孫曉玲,陳成聰,李寧,劉豐靜,董亞南,錢肖娜,邢玉嫻,劉苗苗,李喜旺
草地貪夜蛾有轉(zhuǎn)移危害茶樹的可能
孫曉玲1,2,陳成聰3,李寧1,2,劉豐靜4,董亞南1,2,錢肖娜1,2,邢玉嫻1,2,劉苗苗1,2,李喜旺1,2
1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院茶葉研究所,浙江 杭州 310008;2. 農(nóng)業(yè)部茶樹生物學(xué)與資源利用重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,浙江 杭州 310008;3. 國(guó)家茶葉質(zhì)量安全工程技術(shù)研究中心,福建 泉州 362400;4. 福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院茶葉研究所,福建 福州 350000
草地貪夜蛾()是世界性的重大遷飛性害蟲,寄主范圍極廣。本文比較研究了草地貪夜蛾幼蟲取食茶樹和玉米葉片的生長(zhǎng)適合度。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,飼喂茶樹葉片的初孵草地貪夜蛾幼蟲8?d死亡率高達(dá)100%。3齡(9日齡)草地貪夜蛾幼蟲取食茶樹葉片的幼蟲體重增長(zhǎng)量顯著低于以玉米葉為食的幼蟲;取食3?d和6?d后,以茶樹葉片為食的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的體重分別是以玉米葉為食的幼蟲體重的35.58%和36.67%。取食茶樹葉片的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的生長(zhǎng)適合度明顯低于取食玉米葉的幼蟲。主要表現(xiàn)為:(1)8?d后,取食玉米葉的草地貪夜蛾3齡幼蟲存活率比取食茶樹葉片的幼蟲高出20%;(2)取食茶樹葉片的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的成功化蛹率為54.17%;(3)取食茶樹葉片的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的發(fā)育歷期極顯著長(zhǎng)于取食玉米葉的幼蟲,且蛹重、蛹長(zhǎng)和蛹寬極顯著低于取食玉米葉的幼蟲的蛹。盡管取食茶樹葉片的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的生長(zhǎng)適合度較低,但是由于茶園中存在草地貪夜蛾嗜食的雜草,初孵幼蟲可以雜草為食,3齡以上幼蟲可取食茶樹葉片并成功化蛹。因此,推測(cè)一旦草地貪夜蛾誤遷入茶園,在茶園中的嗜食雜草被其食光后,其幼蟲很有可能進(jìn)一步危害茶樹。
茶樹;草地貪夜蛾;危害;可能性
草地貪夜蛾(),俗稱秋黏蟲(英文名:Fall armyworm,F(xiàn)AW),隸屬鱗翅目(Lepidoptera),夜蛾科(Noctuidae),是原產(chǎn)于美洲熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)的雜食性害蟲,成蟲通過季節(jié)性遷飛尋找適宜環(huán)境完成多個(gè)世代的繁殖[1-2]。截至目前,草地貪夜蛾的發(fā)生與危害已橫跨美洲、非洲和亞洲,成為世界性的重大遷飛性害蟲[3-6]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),草地貪夜蛾幼蟲可以取食包括谷類糧食作物(玉米、水稻、高粱和麥類等)、木本經(jīng)濟(jì)作物(葡萄、芒果、蘋果和柑橘等)、草本經(jīng)濟(jì)作物(煙草、花卉和花生等)、蔬菜類(花椰菜、油菜和辣椒等)、豆類(大豆、蠶豆、豌豆和胡枝子等)、禾本科雜草(稗草、野草莓和馬唐)以及綠肥(黑麥草)等在內(nèi)的76屬350余種植物[7-9],并逐漸分化出嗜食玉米、高粱和棉花的玉米型和主要為害水稻和牧草的水稻型[10-13]。更為嚴(yán)重的是,草地貪夜蛾還具有適生區(qū)域廣、遷移性強(qiáng)、繁殖力高、抗藥性強(qiáng)和暴食為害等特點(diǎn),從而導(dǎo)致其發(fā)生難于防治[1-2,14-16]。因此,及早發(fā)現(xiàn)并進(jìn)行防治是控制草地貪夜蛾大規(guī)模危害和擴(kuò)散的有效手段。
2019年1月,草地貪夜蛾首次由緬甸傳入我國(guó)云南、廣東和廣西等地,并在中國(guó)境內(nèi)27個(gè)?。ㄊ校??200多個(gè)縣(區(qū))迅速蔓延[17-18]。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),遷入我國(guó)的草地貪夜蛾以玉米型為主,但也有少量的水稻型,已有報(bào)道的受害作物主要有玉米、甘蔗、高粱、花生、薏仁、小麥和香蕉等[11-12,17-18]。自發(fā)現(xiàn)草地貪夜蛾遷入至今,我國(guó)植物保護(hù)工作者和相關(guān)研究人員已經(jīng)在草地貪夜蛾的生物學(xué)特性、Bt抗性機(jī)制、遷入種類基因分型鑒定、遷飛路徑,以及監(jiān)測(cè)與防控策略等方面做了大量的基礎(chǔ)理論與應(yīng)用技術(shù)研究[13,17,19-24]。一些科研工作者還比較了草地貪夜蛾對(duì)玉米、煙草、蕎麥、薏米()或菜豆等寄主植物的選擇偏好性,以及取食玉米不同組織對(duì)草地貪夜蛾生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和體內(nèi)各項(xiàng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)指標(biāo)的影響[25-27]。研究結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)蟲口密度過高或食物匱乏時(shí),草地貪夜蛾存在向非嗜好作物轉(zhuǎn)移為害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。
茶樹()起源于中國(guó),是我國(guó)重要的木本經(jīng)濟(jì)作物之一,主要種植在暖溫帶和亞熱帶地區(qū),而該氣候區(qū)亦屬于草地貪夜蛾的適生區(qū)范圍。盡管目前尚未有茶樹是草地貪夜蛾寄主植物的報(bào)道,并且在我國(guó)也并未發(fā)現(xiàn)草地貪夜蛾危害茶樹,但是茶園中的常見雜草[28],如馬唐、野草莓、馬齒莧和蒲公英()等,卻是草地貪夜蛾的嗜好植物[7-9]。假如草地貪夜蛾遷入茶園附近,茶園周邊的雜草被其取食光后,其幼蟲是否會(huì)擴(kuò)散到茶樹上危害,是否會(huì)對(duì)茶葉生產(chǎn)造成重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失等問題亟待回答。鑒于此,本文以茶樹、玉米和草地貪夜蛾為研究對(duì)象,調(diào)查了草地貪夜蛾初孵幼蟲和3齡幼蟲分別取食玉米和茶樹葉片后的死亡率,比較了3齡幼蟲分別取食玉米和茶樹葉片后幼蟲體重增長(zhǎng)量、發(fā)育歷期、化蛹率以及蛹的各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),以期為茶園害蟲的防治提供相關(guān)預(yù)警資料。
供試普通玉米種子購(gòu)自浙江省杭州市轉(zhuǎn)塘農(nóng)貿(mào)市場(chǎng),盆栽15?d后的玉米葉用于試驗(yàn);供試茶樹品種為龍井43兩年生茶苗,二者均于(26±2)℃溫室中培養(yǎng),光照為12L∶12D,相對(duì)濕度為60%~70%。
草地貪夜蛾于2019年5月采集自廣西省南寧市明陽(yáng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)玉米田。室內(nèi)單頭飼以新鮮玉米葉,在溫度(25±2)℃、相對(duì)濕度(70±5)%和光周期L∶D=13∶11的條件下飼養(yǎng)。初孵幼蟲和取食玉米葉9?d后且長(zhǎng)勢(shì)健壯的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲用于不同的生物學(xué)測(cè)定試驗(yàn)。3齡幼蟲試驗(yàn)前饑餓4?h。
草地貪夜蛾初孵幼蟲單頭飼養(yǎng)于培養(yǎng)皿(直徑9?cm)中,分別飼以玉米葉和茶樹葉片(芽下第二葉和第四葉),每天更換葉片并記錄幼蟲死亡的個(gè)體數(shù),連續(xù)記錄8?d。每個(gè)處理60個(gè)生物學(xué)重復(fù)。
草地貪夜蛾危害部位的觀察采用網(wǎng)籠法。田間剪取龍井43的茶枝(從魚葉部位剪?。?,10個(gè)茶枝插入保濕的花泥塊中,在每個(gè)茶枝上接入3頭3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲,取食48?h后觀察取食部位及危害特征。
草地貪夜蛾3齡幼蟲單頭飼養(yǎng)于培養(yǎng)皿(直徑9?cm)中,分別飼以玉米葉和茶樹葉片(芽下第四葉),當(dāng)葉片剩下二分之一時(shí)即更換葉片,每日記錄幼蟲死亡的個(gè)體數(shù),連續(xù)記錄8?d;每3?d稱重1次,連續(xù)2次;記錄每個(gè)處理幼蟲成功化蛹的數(shù)量以及從3齡幼蟲至化蛹成功的時(shí)間,并于化蛹后第2天對(duì)蛹長(zhǎng)、蛹寬和蛹重進(jìn)行測(cè)量和記錄。每個(gè)處理30個(gè)生物學(xué)重復(fù)。死亡率、存活率和化蛹率的計(jì)算方法如下:
利用PASW Statistics 18軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,取食玉米和茶樹葉片之間的幼蟲體重、發(fā)育歷期和蛹各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的差異顯著性采用Student’stest進(jìn)行比較。
初孵草地貪夜蛾幼蟲取食茶樹葉片3?d的死亡率即可達(dá)到80%,8?d后死亡率達(dá)到100%,取食玉米葉的初孵草地貪夜蛾幼蟲8?d死亡率為0%(圖1-A)。3齡草地貪夜蛾取食茶樹葉片后,3?d死亡率僅有6.67%,5~8?d死亡率均為20%,取食玉米葉的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的8?d死亡率為0%(圖1-B)。
2.2 3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲取食茶樹的葉位及其危害狀
經(jīng)過觀察,室內(nèi)網(wǎng)籠飼養(yǎng)的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲主要危害茶樹的成熟葉,茶尺蠖等其他茶樹害蟲嗜食的芽下第1~3葉并未見其危害(圖2-A和2-B);草地貪夜蛾幼蟲對(duì)成熟葉的危害狀表現(xiàn)為咬食葉片表皮和葉肉(圖2-C)。但是當(dāng)無食物選擇時(shí),草地貪夜蛾亦可取食茶樹嫩葉,其危害狀呈“C字形”缺口,與2齡茶尺蠖幼蟲對(duì)茶樹的危害狀相似(圖2-D)。
注:A:初孵幼蟲;B:3齡幼蟲 Note: A: Newly hatched larvae. B: 3rdinstar larvae
圖2 草地貪夜蛾高齡幼蟲取食茶樹的葉位(A,B)及其危害狀(C,D)
取食玉米葉的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲體重增長(zhǎng)量極顯著高于以茶樹葉片為食的幼蟲;取食3?d和6?d后,以茶樹葉片為食的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的體重分別是以玉米葉為食的幼蟲體重的35.58%和36.67%(圖3)。
取食玉米葉的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的生長(zhǎng)適合度明顯好于取食茶樹葉片的幼蟲。主要表現(xiàn)為:(1)取食玉米葉的草地貪夜蛾的幼蟲存活率比取食茶樹葉片的幼蟲存活率高出20%;(2)取食茶樹葉片存活下來的草地貪夜蛾有54.17%可成功化蛹,其化蛹率比取食玉米葉的草地貪夜蛾降低45.83%;(3)取食茶樹葉片的草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的發(fā)育歷期極顯著長(zhǎng)于取食玉米葉的幼蟲,前者是后者的1.89倍;(4)取食玉米葉的草地貪夜蛾的蛹重、蛹長(zhǎng)和蛹寬極顯著高于取食茶樹葉片幼蟲的蛹,前者分別是后者的1.84、1.18、1.23倍。具體結(jié)果詳見表1和表2。
注:圖中數(shù)據(jù)為平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差,**代表P<0.001
表1 取食不同植物的3齡草地貪夜蛾幼蟲存活率和化蛹率的比較
表2 取食不同植物的3齡草地貪夜蛾發(fā)育時(shí)間和蛹個(gè)體差異的比較
注:數(shù)據(jù)來自平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,**代表<0.001
Note: Data in the table are mean ± standard error, ** indicates<0.001
茶樹種植歷史悠久,主要種植在暖溫帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)。茶樹終年枝繁葉茂,這為害蟲的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育和繁殖提供了棲息地和豐富的食物來源。歷史上曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過其他寄主植物上的雜食性害蟲(小貫小綠葉蟬、茶跗線螨、茶細(xì)蛾、長(zhǎng)白蚧和油桐尺蠖,等等)轉(zhuǎn)移到茶樹上后,經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的適應(yīng)最后成為茶樹上優(yōu)勢(shì)種的實(shí)例[29]。例如,小貫小綠葉蟬原是桃、葡萄和林木上的次要害蟲,以刺吸植物汁液為食,由于茶樹嫩梢密集符合其取食要求,使其成為目前我國(guó)茶園中的頭號(hào)害蟲,且廣布于中國(guó)各大茶區(qū);茶跗線螨原是危害棉花、茄子和蔬菜等雙子葉植物上的害螨,轉(zhuǎn)移到茶樹上后迅速蔓延,目前在西南茶區(qū)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重。本研究的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,飼喂茶樹葉片的初孵草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的8?d死亡率可高達(dá)100%(圖1-A),但飼喂茶樹葉片的3齡幼蟲的存活率可高達(dá)80%(表1);盡管取食茶樹葉片的幼蟲發(fā)育歷期極顯著延長(zhǎng),約是取食玉米葉幼蟲的1.89倍(表2),但是有超過50%存活下來的幼蟲可成功化蛹(表1)。幼蟲期死亡率的高低及發(fā)育歷期的長(zhǎng)短,是昆蟲與寄主適合度高低的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[30]。因此,本文的比較結(jié)果說明草地貪夜蛾3齡及以上幼蟲可以取食茶樹,但是其在茶樹上的生長(zhǎng)適合度明顯低于玉米。值得一提的是,草地貪夜蛾幼蟲在選擇性取食過程中,主動(dòng)避開了次生代謝物質(zhì)含量較高的茶樹嫩梢部位[31-32],這亦是植物誘導(dǎo)防御產(chǎn)生速度較快和水平較高的部位[33]。這一現(xiàn)象說明草地貪夜蛾在與植物的長(zhǎng)期協(xié)同進(jìn)化過程中,獲得了較高水平的生存策略。馬唐、野草莓、馬齒莧和蒲公英是茶園中常見的雜草種類[28],而這些雜草均是草地貪夜蛾幼蟲的嗜好植物[7,9]。最新研究結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)蟲口密度過高或食物匱乏時(shí),草地貪夜蛾存在向非嗜好植物轉(zhuǎn)移為害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25]。因此,有理由推測(cè),假如草地貪夜蛾誤遷入茶園,茶園中的雜草被其食光后,其幼蟲會(huì)向茶樹擴(kuò)散。鑒于此,茶園生產(chǎn)管理者在草地貪夜蛾的發(fā)生期應(yīng)積極鏟除茶行間的雜草;并且當(dāng)茶園附近有柑橘、葡萄及其他草地貪夜蛾的嗜好寄主大面積種植時(shí),需要密切關(guān)注茶園中是否有草地貪夜蛾遷入,謹(jǐn)防草地貪夜蛾高齡幼蟲向茶樹轉(zhuǎn)移并給茶葉生產(chǎn)帶來重大影響。
草地貪夜蛾是世界性的重大遷飛性害蟲,寄主范圍極廣[7-9],曾經(jīng)給美國(guó)和非洲的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來過巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失[3,14]。自2019年年初,草地貪夜蛾經(jīng)由緬甸遷入中國(guó)伊始,短短9個(gè)月就已在我國(guó)的27個(gè)省(市)1?200多個(gè)縣(區(qū))發(fā)現(xiàn)其危害[17-18]。由于草地貪夜蛾具有高雜食性、適生區(qū)域廣、遷移性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn),在中國(guó)境內(nèi)是否會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移危害寄主植物以外的其他植物,尤其是中國(guó)相對(duì)特有的植物?草地貪夜蛾的侵入會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)整個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)以及生物多樣性產(chǎn)生何種影響?這些問題值得我國(guó)植物保護(hù)工作者深入思考和研究。
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The Fall Armywormmay Transfer to Damage Tea Plant ()
SUN Xiaoling1,2, CHEN Chengcong3, LI Ning1,2, LIU Fengjing4, DONG Ya′nan1,2, QIAN Xiaona1,2, XING Yuxian1,2, LIU Miaomiao1,2, LI Xiwang1,2
1. Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources, Hangzhou 310008, China; 3. National Research Center of Engineering and Technology of Tea Quality and Safety, Quanzhou 362400, China; 4. The Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350000, China
is a world-class major migratory pest with a wide range of hosts. The growth fitness oflarvae feeding on maize and tea leaves was studied. The result shows that the mortality rate of the newly emerged larvae feeding on tea leaves was as high as 100% for 8?d. Weight gain of 3rdinstar larvae feeding on maize leaves was significantly higher than that of larvae feeding on tea leaves. After feeding for 3?d and 6?d, the weight gains of larvae feeding on tea leaves were 35.58% and 36.67% of those feeding on maize leaves respectively. Growth fitness of larvae feeding on maize leaves was significantly better than larvae feeding on tea leaves. The main manifestations are as follows: (1) the survival rate of the old larvae feeding on the maize leaves for 8?d was 20% higher than that feeding on tea leaves. (2) the pupation rate of 9-daysinstar larvae feeding on tea leaves was 54.17%. (3) the developmental period of the larvae feeding on tea leaves was significantly longer than that of the larvae feeding on the maize leaves. moreover, the pupa weight, length and width of the larvae feeding on maize leaves were significantly higher than those of the larvae feeding on tea leaves. Although the performance offeeding on tea leaves was significantly lower than that feeding on maize leaves, some weeds species are the host ofand 3rdinstar larvae feeding on tea leaves could pupate successfully. Thus it is reasonable to speculate that ifmigrates to the tea plantation or nearby, the larvae may transfer to damage tea plants with some weeds acting as intermediate.
tea plant,, transfer damage, possibility
S571.1;S435.711
A
1000-369X(2020)01-105-08
2019-10-11
2019-10-31
公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)經(jīng)費(fèi)(201403030)、浙江省“151”人才工程資助項(xiàng)目
孫曉玲,女,研究員,主要從事植物保護(hù)和茶樹抗性育種研究,xlsun1974@163.com