李婷 俞鵬飛 嚴(yán)燕燕 馬靜
[摘要] 目的 研究人性化護(hù)理模式在胃癌患者全胃切除術(shù)后護(hù)理中的應(yīng)用及對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量的影響。 方法 選取2016年5月~2018年10月于我院腫瘤科接受治療的80例胃癌患者為本研究對(duì)象,均在我院腫瘤科接受全胃切除手術(shù)。采用隨機(jī)分配法,將80例胃癌患者隨機(jī)分為兩組各40例。對(duì)照組給予常規(guī)護(hù)理模式,實(shí)驗(yàn)組在常規(guī)護(hù)理模式上行人性化護(hù)理模式。比較兩組的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分及護(hù)理滿意度評(píng)價(jià)情況。 結(jié)果 對(duì)照組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20.00%,明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率5.00%;實(shí)驗(yàn)組護(hù)理后生活質(zhì)量變化明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組;實(shí)驗(yàn)組的護(hù)理滿意度為97.50%,明顯高于對(duì)照組的護(hù)理滿意度85.00%,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 對(duì)胃癌患者全胃切除術(shù)后實(shí)施人性化護(hù)理模式能有效提高患者生活質(zhì)量并減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,從而提高臨床護(hù)理滿意度,值得臨床廣泛推廣和應(yīng)用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃癌;全胃切除術(shù);人性化護(hù)理模式;生活質(zhì)量
[中圖分類號(hào)] R473.73? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2020)05-0179-04
Analysis on the application of humanized nursing mode in the postoperative nursing of patients with gastric cancer after total gastrectomy and its effect on patients' quality of life
LI Ting1? ?YU Pengfei2? ?YAN Yanyan2? ?MA Jing2
1.Surgery Room, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou? ?310022, China; 2.Department of Abdominal Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou? ?310022, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the application of humanized nursing mode in the nursing of patients with gastric cancer after total gastrectomy and its effect on patients' quality of life. Methods 80 patients with gastric cancer who were given treatment in the oncology department in our hospital from May 2016 to October 2018 were selected as the study subjects. All patients were given total gastrectomy in the oncology department of our hospital. According to a randomized assignment method, 80 patients with gastric cancer were evenly divided into a control group and an experimental group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was given a regular nursing care mode, and the experimental group was given the humanized nursing mode based on the regular nursing mode. The incidence rate of postoperative complications, changes in quality of life, and evaluation of nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups. Results The incidence rate of complications in the control group was 20.00%, which was significantly higher than that of 5.00% in the experimental group; the changes of quality of life in the experimental group after nursing care was significantly better than that in the control group; the nursing satisfaction in the experimental group was 97.50%, which was significantly higher than that of 85.00% in the control group. The differences in the above indicators between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion The implementation of humanized nursing care mode after total gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer can effectively improve the quality of life of patients and reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, so as to improve the evaluation of clinical nursing satisfaction, which should be positively promoted and applied in clinical practice.
[Key words] Gastric cancer; Total gastrectomy; Humanized nursing mode; Quality of life
癌癥,一直是醫(yī)學(xué)界的一道難題,因其發(fā)病重且致死率高,因此,一直被醫(yī)學(xué)界所重視。胃癌為腫瘤疾病中常見病之一[1-3]。因其發(fā)病隱匿且無特異性癥狀,臨床確診時(shí)常已經(jīng)處于中晚期。臨床上對(duì)于胃上、下部癌,彌漫浸潤型胃癌等患者的治療主要采取全胃切除術(shù)措施,術(shù)后最大限度的提升治愈率和患者的生活質(zhì)量是行全胃切除術(shù)的首要目的,隨著醫(yī)療水平的不斷提高,患者在追求治愈的同時(shí),對(duì)護(hù)理工作的要求也在不斷提高[4-6]。常規(guī)的護(hù)理措施難以滿足臨床的需求,個(gè)性化護(hù)理模式是依據(jù)患者自身的基本情況展開研究,能夠滿足不同患者的需求。為了觀察人性化護(hù)理在行全胃切除術(shù)后胃癌患者中的應(yīng)用效果,本研究選取2016年5月~2018年10月于我院就診的胃癌患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法則分為兩組,分別給予常規(guī)護(hù)理和人性化護(hù)理,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2016年5月~2018年10月于我院就診的胃癌患者80例作為研究對(duì)象,按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字法則分為兩組,每組40例,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)組男27例,女13例,年齡45~71歲,平均(60.03±7.31)歲。對(duì)照組男25例,女15例,年齡47~72歲,平均(60.20±7.45)歲。均在我院腫瘤科接受全胃切除手術(shù)。兩組患者的性別、年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
1.2 方法
對(duì)照組實(shí)施常規(guī)治療模式:進(jìn)行術(shù)前常規(guī)準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)前1 d對(duì)患者進(jìn)行上腹及周圍皮膚清潔準(zhǔn)備并于手術(shù)日晨靜脈滴注抗生素。給予患者舒適體位并對(duì)患者施以麻醉劑,準(zhǔn)備手術(shù)。術(shù)后觀察患者生命體征并及時(shí)補(bǔ)液,告知術(shù)后注意事項(xiàng)等。實(shí)驗(yàn)組在對(duì)照組常規(guī)治療基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)施人性化護(hù)理模式。具體方法如下:(1)心理護(hù)理,于術(shù)前與患者及其家人進(jìn)行手術(shù)溝通,并通過手術(shù)內(nèi)容講解消除患者對(duì)手術(shù)問題的疑惑以及術(shù)前焦慮[7-8]。同時(shí),通過講解醫(yī)護(hù)人員的經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn),以解除患者心理壓力。根據(jù)患者的年齡選擇合適的語言方式與患者交流溝通,最大程度取得患者的信任,消除患者的術(shù)前緊張及焦慮等情緒,醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)向患者介紹進(jìn)行手術(shù)的必要性,同時(shí)應(yīng)向家屬介紹手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等相關(guān)的注意事項(xiàng),幫助患者樹立起戰(zhàn)勝病魔的信心。(2)手術(shù)準(zhǔn)備,術(shù)前1 d對(duì)患者進(jìn)行上腹及周圍皮膚清潔準(zhǔn)備并于手術(shù)日晨靜脈滴注抗生素。同時(shí)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行腸道清潔并施以麻醉,準(zhǔn)備手術(shù)。于患者上腹正中切口探查胃癌原發(fā)灶并切除腫瘤,同時(shí)行淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)給予患者徹底治療。(3)術(shù)后在麻醉恢復(fù)室,為緩解患者焦慮害怕心理,播放舒緩輕音樂,告知患者已完成手術(shù),鼓勵(lì)安慰患者。對(duì)于留置胃管及尿管后的不適感,做好解釋工作。詢問患者有無發(fā)冷并測(cè)量體溫,體溫低于36℃或寒戰(zhàn)發(fā)冷者予保溫毯保暖。(4)術(shù)后護(hù)理:給予患者抗感染處理,同時(shí)保持胃管通暢,于術(shù)后1~3 d左右拔管?;颊咝g(shù)后較虛弱,開展適當(dāng)?shù)捏w位調(diào)整、飲食結(jié)構(gòu)等生活護(hù)理方面的宣教,盡可能縮短患者的疾病治療周期,密切觀察患者生命體征指標(biāo)以及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
(1)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率:包括感染、胃出血、胃腸吻合口破裂等并發(fā)癥。
(2)生活質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià):采用QLQ-C30量表來對(duì)患者的生活質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),量表包含角色功能、認(rèn)知功能、軀體功能、情緒功能和社會(huì)功能共計(jì)五個(gè)維度,每個(gè)維度包含三個(gè)條目,總計(jì)15個(gè)項(xiàng)目,每個(gè)條目評(píng)分分四個(gè)等級(jí),即從無到完全符合分別為1~4分,為了保證各功能指標(biāo)可比性,各個(gè)領(lǐng)域評(píng)分結(jié)束后均進(jìn)行百分化,分?jǐn)?shù)越高說明生活質(zhì)量水平越高[11]。
(3)護(hù)理滿意度評(píng)價(jià):護(hù)理滿意度采用問卷形式,問卷包含25個(gè)條目,每個(gè)條目四個(gè)等級(jí),從無到完全符合分別為1~4分,總分為100分,其中81~100分的為非常滿意,60~80分為滿意,59分及以下為不滿意。護(hù)理滿意度=(非常滿意例數(shù)+滿意例數(shù))/總例數(shù)×100%[12]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
采用SPSS14.0軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示,組間比較采用獨(dú)立t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為5.00%,明顯高于對(duì)照組(20.00%),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 見表1。
2.2兩組護(hù)理前后生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分變化
護(hù)理前,兩組生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),護(hù)理后兩組患者的生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分均明顯升高,其中實(shí)驗(yàn)組生活質(zhì)量評(píng)分明顯高于對(duì)照組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。 見表2。
2.3 兩組護(hù)理滿意度比較
實(shí)驗(yàn)組護(hù)理滿意度為97.50%,明顯高于對(duì)照組護(hù)理(85.00%),差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
3討論
胃癌作為消化道常見的惡性腫瘤之一,其發(fā)病率和致死率均較高,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道稱[9]其5年生存率不足20%,且其臨床癥狀不明顯,早期容易與胃炎、十二指腸潰瘍等疾病混淆,從而造成誤診,往往在確診時(shí)已經(jīng)處于癌癥晚期[10]。我國是胃癌高發(fā)區(qū)域之一,發(fā)病率和死亡率均高于全球平均水平[11],據(jù)WHO報(bào)道[12],2012年全世界新發(fā)胃癌病例95.2萬,而我國占42.6%,約40.5萬,死亡例數(shù)72.3萬,而我國約有32.5萬。胃癌在我國惡性腫瘤中發(fā)病率居第2位,死亡率居第3位,嚴(yán)重危害人們的生命健康,已經(jīng)為廣大醫(yī)學(xué)工作者迫切需要解決的重大公共衛(wèi)生問題。
近些年來,隨著新化療藥物和聯(lián)合化療等綜合治療方式的出現(xiàn),胃癌患者的生存周期得到明顯延長,但是長期化療帶來的毒副作用以及并發(fā)癥給患者帶來了嚴(yán)重的影響,加之化療耐藥、癌癥腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移等影響患者遠(yuǎn)期生存率。長期以來,外科手術(shù)切除一直被認(rèn)為是早期胃癌的最有效治療方法。對(duì)于晚期胃癌患者臨床上多采用全胃切除術(shù)結(jié)合淋巴清除術(shù)給予徹底治療,以減少患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生并提高生活質(zhì)量[13-14]。隨著人們生活水平的提高,患者對(duì)臨床護(hù)理要求也越來越高[15-17]。經(jīng)臨床調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)[18-20],對(duì)胃癌患者全胃切除術(shù)后行常規(guī)治療效果不理想,易引起術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生并影響患者生活質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致臨床糾紛事故時(shí)常發(fā)生。而人性化護(hù)理模式在常規(guī)護(hù)理模式基礎(chǔ)上通過對(duì)患者進(jìn)行心理護(hù)理、術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備以及手術(shù)后護(hù)理等治療方式彌補(bǔ)了常規(guī)治療模式的缺陷,為進(jìn)一步研究胃癌患者全胃切除術(shù)后臨床護(hù)理提供了有效參考依據(jù)[21-22]。本研究,針對(duì)我院收治的80例全胃切除術(shù)患者分別實(shí)施常規(guī)治療模式與人性化護(hù)理模式兩種不同模式。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),行常規(guī)治療模式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率20.00%,行人性化護(hù)理模式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率5.00%,行人性化護(hù)理模式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯低于行常規(guī)治療模式術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率;行人性化護(hù)理模式護(hù)理后生活質(zhì)量變化,明顯高于行常規(guī)治療模式護(hù)理后生活質(zhì)量變化;行人性化護(hù)理模式護(hù)理滿意度97.50%,行常規(guī)治療模式護(hù)理滿意度85.00%,行人性化護(hù)理模式護(hù)理滿意度明顯高于行常規(guī)治療模式護(hù)理滿意度(P<0.05)。因此,對(duì)胃癌患者全胃切除術(shù)后實(shí)施人性化護(hù)理模式能有效減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,并提升患者軀體功能、認(rèn)知功能以及社會(huì)功能,從而提高患者生活質(zhì)量,并提高臨床護(hù)理滿意度。
綜上,對(duì)全胃切除術(shù)患者術(shù)后實(shí)施人性化護(hù)理模式能有效提高患者生活質(zhì)量并減少臨床并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,從而提高臨床護(hù)理滿意度,應(yīng)被積極推廣并廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-16)