閆苗苗, 張海涵*, 釗珍芳, 李蘇霖, 黃廷林, 楊尚業(yè)
1.西安建筑科技大學(xué), 陜西省環(huán)境工程重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室, 陜西 西安 710055 2.西安建筑科技大學(xué)環(huán)境與市政工程學(xué)院, 陜西 西安 710055
大量生活污水與工業(yè)廢水的排放、農(nóng)藥和化肥的過量使用均造成水體的嚴(yán)重污染[1-2]. 各類型水體的污染源不同,污染狀況也存在一定差異,但氮素含量過高是引起水體富營養(yǎng)化的關(guān)鍵因素之一[3]. 如何去除水體中過量氮素已成為控制水體污染的重要問題之一[4]. 傳統(tǒng)生物脫氮技術(shù)因構(gòu)筑物多、運(yùn)行費(fèi)用高、系統(tǒng)抗負(fù)荷沖擊能力低、硝化反硝化條件控制復(fù)雜等缺點(diǎn)需要進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)[5]. 而好氧反硝化脫氮技術(shù)的硝化和反硝化過程均在好氧環(huán)境中發(fā)生,減少了構(gòu)筑物;另外,在同一構(gòu)筑物中,反硝化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的堿度可將硝化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的酸中和,不需另外投加堿度[6]. 近年來國內(nèi)外大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7-12]發(fā)現(xiàn)了可在好氧環(huán)境下進(jìn)行反硝化脫氮的微生物,其將有機(jī)物及氮素作為自身碳氮源,在除氮的同時(shí)還可去除部分有機(jī)物. 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的發(fā)現(xiàn)和研究是對(duì)生物脫氮理論的進(jìn)一步探索,為開發(fā)新型生物脫氮技術(shù)奠定了重要的基礎(chǔ)和平臺(tái).
自1984年Robertson等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)首株異養(yǎng)硝化-好氧反硝化細(xì)菌Thiosphaerapantotrophus(后被命名為Paracoccusdenitrificans)以來,眾多研究人員就致力于從各種環(huán)境(如土壤[9]、水庫[7]、湖泊[1]、河流[10]、海洋[11]及污水處理廠[12]等)中篩分好氧反硝化細(xì)菌,并探索其在不同環(huán)境因子中的脫氮方式與脫氮特性. 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的探索與研究為處理氮污染水體開拓了新途徑. 該文主要從好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的脫氮機(jī)理、篩選與鑒定、脫氮特性及影響因素等方面進(jìn)行綜述,并對(duì)其在實(shí)際氮污染水體中的應(yīng)用和今后的研究方向進(jìn)行展望.
好氧反硝化細(xì)菌在好氧環(huán)境中依次使用硝酸還原酶(Nap)、亞硝酸鹽還原酶(Nir)、一氧化氮還原酶(Nor)和一氧化二氮還原酶(Nos),將硝酸鹽氮轉(zhuǎn)化為氣態(tài)氮(NO3-→NO2-→NO→N2O→N2)[13],其在好氧環(huán)境中的主要作用機(jī)理如圖1所示.
圖1 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的脫氮過程[13-17]Fig.1 The denitrification progress of aerobic denitrifiers[13-17]
首先,NO3--N進(jìn)入細(xì)胞發(fā)生硝酸還原反應(yīng). 硝酸鹽還原酶有兩種位于不同區(qū)域的基因表達(dá)形式,即nar基因表達(dá)的膜結(jié)合硝酸鹽還原酶和nap基因表達(dá)的周質(zhì)硝酸鹽還原酶[13-14]. 在好氧環(huán)境下,Nar的活性因氧存在而受到抑制;Nap的活性受氧分子的抑制性較小,能夠優(yōu)先表達(dá),是好氧反硝化過程所必需的[14]. 作為Nap蛋白的末端還原酶,napA基因的擴(kuò)增可以決定好氧反硝化過程是否由Nap催化[13].nap基因表達(dá)非常重要,為好氧環(huán)境下反硝化細(xì)菌的反硝化脫氮提供了必要條件.
其次,NO3--N發(fā)生還原反應(yīng). 亞硝酸鹽還原酶(Nir)位于細(xì)胞外膜與內(nèi)膜之間的周質(zhì)中,可以在有氧和無氧條件下表達(dá)[13]. 該酶制約著反硝化脫氮過程的關(guān)鍵步驟,有兩種非同源性的基因表達(dá),即含銅的nirS和含細(xì)胞色素的nirK[15-16]. 其中,nirS型反硝化細(xì)菌在環(huán)境中種類豐富,分布廣泛,被廣泛用于評(píng)價(jià)水庫、湖泊、污水處理廠等各類型污染水體,對(duì)污染水體的凈化處理有著巨大的應(yīng)用潛力. NO在細(xì)胞內(nèi)膜上被轉(zhuǎn)化為N2O. 一氧化氮還原酶(Nor)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)膜上發(fā)揮作用,對(duì)NO的親和力較高,可將NO幾乎全部轉(zhuǎn)化為N2O[13]. 該酶主要包括含b型和c型的膜結(jié)合酶NorB和NorC. 在此反應(yīng)過程中,NorB從單血紅素細(xì)胞色素c亞單位NorC接收電子,從而進(jìn)行反應(yīng)[17].
最后,從細(xì)胞內(nèi)膜釋放或者環(huán)境中進(jìn)入周質(zhì)中的N2O被還原成N2. 一氧化二氮還原酶(Nos)位于細(xì)胞周質(zhì)中,對(duì)氧氣的敏感性并不強(qiáng),在有氧和缺氧條件下均能表達(dá),作用產(chǎn)物為氣態(tài)氮(N2)[13]. 反硝化細(xì)菌典型的Nos是一種名為NosZ的同二聚銅蛋白,是一種位于細(xì)胞膜外的周質(zhì)酶. 對(duì)于一些物種(如脫氮副球菌),N2O的還原與質(zhì)子跨胞質(zhì)膜的轉(zhuǎn)移相互耦合(即電子轉(zhuǎn)移到Nos是通過細(xì)胞色素C進(jìn)行的),該過程也有細(xì)胞色素BC1復(fù)合體的參與[18].
目前對(duì)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌機(jī)理的研究主要停留在氮的轉(zhuǎn)化方面,如研究好氧反硝化細(xì)菌脫氮基因豐度、好缺氧條件下脫氮效果對(duì)比及氮的最終轉(zhuǎn)化形態(tài)等;但是對(duì)其中心碳代謝過程的相關(guān)研究及碳氮比、氮磷比對(duì)其反應(yīng)機(jī)理的具體影響尚未明確,需要進(jìn)一步探究.
好氧反硝化細(xì)菌具有對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性較強(qiáng)、分布廣泛、反硝化速率較快等特征. 目前,眾多研究者從各環(huán)境中篩選出了不同種類的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌,以期運(yùn)用到實(shí)際環(huán)境中,有效治理含氮污染水體[8,19]. HUANG等[19]從海產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖污染水體中篩分得到一株芽孢桿菌BacillusstrainN31,添加不同的氮源后發(fā)現(xiàn),該菌株對(duì)NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N的去除率分別達(dá)86.3%、86.4%、89.4%,硝化反硝化效果均較好. HUANG等[7]從山東省棗莊市周村水源水庫中篩選得到的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌Pseudomonasstutzeristrain ZF31,在氮平衡中有75%的初始氮經(jīng)好氧反硝化作用,生成氣態(tài)氮釋放;低CN條件下總氮去除率為73.30%,低溫(10 ℃)條件下總氮去除率為60.08%,菌株P(guān)seudomonasstutzeristrain ZF31在水源水庫的生物原位修復(fù)中有著潛在的應(yīng)用價(jià)值.
有關(guān)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的探索與研究日益增多,篩分得到的好氧反硝化菌種類與數(shù)量也逐漸增多. 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的篩選與鑒定方法日益成熟,發(fā)現(xiàn)的屬種范圍逐步擴(kuò)大,脫氮性能普遍較高,在氮污染水體處理方面應(yīng)用前景廣泛. 近年來從不同環(huán)境中篩選的一些好氧反硝化細(xì)菌如表1所示,主要有副球菌屬(Paracoccussp.)、芽孢桿菌屬(Bacillussp.)、假單胞菌屬(Pseudomonassp.)、產(chǎn)堿桿菌屬(Alcaligenessp.)、不動(dòng)桿菌屬(Acinetobactersp.)、克雷伯氏菌屬(Klebsiellasp.)、紅球菌屬(Rhodococcussp.)以及鹵單胞菌屬(Halomonassp.)等.
表1 不同來源中篩選的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌
續(xù)表1
為了更系統(tǒng)地研究不同種類的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌,有必要對(duì)高效菌進(jìn)行鑒定和分類. 鑒定方法主要有生理生化特性研究、形態(tài)鑒定和基因測(cè)序[47-51]. 其中,形態(tài)鑒定和生理化特性研究主要是觀察菌落生長狀態(tài)和單個(gè)菌體形狀,得到高效菌株的表征,其種類確定需用基因測(cè)序技術(shù)進(jìn)一步鑒定. 目前鑒定高效菌株的手段通常是用16S rRNA(16S rDNA)基因引物判定其種類,而nosZ、nirS/nirK是檢測(cè)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的常用基因. 基因測(cè)序首先是從克隆文庫發(fā)展而來,隨后逐步發(fā)展了限制性片段長度多態(tài)性分析(RFLP)、末端限制性片段長度多態(tài)性分析(T-RFLP)、變性梯度凝膠電泳/溫度梯度凝膠電泳(DGGE/TGGE)等技術(shù). 隨著分析方法的逐漸完善,目前主要利用高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)(454焦磷酸測(cè)序、qPCR、Illumina MiSeq DNA測(cè)序)對(duì)菌株進(jìn)行鑒定并構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹. 通過掃描電鏡并結(jié)合高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)得到不同種屬的好養(yǎng)好硝化細(xì)菌鑒定狀況(見表2).
表2 不同菌屬分類下的鑒定狀況
好氧反硝化細(xì)菌因在好氧環(huán)境中進(jìn)行反硝化這一獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)而被重點(diǎn)關(guān)注,目前的研究仍處于實(shí)驗(yàn)室階段. 研究者雖然分離出了大量好氧反硝化細(xì)菌,但不同菌種對(duì)環(huán)境的要求與耐受度差異較大,研究各因素對(duì)好氧反硝化過程的影響,對(duì)氮污染水體的治理極其重要. 影響好氧反硝化細(xì)菌反硝化過程的主要因素通常有碳源、CN、溫度、酸堿度(pH)、DO(由搖瓶來控制)以及鹽度、重金屬含量等.
碳是生物有機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)組成的最基本元素. 在脫氮過程中,碳源不僅可作為好氧反硝化細(xì)菌生長代謝的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),還為其反硝化過程(氧化還原過程)提供能量和電子,故碳源的種類與相對(duì)含量均會(huì)對(duì)好氧反硝化速率產(chǎn)生一定影響. 白潔等[51]從膠州灣海底沉積物中分離出好氧反硝化細(xì)菌Zobellellasp. B307,探究檸檬酸三鈉、琥珀酸鈉、乙酸鈉、丁二酸鈉對(duì)該菌株反硝化效率的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)丁二酸鈉作為碳源時(shí)可去除91.39%的NO3--N,反硝化效率最高. GUO等[46]從活性污泥中篩選出一株陰溝腸桿菌——Enterobactercloacaestrain HNR,分別以乙二胺四乙酸、檸檬酸鹽、葡萄糖、醋酸鹽、琥珀酸鹽為碳源探究其反硝化效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)葡萄糖是該菌株的最有利碳源,可基本將全部NO3--N進(jìn)行反硝化反應(yīng). 李健[41]在不加碳源或分別單獨(dú)添加蔗糖、醋酸鈉、葡萄糖、丁二酸鈉時(shí),鹵單胞菌Halomonassp. B02在以丁二酸鈉為碳源時(shí)的反硝化效率最高,可達(dá)82.25%. 各碳源對(duì)不同菌株的影響效果有所差異,但具體影響機(jī)理尚不明確,需進(jìn)一步探究.
另外,一些好氧反硝化細(xì)菌不僅可以利用常規(guī)的碳源,還能將芳香類化合物及其衍生物等(如苯[52]、苯酚[53]、硝基苯酚[54])作為碳源,既進(jìn)行好氧反硝化脫氮,又可除去難降解的有毒害物質(zhì). LI等[52]以苯為碳源,將苯降解的好氧反硝化菌株P(guān)seudomonassp. BN5在初始苯濃度為52.37 mg/L、NH4+-N濃度為16.13 mg/L條件下培養(yǎng)72 h,苯去除率為100%,NH4+-N去除率為70.86%. 王國英等[53]從活性污泥中篩選的一株有降解苯酚作用的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌Diaphorobactersp. PDB3,在C/N為7、搖床轉(zhuǎn)速為160 r/min下,以苯酚為唯一碳源,有機(jī)物去除率可達(dá)90.4%;在TN去除過程中,有52.3%轉(zhuǎn)化為生物量、37.2%轉(zhuǎn)化為氮?dú)忉尫? Kulkarni[54]在SBR反應(yīng)器中加入含有Thiosphaerapantotropha的單一污泥生物質(zhì),以硝基苯酚為唯一氮源,添加適量酵母提取物和蛋白胨,結(jié)果表明,反應(yīng)器中好氧反硝化細(xì)菌對(duì)硝基苯酚具有良好的降解效果. 通過專門馴化篩分出具有降解有毒害作用或難降解物質(zhì)能力的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌,在脫氮的同時(shí)還可以除去大量難降解的有機(jī)物,對(duì)氮污染水體的治理有著重大潛在價(jià)值.
在探討環(huán)境因素時(shí),通常采用單因素控制變量的試驗(yàn)探究C/N、溫度、酸堿度和DO(通過搖瓶轉(zhuǎn)速來控制)對(duì)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌反硝化效率的影響. 另外,一些研究中也會(huì)利用正交試驗(yàn)或者設(shè)計(jì)響應(yīng)曲面(RSM)方法構(gòu)建脫氮特性模型,得出最佳優(yōu)化條件下的脫氮效果. 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌在優(yōu)化條件下的脫氮效率如表3所示.
C/N、溫度、pH和DO是影響反硝化脫氮的重要指標(biāo),篩選出不同條件下的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌并將其應(yīng)用到不同污染區(qū)域中去(如篩選耐低溫的細(xì)菌處理高冷地區(qū)廢水、篩選貧營養(yǎng)細(xì)菌處理微污染水源水體、篩選富營養(yǎng)細(xì)菌處理高濃度廢水、確定最佳DO以減少污水處理廠工藝流程等),對(duì)以后脫氮處理工藝的發(fā)展具有重要科學(xué)意義.
表3 好氧反硝化細(xì)菌在不同條件下的脫氮效率
氮污染水體成分較復(fù)雜,在實(shí)際處理過程中不僅要考慮營養(yǎng)、溫度等對(duì)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的影響,還要考慮菌株對(duì)鹽度和重金屬等有毒有害物質(zhì)的耐受性[58-59]. 潘玉瑾等[58]研究了好氧反硝化菌株P(guān)seudomonaschengduensisZPQ2對(duì)NaCl的耐受性,發(fā)現(xiàn)在最佳好氧反硝化條件下,該菌株在鹽度為2%時(shí),仍能分別去除98.1%的COD和93.4%的NO3--N. CHEN等[59]研究了氧化鋅納米顆粒對(duì)好氧反硝化細(xì)菌PseudomonasstutzeriPCN-1的抑制作用,結(jié)果表明,加入1 mg/L氧化鋅納米顆粒時(shí)脫氮效率為100%,逐漸增至128 mg/L時(shí)脫氮效率降至1.70%. 可見,氧化鋅納米顆粒的存在對(duì)硝酸還原酶和亞硝酸鹽還原酶的基因表達(dá)和催化活性有明顯的抑制作用,最終導(dǎo)致NO3--N還原延遲,NO2--N累積量增加,該結(jié)果對(duì)評(píng)估納米材料潛在的生態(tài)毒性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)十分重要[59]. 研究好氧反硝化細(xì)菌對(duì)于不同氮污染水體的原水適應(yīng)性,制備特別菌劑處理不同類型污染水體,在氮污染水體的微生物治理應(yīng)用方面有重大意義.
圖2 單菌與混合菌的篩選及脫氮過程[58-60]Fig.2 Screening and denitrification of single strain and mixed strains[58-60]
好氧反硝化細(xì)菌對(duì)氮污染水體的生物治理過程發(fā)揮著重要重用. 但由于實(shí)際的氮污染水體處理系統(tǒng)比較復(fù)雜,目前關(guān)于好氧反硝化細(xì)菌的研究主要集中在優(yōu)勢(shì)菌的篩選及實(shí)驗(yàn)室反硝化性能研究階段,對(duì)治理實(shí)際氮污染水體的研究鮮見報(bào)道. YANG等[47]篩選出了一株可耐高溫的螯臺(tái)球菌ChelatococcusdaeguensisTAD1,當(dāng)NH4+-N與NO3--N同時(shí)存在時(shí),該菌株會(huì)優(yōu)先利用NO3--N;另外,該菌株在50 ℃的高溫生物濾池中具有良好的好氧反硝化脫氮性能. WANG等[60]將從沉積物中獲得的具有高效反硝化能力(可去除96%的NO3--N)的Pseudomonassp. HS-N6,利用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸鈉和活性炭制成固定化小球,發(fā)現(xiàn)固定化顆粒的NO3--N去除能力有所提高,具有穩(wěn)定良好的反硝化能力. 將反硝化細(xì)菌進(jìn)行固定化可防止因流速過快而造成菌種流失,提高氮污染水體中的菌種密度,但關(guān)于好氧反硝化細(xì)菌固定化技術(shù)在實(shí)際工程中的應(yīng)用還不成熟,有待進(jìn)一步發(fā)展.
混合培養(yǎng)菌群與單一純菌種相比具有若干優(yōu)點(diǎn),特別是在復(fù)雜污染物去除方面(見圖2). 從環(huán)境樣品中分離混合細(xì)菌的時(shí)間比得到單一菌株要少得多(為了捕獲純菌株,往往需要進(jìn)行4~5輪純化). 從微生物生態(tài)學(xué)的角度來看,在混合培養(yǎng)菌群系統(tǒng)中,混合菌群的共存和相互作用具有新穎的生物學(xué)功能,如群體感應(yīng)、欺騙效應(yīng)和互利共生等. 更重要的是,混合好氧反硝化菌群的代謝途徑具有多樣化,且混合細(xì)菌聯(lián)合體的能力比單一純菌株強(qiáng),所以混合菌群對(duì)污染物的去除更有效[61-62]. DENG等[63]將篩選到的兩株好氧反硝化細(xì)菌(PseudomonasstutzeriSC221-M、BacilluscereusBSC24)進(jìn)行混合培養(yǎng)制成菌劑,發(fā)現(xiàn)混合菌劑的脫氮效率是單菌的2倍,且添加菌劑后微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)豐度有所提高. CHEN等[64]將篩選得到的3株種類不同的好氧反硝化細(xì)菌——Agrobacteriumsp. LAD9、Achromobactersp. GAD3、Comamonassp. GAD4,按照質(zhì)量比為1∶1∶1制成混合菌群PCN,投加到SBR反應(yīng)器中處理實(shí)際氮污染水體,結(jié)果表明,在C/N為8時(shí),碳和氮素的去除效率較高且穩(wěn)定,出水中COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP濃度均滿足GB 8978—1996《污水綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的一級(jí)要求. 探索好氧反硝化菌與地域、水體類型之間的關(guān)系,將高效菌真正應(yīng)用于不同類型的氮污染水體處理中還需要進(jìn)一步努力(如解決反硝化過程中電子供體不足的問題).
a) 各類反硝化細(xì)菌的存在環(huán)境具有廣泛性,在各種環(huán)境中(如沉積物、污水處理廠、土壤、垃圾滲濾液、各種生物反應(yīng)器等)均篩選出了高效好氧反硝化細(xì)菌. 但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,菌種流失、處理實(shí)際污水效果較差等問題尚待解決,因此,可進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化好氧反硝化細(xì)菌固定化技術(shù),并將其應(yīng)用于實(shí)際工程中,實(shí)現(xiàn)高效、經(jīng)濟(jì)的脫氮.
c) 混合反硝化菌群具有多種代謝途徑,其共存和相互作用共同驅(qū)動(dòng)氮和碳的去除,且篩選過程比單菌簡便,脫氮效果較單菌好,可作為潛在的反硝化菌劑用于治理實(shí)際氮污染水體,有較好的應(yīng)用前景.
d) 將好氧反硝化細(xì)菌運(yùn)用到微污染水源水體的治理中,探究菌劑活性保持技術(shù)和原水適應(yīng)能力具有重要意義.
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