Khaled Abdulbaqi Baggash Nasr?Amgad Qaid Abdu Al-gaobahi?朱世杰?趙海玉?彭健
【摘要】血管緊張素受體-腦啡肽酶抑制劑(ARNI) 沙庫(kù)巴曲/纈沙坦對(duì)擴(kuò)張型心肌病(DCM)合并射血分?jǐn)?shù)減低心力衰竭(HFrEF)及復(fù)雜心律失常治療效果仍不明確。該文報(bào)道了1例52歲男性,因發(fā)現(xiàn)心率慢8年余,胸悶頭暈3個(gè)月入院,診斷為DCM、心力衰竭、室性心動(dòng)過速、心房顫動(dòng)、心房撲動(dòng)。行植入型體內(nèi)自動(dòng)除顫器植入術(shù),術(shù)后予β受體拮抗劑、ACEI、醛固酮拮抗劑、利尿劑等藥物治療,效果不佳,后更換ACEI為ARNI(沙庫(kù)巴曲/纈沙坦)治療3個(gè)月,起始劑量為100 mg,每日2次,服藥 3個(gè)月后患者LVEF從42%升至54%,N-端腦鈉肽前體降低,6 min步行距離增加,室性期前收縮及室性心動(dòng)過速減少,說明起始劑量100 mg的沙庫(kù)巴曲/纈沙坦治療DCM合并HFrEF及復(fù)雜心律失常安全,效果或優(yōu)于ACEI類藥物。
【關(guān)鍵詞】擴(kuò)張型心肌病;射血分?jǐn)?shù)減低心力衰竭;血管緊張素受體-腦啡肽酶抑制劑
Sacubitril/valsartan in treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy complicated with heart failure: a case report Khaled Abdulbaqi Baggash Nasr, Amgad Qaid Abdu Al-gaobahi, Zhu Shijie, Zhao Haiyu, Peng Jian. Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
Corresponding author, Peng Jian, E-mail: jianpeng2003@ 126. com
【Abstract】The clinical efficacy of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor(ARNI)- sacubitril/valsartan in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy complicated with heart failure reduced ejection fraction(HFrEF) and complex arrhythmia remain elusive. In this article, a 52-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital due to an 8-year history of progressive bradycardia and chest tightness and dizziness for 3 months. He was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, heart failure, ventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. He was not effectively treated after implantable cardioverter defibrillator combined with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors(ACEI), β-receptor blockers, aldosterone antagonists and diuretics. Subsequently, he received sacubitril/valsartan therapy at an initial dose of 100 mg, twice daily. After 3-month treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was increased from 42% to 54%, the NT-proBNP level was decreased, the six-minute walking distance was prolonged and the symptoms of ventricular premature contraction and ventricular tachycardia were relieved. Compared with ACEI, sacubitirl/valsartan at an initial dose of 100 mg (bid) dose is more effective and safer in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy complicated with HFrEF and complex arrhythmia.
【Key words】Dilated cardiomyopathy;Heart failure reduced ejection fraction;
Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor
擴(kuò)張型心肌病(DCM)是導(dǎo)致心力衰竭、心律失常和猝死的常見原因之一[1]。抑制交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、腎素-血管緊張素-醛固酮系統(tǒng)激活及改善利鈉肽系統(tǒng)的失衡是延緩心血管事件鏈的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。基于此機(jī)制的藥物血管緊張素受體-腦啡肽酶抑制劑(ARNI)沙庫(kù)巴曲/纈沙坦(Sacubitril/Valsartan)近年來已被證實(shí)能改善射血分?jǐn)?shù)減低心力衰竭(HFrEF),延緩和逆轉(zhuǎn)心室重構(gòu)進(jìn)而降低心力衰竭住院率和病死率[2]。目前關(guān)于ARNI臨床研究仍不足,心力衰竭合并其他疾病患者是否同樣獲益及ARNI是否有抗心律失常作用等問題仍存在爭(zhēng)議。我們報(bào)道1例DCM伴心力衰竭及復(fù)雜心律失常,經(jīng)3個(gè)月的ARNI治療后顯著改善臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸的病例。
病例資料
一、病史及體格檢查
患者男,52歲。因發(fā)現(xiàn)心率減慢8年余,胸悶頭暈3個(gè)月于2018年5月4日就診于我院。心電圖提示完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯(CAVB)、心房撲動(dòng)。UCG未見異常。患者于2009年8月7日行永久起搏器安置術(shù),術(shù)后患者長(zhǎng)期服用華法林。2014年行24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查示陣發(fā)性室性心動(dòng)過速、心房顫動(dòng)、CAVB、室性期前收縮。UCG示全心增大,予胺碘酮治療后出現(xiàn)肝功能損害及胃腸道反應(yīng),遂改用比索洛爾治療,效果不佳。2017年8月患者因反復(fù)活動(dòng)后氣促入我院,心電圖仍提示頻發(fā)室性期前收縮伴短陣室性心動(dòng)過速,予植入型心臟復(fù)律除顫器(ICD)治療并予美托洛爾控制心率、華法林抗凝,螺內(nèi)酯、呋塞米利尿及培哚普利逆轉(zhuǎn)心室重構(gòu)等藥物治療。
體格檢查:生命體征平穩(wěn),神志清晰,雙肺呼吸音清,雙下肺未聞及濕啰音。心界向雙側(cè)擴(kuò)大,心音低鈍,心率60次/分,可聞及期前收縮心音,心尖部可聞及收縮期吹風(fēng)樣雜音。胸骨左緣第4 ~ 5肋骨間下可聞及3 ~ 6級(jí)收縮期雜音,雙下肢無水腫。
二、實(shí)驗(yàn)室及輔助檢查
2009年8月,心電圖示心房撲動(dòng)、CAVB。UCG:①心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)未見異常;②二尖瓣及三尖瓣輕度反流;③左心功能正常。
2014年8月,N-端腦鈉肽前體(NT-proBNP) 620.0 pg/ml。24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖:①心房纖顫;②
CAVB;③心室起搏心律,起搏-應(yīng)激良好;④多源室性期前收縮,部分呈成對(duì)室性期前收縮及短陣室性心動(dòng)過速;⑤監(jiān)測(cè)全程ST段及T波呈起搏樣改變。UCG:①全心增大;②左室室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)減弱并欠協(xié)調(diào);③三尖瓣重度關(guān)閉不全;④LVEF 39%。
2017年8月,NT-proBNP 528.90 pg/ml。心電圖示間歇性頻發(fā)多源室性期前收縮。UCG:①全心擴(kuò)大;②三尖瓣重度關(guān)閉不全;③二尖瓣重度反流;④LVEF正常。
三、診斷及治療
最終診斷:①DCM,二尖瓣重度反流,三尖瓣重度關(guān)閉不全;②心律失常,頻發(fā)多源室性期前收縮伴短陣室性心動(dòng)過速、CAVB、心房顫動(dòng)、心房撲動(dòng);③心力衰竭,NYHA Ⅲ級(jí);④起搏器植入術(shù)后。
2018年5月6日患者啟用ARNI替代ACEI,起始劑量為100 mg,每日2次,ARNI耐受良好,用藥前UCG示LVEF 42%,NT-proBNP 176.9 pg/ml,
6 min步行實(shí)驗(yàn)(6MWT)最大步行距離357 m(心肺功能2級(jí)),期間發(fā)生1次室性心動(dòng)過速?;颊叱鲈汉罄^續(xù)予ARNI改善心力衰竭,其余治療方案同前。
服藥 3個(gè)月后患者訴一般日?;顒?dòng)無胸悶氣促,睡眠改善,生活質(zhì)量提高;UCG示LVEF 54%,較前升高了12%,右心房、右心室內(nèi)徑較前略減小;二尖瓣、三尖瓣反流較前減輕;NT-proBNP降至158.7 pg/ml。即服用ARNI后有效升高LVEF,改善心力衰竭癥狀(表1、圖1)。24 h心電圖較前減少室性期前收縮總數(shù),未發(fā)生室性心動(dòng)過速,心率更加穩(wěn)定,但心房撲動(dòng)總時(shí)間無明顯改變(表1)。6MWT步行距離大于435 m(心肺功能3級(jí)),且期間無惡性心率失常發(fā)生,運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力提高。遠(yuǎn)程ICD監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)顯示服藥期間未發(fā)生ICD放電,且無室性心動(dòng)過速發(fā)生,見表2。
圖1 DCM合并HFrEF患者診治前后心功能評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)變化
討論
本例患者起病為緩慢型心律失常合并CAVB及心房撲動(dòng),安置永久起搏器治療后5年內(nèi)進(jìn)展為DCM并出現(xiàn)HFrEF及室性心律失常,反復(fù)調(diào)整治療方案仍未能很好控制病情進(jìn)展。其心力衰竭的原因可能是CAVB患者需長(zhǎng)期依賴右心室起搏,心室起搏比例大易導(dǎo)致左心室擴(kuò)大,降低射血分?jǐn)?shù),心室重構(gòu)進(jìn)而促進(jìn)心力衰竭及室性心律失常的發(fā)生和發(fā)展[3-4]。后將ACEI替換為ARNI后,患者心功能改善,如LVEF升高、NT-proBNP降低,生活質(zhì)量得到了提高,提示相比于ACEI,ARNI對(duì)DCM伴HFrEF及心律失?;颊咝Ч?。需注意的是,雖然ARNI類藥物確實(shí)延緩了心力衰竭病情的進(jìn)展,但治療后3個(gè)月復(fù)查UCG顯示左心室舒張末期內(nèi)徑從48 mm增至57 mm,這可能是因?yàn)榛颊唛_始服用ARNI類藥物時(shí)病情嚴(yán)重,其發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)心肌重構(gòu)是非常困難的或者需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間才能顯現(xiàn)出來。此外,也不能排除醫(yī)師及儀器測(cè)量誤差帶來的影響。因此需對(duì)患者進(jìn)行更長(zhǎng)期的隨訪,設(shè)立平行對(duì)照以及納入更多觀察對(duì)象,才能更好判斷ARNI治療的遠(yuǎn)期效果。
根據(jù)目前指南,已植入起搏器或ICD的HFrEF患者,藥物治療心力衰竭無效心功能持續(xù)惡化伴高比例右心室起搏,可考慮升級(jí)到心臟再同步化治療(CRT)(Ⅱb,B)[5]。然而,國(guó)外研究表明對(duì)于心力衰竭合并心房撲動(dòng)患者相對(duì)于無心房撲動(dòng)患者,接受CRT治療獲益更少,且獲益也主要來源于CRT對(duì)心力衰竭的改善而非心房撲動(dòng)[6-7]。此外,心力衰竭合并心房撲動(dòng)的患者更易表現(xiàn)為對(duì)CRT無應(yīng)答,心力衰竭可進(jìn)一步加重,住院率和病死率更高[8]。ARNI 若也能通過改善心力衰竭進(jìn)而使此類患者獲益,則對(duì)于升級(jí)CRT的必要性仍需考量,選擇ARNI治療或能使部分患者免于CRT治療。
ARNI推薦起始劑量為50 mg,也有研究者認(rèn)為起始劑量100 mg相對(duì)于50 mg,或更能提高患者運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力[5]。本例患者治療后運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力提高,提示ARNI藥物起始劑量100 mg對(duì)于DCM合并復(fù)雜心律失常及HFrEF耐受良好,其相對(duì)于ACEI更快更有效提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的原因可能與ARNI的腦啡肽酶抑制劑能減少內(nèi)源性利鈉肽的降解,增強(qiáng)利鈉肽等排鈉、利尿、擴(kuò)張血管,降低肺動(dòng)脈壓、肺毛細(xì)血管楔壓,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)心肺功能有關(guān)[9]。
治療后本例患者室性期前收縮和室性心動(dòng)過速都明顯減少,ICD和 6MWT都未記錄惡性心律失常,但對(duì)心房撲動(dòng)卻無明顯效果,進(jìn)而支持了de Diego等[10]的結(jié)論,即ARNI 或能抗室性心律失常,但對(duì)于房性心律失常無明顯作用。ARNI的抗心律失常機(jī)制仍未明,其原因可能是β受體拮抗劑聯(lián)合ARNI可協(xié)同逆轉(zhuǎn)心肌的病理性重塑,進(jìn)而改善心電不均勻傳導(dǎo)、傳導(dǎo)緩慢及折返的出現(xiàn),間接減少室性心律失常,實(shí)驗(yàn)研究并不支持其直接抗心律失常作用[11]。
綜上所述,本例提示DCM伴HFrEF、室性心率失常及CAVB,起始劑量100 mg 的ARNI治療安全,效果優(yōu)于ACEI,3個(gè)月即可改善心力衰竭,降低室性心律失常的發(fā)生,提高患者運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力及生活質(zhì)量,或無需升級(jí)CRT治療。
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(收稿日期:2019-08-12)
(本文編輯:楊江瑜)