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ICU心臟驟?;颊咝姆螐?fù)蘇成功率的影響因素分析

2020-07-23 16:41:18陳苗妙潘柳華葉健萍李坤旺
中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2020年14期
關(guān)鍵詞:心律心肺成功率

陳苗妙 潘柳華 葉健萍 李坤旺

[摘要] 目的 探討ICU心臟驟?;颊咝姆螐?fù)蘇的影響因素,從而提高心肺復(fù)蘇成功率。 方法 回顧性分析麗水市人民醫(yī)院2014年6月~2019年6月在ICU發(fā)生心臟驟停的106例患者,根據(jù)心肺復(fù)蘇結(jié)果分為復(fù)蘇成功組(n=76)和復(fù)蘇失敗組(n=30)。比較兩組間臨床特征,通過χ2檢驗(yàn)篩選出具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的指標(biāo),再進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行Logistic回歸分析,探討影響心肺復(fù)蘇成功率的因素。 結(jié)果 入組的ICU心臟驟?;颊叩膹?fù)蘇成功率為71.69%,心肺復(fù)蘇成功組和心肺復(fù)蘇失敗組在性別、吸煙、飲酒、心臟驟停前乳酸水平、心肺復(fù)蘇時(shí)機(jī)、除顫時(shí)機(jī)、是否氣管插管方面均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05)。相比于復(fù)蘇成功組,復(fù)蘇失敗組患者年齡≥60歲比例更高(P=0.043),存在心血管并發(fā)癥多(P=0.032),APACHEⅡ評(píng)分高(P=0.025),心臟驟停類型為不可電復(fù)律心律比例高(P=0.014),復(fù)蘇時(shí)間≥30 min比例高(P<0.001)。Logistic回歸分析提示合并心血管疾?。≒=0.001,OR=9.252,95%CI=2.502~34.202)、急性生理學(xué)及慢性健康狀況評(píng)分Ⅱ評(píng)分高(P=0.006,OR=3.931,95%CI=1.475~10.475),心臟驟停類型為不可除顫心律(P=0.020,OR=0.153,95%CI=0.031~0.745)是心肺復(fù)蘇預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。 結(jié)論 合并心血管疾病、基礎(chǔ)疾病嚴(yán)重以及心臟驟停類型為不可除顫心律是ICU心臟驟?;颊咝姆螐?fù)蘇失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 心臟驟停;心肺復(fù)蘇;ICU;Logistic回歸分析

[中圖分類號(hào)] R459.7? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)14-0096-05

[Abstract] Objective To explore the influencing factors of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) in patients with cardiac arrest in ICU, so as to improve the success rate of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods A total of 106 patients with cardiac arrest in the ICU from June 2014 to June 2019 in Lishui People's Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into successful resuscitation group(n=76) and failed resuscitation group(n=30) based on the results of CPR.The clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups, and indicators with statistical differences were screened by the chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis was further performed to explore the factors affecting the success rate of CPR. Results The resuscitation success rate of ICU patients with cardiac arrest was 71.69%.There was no difference in gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, lactic acid level before cardiac arrest, timing of CPR, timing of defibrillation, whether there were tracheal intubation between successful resuscitation group and failed resuscitation group(P>0.05). Compared with the successful resuscitation group, the proportion of patients ≥60 years(P=0.043), cardiovascular complications(P=0.032), the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ) score(P=0.025), the proportion of arrhythmia(P=0.014), the proportion of resuscitation time ≥30 minutes(P<0.001) was higher in the failed resuscitation group. Logistic regression analysis indicated that combined cardiovascular disease(P=0.001, OR=9.252, 95%CI=2.502-34.202), high APACHEII Ⅱ score(P=0.006, OR=3.931, 95%CI=1.475-10.475), and cardiac arrest type being non-defibrillation rhythm(P=0.020, OR=0.153, 95%CI=0.031-0.745) were the independent risk factors for the prognosis of CPR. Conclusion Complicated cardiovascular disease, severe underlying disease, and non-defibrillation rhythm of cardiac arrest are risk factors for CPR failure in patients with cardiac arrest in ICU.

本研究提示年齡、性別在心肺復(fù)蘇成功組及失敗組間無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但Bougouin W等[11]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)納入31項(xiàng)觀察性研究共409 323例心臟驟?;颊叩乃C萃分析提示女性與心臟驟停患者出院時(shí)高存活率相關(guān),但具體機(jī)制不明。既往也有研究[18]提示性別、年齡與心肺復(fù)蘇結(jié)果相關(guān),本研究在年齡及性別上未達(dá)到統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異可能需樣本量小等相關(guān)。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)患者基礎(chǔ)疾病與病情的嚴(yán)重程度與心肺復(fù)蘇相關(guān),為心肺復(fù)蘇失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素,與之前的研究提示基礎(chǔ)疾病為非心源性則復(fù)蘇成功率增高相符[16,18]。心臟驟停時(shí)自發(fā)循環(huán)的恢復(fù)與心臟灌注有關(guān)。根據(jù)泊肅葉定律,血管直徑與血管阻力成反比,即使血管直徑很小的變化也會(huì)導(dǎo)致血管阻力的急劇增加。心肌組織灌注與血管兩端的壓差成正比,與血管阻力成反比。在心肺復(fù)蘇時(shí),由于按壓致冠脈血管阻力增加,冠心病患者會(huì)因基礎(chǔ)存在冠脈狹窄比冠脈正常的患者灌注壓下降明顯,導(dǎo)致心臟組織灌注體積顯著下降。組織灌注的減少將導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞缺血缺氧,最終導(dǎo)致心肌細(xì)胞興奮性的功能障礙,自主循環(huán)恢復(fù)率低,心肺復(fù)蘇成功率下降。這可能是合并心臟病患者心肺復(fù)蘇成功率的原因。此外,Chan PS等[14]分析4萬例心臟驟?;颊吆蟮贸龊喜⒏文I功能不全、敗血癥、惡性疾病和低血壓均與為心肺復(fù)蘇失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素,因此,臨床工作中,在評(píng)估患者心肺復(fù)蘇效果時(shí),需重視基礎(chǔ)疾病及原發(fā)病。

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)心肺復(fù)蘇的重要影響因素還包括心臟驟停類型。心臟驟停根據(jù)初始節(jié)律可分為可除顫心律及不可除顫心律??沙澬穆砂ㄐ氖翌潉?dòng)及無脈性室速,兩者均可通過電除顫恢復(fù)心臟正常節(jié)律,而不可除顫心律包括心臟停搏及無脈性電活動(dòng),電除顫無效。本研究提示不可除顫心律心臟驟停復(fù)蘇效果明顯較可除顫心律差,是心肺復(fù)蘇失敗的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度(OR值)為6.541,這與費(fèi)悅等[6]研究相一致,即ASA分級(jí)Ⅳ~V級(jí)、心跳驟停發(fā)生于手術(shù)室外、驟停類型表現(xiàn)為無脈性電活動(dòng)、出血量>1500 mL、心肺復(fù)蘇持續(xù)時(shí)間>30 rain、低血壓持續(xù)時(shí)間>30 min為圍手術(shù)期心臟驟?;颊咝姆螐?fù)蘇失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素,其中心臟驟停類型為無脈性電活動(dòng)的OR值為1.419。由于冠心病藥物二級(jí)預(yù)防和植入式心臟復(fù)律除顫器的廣泛使用,作為心肌缺血和梗死常見并發(fā)癥的可除顫心臟驟停事件,其發(fā)生率逐漸下降。與此同時(shí),不可除顫心律心臟驟停的比例卻不斷升高[19],已在心臟停搏患者中占主導(dǎo)地位[20],而不可除顫心律心臟驟停與可除顫心律心臟驟停相比,病因更復(fù)雜且預(yù)后更差[21],僅2%~15%患者的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)局良好[22,23],而在可除顫心律的心臟停搏患者中,近65%患者的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)局良好[24]。2012~2016年Han KS等[25]應(yīng)用韓國疾病控制與預(yù)防中心數(shù)據(jù)庫中的院外心臟驟?;颊叩臄?shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)全國性的基于人群的隊(duì)列研究,納入了114 628例不可除顫心律的心臟驟?;颊?。該研究提示初始節(jié)律為不可除顫心律的院外心臟驟?;颊?,在轉(zhuǎn)換為可除顫心律后與良好的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)預(yù)后相關(guān),相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度為1.789(95%CI 1.586~2.019),尤其是由于心臟原因。由此可見,不可除顫心律的心臟驟停預(yù)后遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)差于可除顫心律,經(jīng)治療若能轉(zhuǎn)換為可除顫心律,則預(yù)后明顯改善。改善院內(nèi)心臟驟停搶救成功率,還需加強(qiáng)預(yù)防院內(nèi)心臟驟停,既需要能敏感識(shí)別病情惡化的系統(tǒng),也需要適當(dāng)?shù)母深A(yù)措施(如院內(nèi)快速反應(yīng)小組)。此外,心肺復(fù)蘇期間的搶救措施也是至關(guān)重要,如高質(zhì)量的胸外按壓、通氣,早期除顫以及立即處理可逆的病因,例如高鉀血癥或缺氧、低血壓等。心臟驟停后救治也不可忽視,重點(diǎn)是識(shí)別和治療潛在病因,以及血液動(dòng)力學(xué)和呼吸支持,并可能采用神經(jīng)保護(hù)策略(如目標(biāo)溫度管理)減少再灌注損傷等均與心肺復(fù)蘇成功率相關(guān)[26]。

最后,本研究存在以下局限性:(1)胸外按壓的質(zhì)量與心肺復(fù)蘇的成功率密切相關(guān),但由于本研究為回顧性研究,無法獲得胸外按壓質(zhì)量的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),未評(píng)估胸外心臟按壓與心肺復(fù)蘇效果的關(guān)系;(2)因病例收集資料不全,本研究對(duì)心肺復(fù)蘇成功與失敗組的臨床特征比較不夠全面,如心臟驟停的原因、腎上腺素等藥物治療等,與心臟驟停成功率相關(guān)的因素未進(jìn)行比較;(3)本文為小型的回顧性研究干擾因素多,樣本量小,證據(jù)級(jí)別有限,有待于大型、前瞻性的研究進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證本研究結(jié)果。

總之,本研究通過對(duì)比ICU心臟驟?;颊邚?fù)蘇成功組與復(fù)蘇失敗組的臨床特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)合并心血管疾病、基礎(chǔ)疾病嚴(yán)重以及心臟驟停類型為不可除顫心律是心肺復(fù)蘇失敗的危險(xiǎn)因素,臨床工作中,可根據(jù)上述因素預(yù)估患者心肺復(fù)蘇的效果,從以上因素入手提高心肺復(fù)蘇成功率。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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(收稿日期:2020-01-22)

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