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茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)與外源污染物在沖泡過(guò)程中的浸出規(guī)律

2020-02-25 09:16陳紅平劉新魯成銀邱靜
茶葉科學(xué) 2020年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:溶解度金屬元素茶湯

陳紅平,劉新,魯成銀*,邱靜

茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)與外源污染物在沖泡過(guò)程中的浸出規(guī)律

陳紅平1,2,3,劉新2,魯成銀2*,邱靜1*

1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究所,北京 100081;2. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院茶葉研究所農(nóng)業(yè)部茶葉產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室,農(nóng)業(yè)部茶葉質(zhì)量安全控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,浙江 杭州 310008;3. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院研究生院,北京 100081

在收集相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)分析茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)、農(nóng)藥殘留與金屬元素在茶湯中的浸出規(guī)律?;衔锏睦砘再|(zhì)和茶葉沖泡方法是影響浸出率的內(nèi)因和外因,其中內(nèi)因起著決定性作用。茶湯中化合物浸出率與水溶解度呈正相關(guān),與辛醇-水分配系數(shù)(辛醇/水)呈負(fù)相關(guān)。沖泡水溫升高能顯著提高茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)與外源污染物的浸出率及其在茶湯中的濃度,沖泡時(shí)間與化合物浸出速率呈負(fù)相關(guān),但隨著時(shí)間增加,茶湯中化合物的濃度顯著提高。新煙堿類(lèi)農(nóng)藥和氨基甲酸酯類(lèi)農(nóng)藥浸出率較高,大部分農(nóng)藥浸出率高于60%。金屬元素在茶湯中的浸出率研究結(jié)果相差較大,氟、鎳、鈷在茶湯中浸出率較高,達(dá)到50%以上,鉛的浸出率在20%~50%?;谫|(zhì)譜分析代謝組學(xué)技術(shù)將在茶葉沖泡過(guò)程的化學(xué)物質(zhì)浸出規(guī)律研究中發(fā)揮重要作用,熱力學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)和傳質(zhì)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型將有利于更深層面認(rèn)識(shí)外源有害物質(zhì)在茶湯中的浸出行為。

茶葉沖泡;內(nèi)含物質(zhì);農(nóng)藥殘留;重金屬;浸出規(guī)律

茶葉的色、香、味等品質(zhì)是茶葉沖泡過(guò)程中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)在茶湯中溶解、釋放的體現(xiàn)。茶多酚、咖啡堿、茶多糖、氨基酸、茶色素等特征成分溶解于茶湯中,形成茶葉獨(dú)特的香氣與滋味[1-2]。茶多酚是一類(lèi)多酚化合物,主要有兒茶素、黃酮和黃酮類(lèi)、酚酸及縮酚酸等。茶多酚易溶于熱水,是構(gòu)成茶湯品質(zhì)的基礎(chǔ),一定程度上決定了茶湯的滋味及顏色。盡管咖啡堿呈苦味,但是咖啡堿與茶葉中的其他物質(zhì)在茶湯溫度下降后形成絡(luò)合物,從而呈現(xiàn)鮮爽滋味。茶氨酸是茶葉游離氨基酸主要成分,占氨基酸總量50%~60%,具有焦糖香和鮮爽味,增加茶湯甜味和鮮味。茶葉呈香物質(zhì)主要包括醇類(lèi)、醛類(lèi)、酸類(lèi)、酯類(lèi)、酮類(lèi)、萜烯類(lèi),盡管呈香物質(zhì)在茶湯中的溶解度差異較大,但茶葉沖泡過(guò)程中,呈香物質(zhì)的釋放通常與時(shí)間、水溫及沖泡次數(shù)等因素密切相關(guān)。因此,茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)在茶湯中溶解與釋放是茶葉滋味與香氣的化學(xué)物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),是茶葉品質(zhì)的決定性條件。

茶湯既是茶葉特征成分的載體,同時(shí)也是茶葉中外源有害物質(zhì)被人體吸收的主要途徑之一。與其他農(nóng)產(chǎn)品或食品不同,茶葉中外源有害物質(zhì)在飲茶時(shí)并非完全進(jìn)入人體,只有當(dāng)有害物質(zhì)溶解于茶湯后才被人體吸收,從而對(duì)人體構(gòu)成潛在的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,有害物質(zhì)在茶湯中的浸出率是茶葉中有害物質(zhì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。

本文在收集相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)上,分別從茶葉特征成分、農(nóng)藥殘留與金屬元素(重金屬)等三方面,總結(jié)分析茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)和外源污染物在茶湯中的溶解、釋放與轉(zhuǎn)化規(guī)律,旨在探尋茶葉沖泡過(guò)程中物質(zhì)遷移轉(zhuǎn)化的基礎(chǔ)規(guī)律,從而為茶葉品質(zhì)調(diào)控、感官審評(píng)以及茶葉質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究提供線索。

1 茶葉沖泡條件對(duì)內(nèi)含物質(zhì)浸出率的影響

多酚、咖啡堿、氨基酸、多糖、色素等特征成分在茶湯中的溶解與釋放不僅與化合物的理化性質(zhì)相關(guān),而且與茶葉的種類(lèi)、形狀、水質(zhì)、水溫、茶水比、沖泡時(shí)間、沖泡次數(shù)等相關(guān)[3-5]。我國(guó)將茶葉分為綠茶、紅茶、青茶(烏龍茶)、白茶、黃茶和黑茶,它們之間的差異不僅體現(xiàn)在茶葉品種、工藝和外形上,而且在沖泡方式和方法上也存在差異,從而體現(xiàn)茶葉品質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。

1.1 沖泡溫度對(duì)內(nèi)含物特征成分的影響

茶葉中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)的浸出是溶質(zhì)分子(浸出物)在固相(茶葉)與液相(水相)之間的分配,并逐漸達(dá)到平衡狀態(tài)。浸出過(guò)程包括:水相進(jìn)入茶葉固體內(nèi)并溶解茶葉內(nèi)含物,隨后溶質(zhì)從茶葉內(nèi)部液體中擴(kuò)散而達(dá)到茶葉表面,最后溶質(zhì)從茶葉表面通過(guò)液膜擴(kuò)散而達(dá)到外部水相的主體。在此過(guò)程中,水溫是影響茶葉內(nèi)含物浸出速度的關(guān)鍵影響因子之一。

茶葉沖泡溫度不同,內(nèi)含物在茶湯中的溶解度和溶解速率不同,從而影響茶湯中可溶性成分含量,形成不同口感,影響茶湯品質(zhì)[6-8]。Jin等[9]采用非靶向UPLC-QTOF/MS結(jié)合組學(xué)分析,通過(guò)主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判別分析(OPLS-DA),發(fā)現(xiàn)60℃與90℃水溫沖泡下的茶湯中內(nèi)含物含量存在顯著差異。李再兵[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),綠茶沖泡時(shí)水溫從60℃上升至100℃時(shí),茶多酚、咖啡堿和氨基酸的浸出率均呈上升趨勢(shì),浸出率分別提高70.22%、59.30%和46.34%(圖1)。金恩惠[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),烏龍茶和普洱茶沖泡過(guò)程中可溶性物質(zhì)的浸出量呈先上升至飽和濃度,再趨于平緩的趨勢(shì)。通過(guò)溫度對(duì)茶葉特征成分的影響分析,結(jié)合感官審評(píng),烏龍茶與普洱茶的沖泡溫度推薦為100℃。劉曉莎[12]利用核磁共振技術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)烏龍茶沖泡過(guò)程中,隨著水溫的增加,水浸出物、茶多酚、可溶性糖、游離氨基酸和生物堿均顯著增加(圖2)。Kelebek[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著水溫提高(從80℃上升到100℃),茶湯顏色發(fā)生顯著變化,抗氧化能力下降15.5%~36.6%,茶多酚、沒(méi)食子酸衍生物、黃烷-3-醇、羥基肉桂酸酯、茶黃素、咖啡堿含量分別上升17.2%、30.1%、45.5%、7.5%、18.1%和17.3%。Pérez-Burilloa等[14]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶葉沖泡水溫60℃上升到98℃時(shí),兒茶素和咖啡堿呈上升趨勢(shì),尤其在70℃~90℃區(qū)間,上升更為明顯,同時(shí)茶湯抗氧化能力也顯著上升。兒茶素在高溫下(高于95℃)發(fā)生差向異構(gòu)反應(yīng),由表沒(méi)食子兒茶素沒(méi)食子酸酯(EGCG)、表沒(méi)食子兒茶素(EGC)轉(zhuǎn)化為沒(méi)食子兒茶素沒(méi)食子酸酯(GCG)、沒(méi)食子兒茶素(GC)。因此當(dāng)水溫從75℃上升到85℃時(shí),茶湯中EGCG和EGC呈上升趨勢(shì),而水溫從85℃上升到95℃時(shí),EGCG和EGC呈下降趨勢(shì)[15]。

由此可見(jiàn),茶葉內(nèi)含特征物質(zhì)隨著沖泡水溫提高,在茶湯中的浸出率增加。水溫增加,有助于提高化合物在水中的溶解度以及水對(duì)茶葉組織的滲透能力;同時(shí)水溫提高,加速茶葉組織破壞,增加茶葉組織間的空隙,從而有利于茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)的溶出。

注:浸泡時(shí)間5?min,茶葉∶水=3?g∶150?mL Note: infusion time for 5?min and tea∶water=3?g∶150?mL

1.2 沖泡時(shí)間對(duì)內(nèi)含物特征成分的影響

茶葉中內(nèi)含物在茶湯中的浸出過(guò)程是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡過(guò)程,但不是簡(jiǎn)單的溶質(zhì)分子在水相中快速達(dá)到平衡狀態(tài),而是溶質(zhì)分子從固相(茶葉)到液相(茶湯)中溶解、擴(kuò)散和傳質(zhì)的過(guò)程。在這個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)平衡過(guò)程中,時(shí)間是影響溶質(zhì)分子在水相(茶湯)中含量的關(guān)鍵因素,在一定范圍內(nèi)符合一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程。李再兵[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)綠茶中氨基酸的浸出率和沖泡時(shí)間符合一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)方程,如公式(1):

=7.504ln()+18.708(2=0.993)·······························(1)

式中為每100?mL的含量(mg),為時(shí)間(min)。

?lyaso?lu等[16]采用響應(yīng)面統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析了沖泡時(shí)間和溫度對(duì)茶葉抗壞血酸、茶多酚的影響,并建立了數(shù)學(xué)模型(2)和(3),用于預(yù)測(cè)抗壞血酸和茶多酚在茶湯中的浸出率。

=3.229+0.002-0.1292+0.100-0.0542·······························(2)

=61.411+1.835-2.0112+1.358-2.5212·······························(3)

式中為每100?mL的含量(mg),為時(shí)間(min),為溫度(℃)

Jin等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),水溫為60℃時(shí),在60?min內(nèi),茶湯中兒茶素總量隨溫度升高而增加,主要是由于GC、C、GCG和CG在茶湯中含量上升;在90℃時(shí),茶湯中兒茶素總量在10?min內(nèi)迅速上升,然后在10~30?min內(nèi)呈下降趨勢(shì),其主要原因是EGC、EC、EGCG和ECG向?qū)?yīng)的差向異構(gòu)體轉(zhuǎn)化。Gani等[17]采用273?nm波長(zhǎng)作為HPLC-UV檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng),考查了監(jiān)測(cè)信號(hào)與茶葉沖泡時(shí)間的關(guān)系,結(jié)果表明信號(hào)強(qiáng)度與沖泡時(shí)間呈正相關(guān),由此說(shuō)明,茶湯中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)隨沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增加。Nikniaz等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)散裝紅茶和袋泡紅茶隨著沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),茶湯中的多酚含量增加,抗氧化能力提升。Zhang等[19]研究了沖泡參數(shù)對(duì)白茶品質(zhì)的影響,在沖泡6?min后,兒茶素、咖啡堿和茶氨酸均呈上升趨勢(shì),但在第7分鐘,EGCG、EC、ECG和咖啡堿有所下降,結(jié)合茶湯特征成分分析和感官審評(píng),白茶推薦沖泡參數(shù)為沖泡時(shí)間7?min,溫度100℃,料液比1∶30或1∶40,沖泡2次。Gan等[20]考查了泡時(shí)間對(duì)不同茶葉茶湯中多酚物質(zhì)與抗氧化能力的影響,結(jié)果表明,10?min內(nèi)多酚物質(zhì)和抗氧化能力均上升,并推薦紅茶、綠茶沖泡2次,但袋泡茶只沖泡1次。

由此可見(jiàn),沖泡時(shí)間與茶湯中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)濃度呈正相關(guān),與單位時(shí)間浸出量呈負(fù)相關(guān)。沖泡時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),茶湯中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)濃度越高,但單位時(shí)間浸出量降低。茶葉沖泡起始階段(1~2?min),茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡堿、水溶性多糖等內(nèi)含物質(zhì)迅速溶解于茶湯中,茶湯中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)濃度比例與茶葉中內(nèi)含物質(zhì)比例相近。當(dāng)沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)時(shí),茶湯中茶多酚、咖啡堿等高含量?jī)?nèi)質(zhì)成分浸出濃度高于氨基酸,從而導(dǎo)致酚氨比增大,苦澀味更為明顯。

1.3 水質(zhì)對(duì)茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)浸出的影響

水質(zhì)對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)的影響包括兩方面,一方面水中有機(jī)物質(zhì)和無(wú)機(jī)物質(zhì)添加到茶湯中,不與茶葉內(nèi)含物作用,由于添加物質(zhì)本身的物理化學(xué)屬性,從而改變茶湯滋味、湯色和香氣等;另一方面,水中有機(jī)物或無(wú)機(jī)物與茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)相互作用,產(chǎn)生新的化合物,從而改變茶湯滋味、湯色和香氣等品質(zhì)特征。對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)及其化學(xué)成分影響的水質(zhì)因子主要包括金屬離子、礦物質(zhì)離子、pH、水中氣體分子等[21-23]。大量研究表明,Ca2+、Fe3+/Fe2+、Al3+等金屬離子是影響茶湯品質(zhì)關(guān)鍵因子之一,其原因是金屬離子與茶葉內(nèi)含物相互作用,形成絡(luò)合物從而改變茶湯滋味、湯色或香氣[24-27]。由于茶葉富含多酚、氨基酸等弱酸性物質(zhì),茶湯具有較強(qiáng)的緩沖能力,pH范圍明顯窄于飲用水pH范圍,因而水中pH對(duì)茶葉內(nèi)含物浸出的影響并不顯著[28-29]。

2 茶葉中農(nóng)藥殘留在茶湯中的浸出規(guī)律

農(nóng)藥殘留是茶葉外源污染物,茶樹(shù)鮮葉吸附農(nóng)藥后,經(jīng)過(guò)茶葉加工滲透到茶葉組織內(nèi),或與茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)相互作用。農(nóng)藥在茶葉中的分布包括葉表面、組織間和組織內(nèi)。因此,農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的溶出規(guī)律與茶葉內(nèi)含物浸出規(guī)律存在較大差異。

2.1 農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率

目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外針對(duì)在茶葉中使用的農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行了浸出規(guī)律研究,已查明60種農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率,包括有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥(15種)、新煙堿類(lèi)農(nóng)藥(5種)、擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯農(nóng)藥(7種)、苯甲酰脲類(lèi)(7種)、有機(jī)氯類(lèi)農(nóng)藥(5種)、氨基甲酸酯類(lèi)(3種)和其他農(nóng)藥(18種)(表1)。總體上,新煙堿類(lèi)農(nóng)藥和氨基甲酸酯類(lèi)農(nóng)藥浸出率較高,大部分浸出率高于60%。有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥、擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯農(nóng)藥和苯甲酰脲類(lèi)農(nóng)藥浸出率較低,均低于10.5%,部分浸出率為0。有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥浸出率差異較大,甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷和樂(lè)果的浸出率高于80%,三唑磷、水胺硫磷、殺撲磷和磷銨浸出率為27%~65%,其他有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥浸出率較低。另外,多菌靈和噻苯唑農(nóng)藥浸出率較高,均高于80%。

2.2 影響農(nóng)藥浸出率的主要因素

農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率取決于農(nóng)藥理化性質(zhì)(內(nèi)因)和沖泡方法、茶葉屬性及其農(nóng)藥殘留量等(外因)。農(nóng)藥的浸出率與水溶解度、辛醇/水比和蒸汽壓密切相關(guān),水溶解度越大、辛醇/水比越小、蒸汽壓越小,農(nóng)藥浸出率就越大[31,42,45]。圖3與圖4說(shuō)明了19種農(nóng)藥的水溶解度和辛醇/水比與浸出率的關(guān)系,農(nóng)藥浸出率隨著其在水中的溶解度增加而提高,當(dāng)在水中的溶解度低于20?mg·L-1時(shí),農(nóng)藥浸出率低于15%;當(dāng)在水中的溶解度從35?mg·L-1(三唑磷)上升到4?100?mg·L-1(噻蟲(chóng)嗪)時(shí),農(nóng)藥浸出率從22.6%上升到90.6%。因此,在水中的溶解度20?mg·L-1可能是農(nóng)藥浸出率的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。農(nóng)藥浸出率與辛醇/水比成負(fù)相關(guān),辛醇/水比越低,浸出率就越高。當(dāng)辛醇/水比(Logow)從1.52(多菌靈)上升到2.48(水胺硫磷)時(shí),農(nóng)藥浸出率從80%下降到30%。由此可見(jiàn),辛醇/水比Logow=2可能是農(nóng)藥浸出率的閾值[31]。Wan等[55]研究表明,水溶解度低于10?mg·L-1或高于179?mg·L-1時(shí),農(nóng)藥浸出率與水溶解度相關(guān)性不顯著,農(nóng)藥浸出率分別在1%~4%和大于90%范圍;但水溶解度為10~150?mg·L-1時(shí),農(nóng)藥浸出率與水溶解度幾乎呈線性上升關(guān)系。Hou等[37]比較了3種新煙堿類(lèi)農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率,吡蟲(chóng)啉、噻蟲(chóng)嗪和啶蟲(chóng)脒的水溶解度分別為0.51、4.10?g·L-1和4.25?g·L-1,3種農(nóng)藥在茶湯中平均浸出率為63.1%、80.5%和78.3%。盡管農(nóng)藥浸出率與農(nóng)藥理化性質(zhì)和沖泡方法相關(guān),但Wang等[56]認(rèn)為水溶解度是影響浸出率最主要的因素,浸出率符合熱力學(xué)行為,并建立了浸出率(Log)與水溶解度(Log)數(shù)學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)模型,用于預(yù)測(cè)農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率。

茶葉沖泡方法,包括水溫、沖泡時(shí)間和沖泡次數(shù)等外因?qū)r(nóng)藥浸出率起到重要影響。浸泡水溫升高,有助于提高農(nóng)藥的水溶解度,加大水對(duì)茶葉基質(zhì)的滲透能力,加快農(nóng)藥的溶出速率。因此,沖泡溫度升高,農(nóng)藥在茶湯中浸出率顯著提升[56-57]。甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯隨著沖泡水溫度從60℃提高到100℃時(shí),浸出率分別從0.76%、0、0.72%和0上升到5.82%、5.58%、4.87%和3.96%[42]。

沖泡時(shí)間對(duì)農(nóng)藥浸出率的影響取決于農(nóng)藥的溶出速率、揮發(fā)速率和其在茶湯中的穩(wěn)定性。沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)會(huì)提高農(nóng)藥的浸出率,尤其對(duì)于水溶解度低的農(nóng)藥影響更大。在2、5、10、20、30?min內(nèi),甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和三氟氯氰菊酯在浸泡10?min時(shí)浸出率最大,比2?min時(shí)的浸出率提高了6.5倍以上[42]。Ozbey等[58]發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著浸出時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),殺螟硫磷、毒死蜱、樂(lè)果、馬拉硫磷和乙基嘧啶磷等有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥后期的浸出速率呈下降趨勢(shì),在10?min下降不明顯,但在20?min后,殺螟硫磷、毒死蜱、樂(lè)果、馬拉硫磷和乙基嘧啶磷分別下降了28.5%、35.4%、12.6%、39.8%和39.1%。噻蟲(chóng)嗪和噻蟲(chóng)啉在茶湯中的浸出率隨著時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增加,并在20?min達(dá)到最大值[38]。

圖3 農(nóng)藥水溶解度與浸出率的關(guān)系[31]

Fig 3. Relationship of water solubility and extraction rate of pesticides during tea brewing[31]

圖4 農(nóng)藥辛醇/水比(LogKow)與浸出率的關(guān)系[31]

Fig 4. Relationship of octanol/water ratio (Logow) and extraction rate of pesticides during tea brewing[31]

茶葉一般沖泡2~3次,每次沖泡過(guò)程中農(nóng)藥浸出率存在顯著差異,一般第一次沖泡農(nóng)藥浸出率大于第二次。Chen等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)農(nóng)藥總浸出率大于20%時(shí)(沖泡2次),第一泡和第二泡農(nóng)藥浸出率比例為(2∶1)~(5∶1);當(dāng)農(nóng)藥總浸出率小于10%時(shí),第一泡和第二泡農(nóng)藥浸出率相當(dāng)。這一結(jié)果與茶葉中鄰苯二甲酸酯在茶湯中的浸出率相近[59]。Fang等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),噻蟲(chóng)嗪在第一泡和第二泡中的浸出率分別為30.7%和3.8%,噻蟲(chóng)啉在第一泡和第二泡中的浸出率分別為12.5%和2.8%,在第三泡中均未檢出兩種農(nóng)藥。一般來(lái)講,農(nóng)藥浸出率與茶水比呈負(fù)相關(guān),茶水比越大,浸出率越小[42]。然而,當(dāng)茶水比(g∶mL)從1∶30上升到1∶100時(shí),噻蟲(chóng)嗪和噻蟲(chóng)啉農(nóng)藥浸出率分別從8.8%上升到31.5%和4.8%上升到16.5%[42]。同時(shí),沖泡器具密閉或敞開(kāi)對(duì)茶湯中農(nóng)藥含量有一定影響,與茶杯密閉相比,茶杯無(wú)蓋時(shí),噻蟲(chóng)嗪和噻蟲(chóng)啉浸出率分別下降3.1%和2.5%[42]。

茶葉種類(lèi)及其殘留量對(duì)農(nóng)藥浸出率的影響不明顯[31,37]。Chen等[31]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶葉中農(nóng)藥殘留量與浸出率無(wú)顯著關(guān)系,但Kumar等[51]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶葉中已唑醇在茶湯中浸出率與其殘留量呈正相關(guān),濃度越高,浸出率越大。

Gao等[60]為了查明茶葉淋洗對(duì)農(nóng)藥去除效果,考察了8種農(nóng)藥(樂(lè)果、馬拉硫磷、啶蟲(chóng)脒、吡蟲(chóng)啉、噻蟲(chóng)嗪、聯(lián)苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯)在不同時(shí)間(5、10、20、30?s)內(nèi)在綠茶、紅茶和烏龍茶中的浸出規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明,在5~30?s,樂(lè)果、馬拉硫磷、啶蟲(chóng)脒、吡蟲(chóng)啉、噻蟲(chóng)嗪等5種農(nóng)藥在綠茶中的浸出率分別為10.8%~16.7%、8.4%~12.6%、7.1%~13.3%、7.8%~10.5%和3.8%~5.6%,紅茶浸出率結(jié)果與綠茶相近,但烏龍茶中5種農(nóng)藥浸出率與綠茶、紅茶不一致,農(nóng)藥浸出率與沖泡時(shí)間關(guān)系不顯著。另外,短時(shí)間內(nèi)聯(lián)苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯等3種農(nóng)藥浸出率幾乎為0。由此推測(cè),茶葉飲用前,沸水洗茶棄去后重新泡茶,可以減少水溶解度較高的農(nóng)藥對(duì)人體的暴露水平。

表1 農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率

續(xù)表1

由此可見(jiàn),農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出率取決于農(nóng)藥的理化性質(zhì)(內(nèi)因)和沖泡方法(外因)。水溶解度和辛醇/水比是影響農(nóng)藥浸出率最主要因素,農(nóng)藥浸出率與水溶解度呈正相關(guān),與辛醇/水比呈負(fù)相關(guān)。農(nóng)藥浸出率與茶葉沖泡溫度、時(shí)間在一定范圍內(nèi)呈正相關(guān),但與茶葉種類(lèi)、茶葉農(nóng)藥殘留量的相關(guān)性較小。

3 茶葉中金屬元素與氟在茶湯中的溶解規(guī)律

金屬元素與氟作為茶葉外源污染物之一,主要通過(guò)土壤-根系或大氣-茶樹(shù)鮮葉之間的吸附、轉(zhuǎn)化與累積作用,導(dǎo)致不同化學(xué)形態(tài)的金屬元素與氟在茶樹(shù)新梢中累積。因此,與茶葉內(nèi)含物和農(nóng)藥在茶湯中的浸出規(guī)律不同,影響金屬元素或氟在茶湯中的浸出率內(nèi)因主要是金屬元素或氟的存在形態(tài),而不僅是無(wú)機(jī)態(tài)金屬元素或氟的溶解度。然而,茶葉中金屬元素的化學(xué)形態(tài)研究集中于土壤-茶樹(shù)系統(tǒng)間吸附、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、累積作用以及茶葉中含量測(cè)定等方面研究,浸出規(guī)律以總量計(jì)算,尚未有不同化學(xué)形態(tài)的金屬元素在茶湯中浸出規(guī)律研究[61-63]。目前,茶湯中金屬元素的浸出規(guī)律主要集中在沖泡溫度、時(shí)間、沖泡次數(shù)等外因的影響。茶葉中氟的存在形式包括無(wú)機(jī)氟離子、有機(jī)氟和氟化物。Zhang等[64]調(diào)查了19個(gè)中國(guó)生產(chǎn)的茶葉樣品中氟含量及其存在形態(tài),結(jié)果表明,茶葉中氟主要以無(wú)機(jī)氟離子存在,有機(jī)氟僅有0.023%~0.41%,且50%~99%的氟化物是短鏈化合物,碳原子的數(shù)量不多于6,而大部分有機(jī)氟尚未鑒定出是何種化合物。

金屬元素(重金屬)與氟在茶湯中的浸出率差異非常大,不僅表現(xiàn)在不同金屬元素(重金屬)之間,而且同一種元素在不同茶葉中或不同分析方法中差異也很大(表2)??傮w來(lái)看,氟在茶湯中的浸出率較高,達(dá)到60%~98.8%,其次是鎳(51.13%~82.4%)和鈷(31.04%~74.48%)。茶湯中氟含量差異較大,浸出率分布范圍也非常廣。Das等[76]調(diào)查了中草藥、紅茶、綠茶、烏龍茶、白茶和普洱茶沖泡后茶湯中氟含量,分別為0.06~0.69、1.47~5.45、2.43~6.94、3.08~5.63、5.39?mg·L-1和2.87~4.96?mg·L-1,平均浸出率為57.6%、60%、72.8%、76.2%、98.9%和65.9%。鉛的浸出率分布范圍很廣,達(dá)到1.17%~49.76%,其主要原因除了茶葉中鉛含量差異、分析方法差異等因素外,鉛在茶葉中的化學(xué)形態(tài)也是導(dǎo)致浸出率差異極大的主要原因之一。

劉銳[80]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),茶葉中各元素在不同溫度沖泡下,浸出率差異較大。其中As、Cd、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn的浸出率隨溫度升高而增加,Cu呈下降趨勢(shì),而Cr和Fe變化不大。傅仙玉等[81]研究了不同溫度(60、80、100℃)對(duì)水仙和肉桂兩種烏龍茶中氟浸出率的影響,隨著溫度升高,水仙茶湯中氟的含量分別為0.752、1.106?mg·L-1和1.681?mg·L-1,而肉桂茶湯中氟含量分別為1.095、1.388?mg·L-1和1.761?mg·L-1。

表2 屬元素(重金屬)與氟在茶湯中的浸出率

沖泡時(shí)間對(duì)茶中金屬元素(重金屬)的浸出率提取有著顯著影響。研究表明,碧螺春、金駿眉和鐵觀音中Cu和Zn在3、5、7、10?min內(nèi)浸出率幾乎呈倍數(shù)增加,但10?min后(10~120?min)浸出率呈平穩(wěn)水平[82]。Miri等[83]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),沖泡時(shí)間在5、10?min和15?min時(shí),肯尼亞紅茶、綠茶、伊朗茶中氟的浸出率隨沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增加,以綠茶為例,5、10、15?min沖泡后,茶湯中氟含量分別為1.35、1.80、1.98?mg·L-1,10?min后分別提高了33.3%和46.7%。傅仙玉等[81]發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)(5、15、30?s),烏龍茶中氟的浸出量與時(shí)間呈正相關(guān),且肉桂中浸出量高于水仙。緊壓茶通常采用煮沸形式飲用,但煮茶時(shí)間(5、10、20?min)對(duì)氟的浸出量影響不大,未達(dá)到極顯著差異[77]。

沖泡次數(shù)對(duì)烏龍茶中氟的浸出量影響呈先升后降的趨勢(shì),第二泡中氟的浸出量最高,而第一泡和第三泡中氟的含量相當(dāng)[81]。但在緊壓茶中,鉛的浸出率隨著沖泡次數(shù)增加而顯著降低,在第一泡、第二泡和第三泡中鉛的浸出率分別為15.9%、5.4%和2.0%[78]。茶水比的提高,有助于增大鉛在茶湯中的浸出率[77]。

金屬元素與氟在茶湯中浸出規(guī)律相對(duì)復(fù)雜,浸出率不僅與金屬元素的理化性質(zhì)相關(guān),而且與金屬元素在茶葉組織中的位置、金屬元素的形態(tài)與價(jià)態(tài)相關(guān)。因此,金屬元素在茶湯中的浸出率研究結(jié)果相差較大。總體來(lái)看,氟、鎳、鈷在茶湯中浸出率較高,達(dá)到50%以上,鉛的浸出率在20%~50%。

4 總結(jié)與展望

化合物的理化性質(zhì)和茶葉沖泡方法是影響浸出率的內(nèi)因和外因,前者起決定性作用,后者對(duì)茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)浸出率的影響更突出。茶多酚、咖啡堿、氨基酸酸、可溶性多糖等茶葉內(nèi)含物質(zhì)由于分子量小,水溶解度高,因而在茶湯中浸出速率高,且濃度隨著沖泡溫度提高與沖泡時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而增加,直至飽和呈平穩(wěn)狀態(tài)。農(nóng)藥在茶湯中浸出率差異較大,新煙堿類(lèi)農(nóng)藥、氨基甲酸酯類(lèi)農(nóng)藥由于水溶解高,因而在茶湯中的浸出率高,但有機(jī)氯農(nóng)藥和擬除蟲(chóng)菊酯農(nóng)藥浸出率極低。由于分析方法、金屬元素存在形式等方面的差異,金屬元素(含重金屬)與氟在茶湯中浸出率研究結(jié)果差異較大,氟、鎳和鈷的浸出率較大,鉛次之,其他金屬元素(重金屬)大部分低于30%。

茶葉品質(zhì)是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),不僅僅是由幾類(lèi)特征成分的疊加反應(yīng)決定的。因此,茶葉沖泡過(guò)程中全組分分析(或大數(shù)據(jù)分析)則更能反應(yīng)沖泡方法對(duì)茶湯浸出物質(zhì)的變化規(guī)律,更全面揭示沖泡溫度、沖泡時(shí)間和沖泡次數(shù)對(duì)茶葉品質(zhì)的影響。由此可見(jiàn),基于質(zhì)譜分析技術(shù),尤其是高分辨質(zhì)譜分析技術(shù),結(jié)合大數(shù)據(jù)軟件分析系統(tǒng),將成為茶葉-茶湯品質(zhì)化學(xué)研究的有力工具。茶湯是茶葉農(nóng)藥殘留、重金屬等外源污染物暴露人體最主要的途徑之一,其浸出率是評(píng)價(jià)外源有害物質(zhì)安全性的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)。從熱力學(xué)理論基礎(chǔ)和傳質(zhì)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型解析茶湯中外源有害物質(zhì)浸出機(jī)理,預(yù)測(cè)外源有害物質(zhì)在茶湯中的浸出率,將有利于更深層面認(rèn)識(shí)外源有害物質(zhì)在茶湯中的浸出行為,從而為制定茶葉中最大殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)和理論依據(jù)。

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《茶葉科學(xué)》第八屆編輯委員會(huì)副主任委員劉仲華教授當(dāng)選中國(guó)工程院院士

11月22日,中國(guó)工程院公布了2019年院士增選結(jié)果,我刊第八屆編輯委員會(huì)副主任劉仲華教授當(dāng)選中國(guó)工程院院士。繼陳宗懋院士之后,我刊迎來(lái)了第二位中國(guó)工程院院士編委。

劉仲華,湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)教授、博士生導(dǎo)師、學(xué)術(shù)委員會(huì)副主任、茶學(xué)學(xué)科帶頭人,浙江大學(xué)兼職教授?,F(xiàn)任國(guó)家植物功能成分利用工程技術(shù)研究中心主任、國(guó)家茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系加工研究室主任、國(guó)家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工技術(shù)研發(fā)中心茶葉分中心(湖南)主任。兼任國(guó)務(wù)院學(xué)位委員會(huì)園藝學(xué)科評(píng)審組成員、教育部科技委農(nóng)林學(xué)部委員、中國(guó)茶葉學(xué)會(huì)監(jiān)事、中國(guó)茶葉流通協(xié)會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)、中國(guó)國(guó)際茶文化研究會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)、國(guó)家茶葉標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)委員會(huì)顧問(wèn)兼黑茶工作組和茯茶工作組組長(zhǎng)、湖南省茶葉學(xué)會(huì)名譽(yù)理事長(zhǎng)、湖南省大湘西茶業(yè)發(fā)展促進(jìn)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)等職。

劉仲華教授長(zhǎng)期從事茶葉深加工與功能成分利用、茶葉加工理論與技術(shù)、飲茶與健康等領(lǐng)域的研究與教學(xué),致力于創(chuàng)新茶葉加工理論技術(shù)、提高茶葉資源利用率和產(chǎn)業(yè)綜合效益。創(chuàng)新黑茶加工和茶葉深加工理論與技術(shù)體系,揭示了黑茶加工品質(zhì)風(fēng)味形成機(jī)理及黑茶健康屬性,創(chuàng)建了黑茶優(yōu)質(zhì)高效安全加工關(guān)鍵技術(shù)體系,強(qiáng)力推進(jìn)了我國(guó)黑茶產(chǎn)業(yè)提質(zhì)增效與快速發(fā)展;揭示了茶葉功能成分的生物活性及作用機(jī)制,創(chuàng)制的茶葉提取物制品催生了一批國(guó)際主流健康產(chǎn)品,引領(lǐng)我國(guó)茶葉深加工從追蹤日本和歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家到領(lǐng)先國(guó)際同行。為我國(guó)茶葉科技進(jìn)步、茶葉產(chǎn)業(yè)提質(zhì)增效與轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)做出了突出貢獻(xiàn)。

劉仲華教授先后主持國(guó)家和部省級(jí)項(xiàng)目30多項(xiàng),以第一完成人獲國(guó)家科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)2項(xiàng)、湖南省科技進(jìn)步一等獎(jiǎng)3項(xiàng)、湖南省科技進(jìn)步二等獎(jiǎng)1項(xiàng),并榮獲首屆湖南省十大科技創(chuàng)新獎(jiǎng)、湖南省光召科技獎(jiǎng)、國(guó)際茶葉科技創(chuàng)新杰出貢獻(xiàn)獎(jiǎng)等榮譽(yù);先后在國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)術(shù)刊物發(fā)表論文400多篇,其中SCI收錄60多篇,授權(quán)發(fā)明專(zhuān)利60多件。2019年獲得了“何梁何利基金”科學(xué)與技術(shù)進(jìn)步獎(jiǎng)(農(nóng)學(xué)獎(jiǎng))。

Leaching Pattern of Internal Substances and Xenobiotic Pollutants during Tea Brewing

CHEN Hongping1,2,3, LIU Xin2, LU Chengyin2*, QIU Jing1*

1. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 2. Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tea Quality and Supervision Testing Center, Key Laboratory ofTea Quality and Safety & Risk Assessment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture R. P. China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; 3. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Based on the recent literatures, the dissolving, releasing and transformation patterns of tea internal compounds and exogenous contaminants were summarized and discussed in this study. Physicochemical properties of chemicals and tea brewing methods are the internal and external cause affecting extraction rates of chemicals during tea brewing. Internal cause plays a crucial role in extraction rates, while external cause is more prominent for the leaching of tea internal substances. Water solubility of chemicals is positively correlated with extraction rates, while octanol-water partition is negatively correlated with extraction rates. Increasing water temperature is helpful for increasing extraction rates of chemicals and their concentrations in tea infusion. Brewing time is negatively correlated with extraction rates in a period of time, while the concentrations of chemicals in tea infusion increase with the brewing time. Compared with other pesticides, most of neonicotine pesticides and carbamate pesticides have higher extraction rates over 60%. The results of extraction rates of metal elements in tea infusion are quite different, and extraction rates of fluorine, nickel and cobalt have high extraction rates over 50%, while extraction rates of lead range from 20% to 50%. Metabonomic analysis based-high resolution mass spectrometry technique is a promising and powerful method for profiling extracting pattern of chemicals during tea brewing. Meanwhile, extracting behavior of toxic compounds during tea brewing will be deeply understood by using thermodynamic theory and kinetic model of mass extraction.

tea brewing, internal substance, pesticide residues, heavy metals, leaching pattern

S571.1;TS201.6

A

1000-369X(2020)01-063-14

2019-06-27

2019-07-25

中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)茶葉質(zhì)量與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估團(tuán)隊(duì)(CAAS-ASTIP-2014-TRICAAS-06)、浙江省公益應(yīng)用項(xiàng)目(2017C32059)、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)基金資助項(xiàng)目(nycytx-26)、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(31671941)

陳紅平,男,副研究員,主要從事茶葉質(zhì)量安全檢測(cè)與研究方面的研究。

lchy@mail.tricaas.com,qiujing@caas.cn

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