徐冰 王梅 施新顏
[摘要] 目的 比較多囊卵巢綜合征(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)患者和健康育齡婦女的各項陰道微生態(tài)評價指標(biāo),初步評估PCOS患者陰道微生態(tài)狀況。 方法 選擇杭州市婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院2018年8月~2020年3月確診的35例PCOS患者作為研究組,選擇同期在我院進(jìn)行體檢的41例育齡期女性為對照組。采集其陰道分泌物,檢測菌群密集度和多樣性、pH值、清潔度、念珠菌、滴蟲、革蘭陽性球菌、革蘭陰性桿菌、線索細(xì)胞及乳酸桿菌等情況,通過對比研究組和對照組的陰道微生態(tài)指標(biāo),分析研究組陰道微生態(tài)狀況。 結(jié)果 兩組年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。研究組清潔度在Ⅲ~Ⅳ度的有37.14%,較對照組(17.07%)高;研究組Nugent評分及AV評分均高于對照組;兩組的清潔度、Nugent評分及AV評分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。研究組乳酸桿菌比例≥70%有31.43%,對照組有65.86%,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);研究組pH值3.8~4.5占比48.57%,較對照組(73.17%)低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);研究組微生態(tài)失衡率(80.00%)與對照組(39.02%)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 與正常育齡婦女比較,PCOS患者存在較高比例的陰道微生態(tài)失衡現(xiàn)象,可能由于PCOS患者內(nèi)分泌紊亂引起激素水平改變,從而導(dǎo)致陰道微生態(tài)發(fā)生變化,提示臨床對PCOS患者進(jìn)行診治時應(yīng)綜合考慮評估陰道微生態(tài)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 多囊卵巢綜合征;陰道微生態(tài);陰道微生態(tài)失衡;乳酸桿菌
[中圖分類號] R711.75? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)33-0149-05
[Abstract] Objective To compare the various vaginal microecological evaluation indexes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) and healthy women of childbearing age, and to initially assess the vaginal microecological status of PCOS patients. Methods Thirty-five PCOS patients diagnosed in Hangzhou Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from August 2018 to March 2020 were selected as the research group, and 41 women of childbearing age who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Their vaginal secretions were collected. The density and diversity of the flora, pH, cleanliness, Candida, Trichomonas, Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative bacilli, clue cells, and Lactobacillus, etc. were detected. The vaginal microecological indicators between the study group and the control group were compared. The vaginal microecological status of the study group was analyzed. Results There was no significant difference in age between the two groups(P>0.05). The cleanliness at Ⅲ-Ⅳ of the study group was 37.14%, which was higher than that of the control group (17.07%). The Nugent score and AV score of the study group were higher than those of the control group. The cleanliness, Nugent score, and AV score of the two groups were significantly different(P<0.05). The proportion of lactobacilli≥70% in the study group was 31.43%, which was significantly different from that of the control group(65.86%)(P<0.01). The pH value of 3.8-4.5 in the study group accounted for 48.57%, which was lower than that of the control group(73.17%). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). The microecological imbalance rate(80.00%) of the study group was significantly different from that of the control group(39.02%)(P<0.01). Conclusion Compared with women of normal childbearing age, PCOS patients had a higher proportion of vaginal microecological imbalance, which may be caused by changes in hormone levels due to endocrine disorders in PCOS patients, leading to changes in vaginal microecological changes. This suggests that comprehensive consideration and evaluation should be made when clinical diagnosis and treatment of vaginal microecology in PCOS patients.
1.3.3 功能測定? 用試劑盒檢測過氧化氫、唾液酸苷酶和白細(xì)胞酯酶三項功能。過氧化氫參考值為≥2 μmol/L,提示有產(chǎn)過氧化氫的乳酸桿菌存在;唾液酸苷酶≥7 U/L為陽性;白細(xì)胞酯酶≥9 U/L為陽性。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS23.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計數(shù)資料用[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗,計量資料用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗;總例數(shù)>40,2個理論頻數(shù)≥1且<5時,選用Fisher's精確檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,P<0.01為差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組菌群檢出情況及清潔度、Nugent評分和AV評分比較
對照組陰道毛滴蟲檢測率為2.44%(1/41),研究組未檢出;研究組念珠菌、線索細(xì)胞、革蘭陽性球菌及革蘭陰性桿菌檢出率較對照組高,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);研究組清潔度在Ⅲ~Ⅳ度的有37.14%(13/35),較對照組的17.07%(7/41)高,研究組Nugent評分及AV評分均高于對照組,兩組的清潔度、Nugent評分及AV評分比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組菌群密度和多樣性、白細(xì)胞、乳酸桿菌、pH值及微生態(tài)失衡情況比較
兩組每高倍鏡視野中檢出白細(xì)胞均≤30個(≤++);研究組乳酸桿菌比例≥70%只有31.43%(11/35),而對照組有65.85%(27/41),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);研究組pH值3.8~4.5占比48.57%(17/35),較對照組的73.17%(30/41)低,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);研究組微生態(tài)失衡率為80.00%(28/35)與對照組的39.02%(16/41)比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);兩組的菌群密度和多樣性比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組功能測定情況比較
研究組過氧化氫≥2 μmol/L的樣本數(shù)小于對照組,唾液酸苷酶和白細(xì)胞酯酶陽性率高于對照組,但差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表3。
3 討論
3.1 陰道乳酸桿菌與激素水平之間的關(guān)系
陰道微生態(tài)是女性體內(nèi)重要的微生態(tài)體系,陰道內(nèi)正常的微生物菌群是陰道微生態(tài)研究的核心內(nèi)容[9],它們與宿主和環(huán)境之間相互協(xié)調(diào)、相互制約,保持著陰道微生態(tài)體系的動態(tài)平衡,當(dāng)任何內(nèi)源性或外源性因素破壞這種平衡,都能引起宿主相應(yīng)類型的疾病[10]。通過傳統(tǒng)顯微鏡檢測陰道菌群的密集度、多樣性、優(yōu)勢菌、炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)、乳酸桿菌,陰道pH值、過氧化氫、白細(xì)胞酯酶和唾液酸苷酶等功能測定,能較為準(zhǔn)確地反映出陰道微生態(tài)的整體特征,也可以在一定程度上反映微生態(tài)的演變和疾病的關(guān)系[11],這些指標(biāo)異常即可導(dǎo)致微生態(tài)失衡[6]。其中,乳酸桿菌對維持陰道微生態(tài)平衡至關(guān)重要,主要通過競爭黏附、抑制病原體的生長、刺激免疫防御等機(jī)制來維持其平衡[12-13]。但是,隨著年齡的增長,女性雌激素分泌減少或停止,陰道上皮細(xì)胞糖原儲存減少或缺如,絕經(jīng)后婦女陰道內(nèi)乳酸桿菌數(shù)量比絕經(jīng)前明顯減少[14]。而妊娠期由于激素水平改變,乳酸桿菌數(shù)量也會下降[15],這些均可以說明乳酸桿菌與激素水平有明顯聯(lián)系。
3.2 PCOS患者陰道微生態(tài)結(jié)果分析
PCOS是育齡婦女常見的一種復(fù)雜的內(nèi)分泌代謝異常疾病,是引起無排卵性不孕的主要原因,由于PCOS的病因復(fù)雜,確切病因目前仍不清楚[16-18]。PCOS患者常有卵泡發(fā)育但不排卵,雌激素水平增高多見,雌激素增高使陰道上皮內(nèi)糖原含量增多,有利于念珠菌生長繁殖,此外雌激素能增加陰道上皮細(xì)胞對念珠菌吸附的親和力,這些因素均能導(dǎo)致發(fā)生念珠菌性陰道炎。在本研究中,研究組念珠菌檢出率偏高,雖然可能由于樣本量較少,但與對照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,研究組功能學(xué)指標(biāo)反映出唾液酸苷酶和白細(xì)胞酯酶濃度也偏高,總體可提示研究組有更易引發(fā)陰道感染的趨勢。
PCOS患者陰道分泌物的清潔度、Nugent評分及AV評分、乳酸桿菌、pH值及微生態(tài)失衡率與對照組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),表明PCOS患者陰道微生態(tài)失衡的發(fā)生率較健康育齡婦女有顯著性差異,且以陰道微環(huán)境中乳酸桿菌大量減少為陰道微生態(tài)失衡的主要特點。本研究分析可能由于乳酸桿菌的種屬及其產(chǎn)生過氧化氫的能力不同,導(dǎo)致兩組過氧化氫比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。后續(xù)可以采用16S rRNA基因擴(kuò)增與凝膠電泳技術(shù),對陰道菌群的種類進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究,并對乳酸桿菌產(chǎn)生過氧化氫的情況進(jìn)行分析。
3.3 陰道微生態(tài)研究意義
陰道微生態(tài)失衡對妊娠結(jié)局也有著重大影響,乳酸桿菌缺乏可以增加早產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險[19]。PCOS患者激素水平的異常、胰島素抵抗[20]及陰道內(nèi)乳酸桿菌比例降低,這些因素對妊娠結(jié)局都會產(chǎn)生不利影響。因此,臨床不但要解決PCOS患者的生育問題,還要降低不良妊娠結(jié)局的發(fā)生。
有文獻(xiàn)報道,PCOS存在慢性炎癥的病理過程,推測慢性炎癥可能會引起PCOS患者免疫狀態(tài)改變[21]。而乳酸桿菌減少時,刺激免疫防御機(jī)制作用減弱,機(jī)體免疫力下降更易出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng),可能會加劇PCOS患者遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥[22]。所以,在臨床PCOS診療中是否可以通過監(jiān)測陰道微生態(tài)狀況,指導(dǎo)臨床以補(bǔ)充益生菌的方式恢復(fù)陰道微生態(tài)平衡,間接提高PCOS患者免疫水平,降低炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)周期性內(nèi)分泌規(guī)律的修復(fù),從而提升PCOS的療效和預(yù)后有待進(jìn)一步研究證實。
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(收稿日期:2020-08-07)