物的原因相關(guān)時,可以用因果類圖形組織器;當寫作話題需要對比兩個及以上事物的屬性時,可以用對比類圖形組織器。

第二,因材施策,靈活運用。寫作是學生綜合語言運用能力的體現(xiàn),寫好一篇作文涉及大量的詞匯、語法、時態(tài),同時考驗學生謀篇布局的能力。圖形組織器有其自身的局限,我們不能認為依靠一種圖形組織器就能寫好文章。教師應在教學中指導學生靈活運用圖形組織器,并與其他的寫作教學策略結(jié)合起來。正如上文提到的案例,學生第一次根據(jù)蛛形圖寫出的作文,雖然語言正確、流利,但是不能算優(yōu)秀作文,此時教師引入了核查單,啟發(fā)學生對照核查單發(fā)現(xiàn)問題。由此,學生發(fā)現(xiàn)該作文在表達生動有趣這一點上存在缺陷,再次對其進行修改,文章就更加完善了。

圖形組織器的類型眾多,本文僅展示了其中三種較為典型的。目前,在小學英語寫作教學中運用圖形組織器輔助教學的嘗試還不多,筆者希望借此帶給同行一些啟發(fā),也期待看到更多使用圖形組織器助力寫作教學的優(yōu)質(zhì)案例。

參考文獻:

[1] Katherine S.McKnight.The Teachers Big Book of Graphic Organizers[M]. San Francisco:JosseyBass,2010.

[2] 向輝.圖形組織器在高中英語閱讀中的運用分析[J].英語廣場,2019(3).

[3] 劉政良,申昌安.圖形組織器:促進學習者高階思維發(fā)展的學習工具[J].中小學電教,2009(7/8).

[4] 邱婷,鐘志賢.論圖形組織器[J].遠程教育雜志,2009(6).

[5] 熊頻,胡小勇.可視化思維支架:概念圖研究的新視角[J].信息技術(shù)教育,2005(10).

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