王巧紅 張俊清
摘要:目的 ?了解產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)的認(rèn)知情況及相關(guān)健康教育需求現(xiàn)狀,并探討應(yīng)對(duì)策略。方法 ?選取2017年7月~11月在我院分娩的產(chǎn)后6~8周的產(chǎn)婦1064名,采用自設(shè)問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行調(diào)查,內(nèi)容包括產(chǎn)婦的一般資料、產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)相關(guān)知識(shí)及健康教育需求,分析產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育需求的影響因素。結(jié)果 ?①產(chǎn)婦年齡16~43歲,平均年齡(30.56±4.13)歲,產(chǎn)后BMI主要集中在18.5~23.9 kg/m2,文化程度以大專(zhuān)、本科為主,家庭月收入主要為5000~10000元,初產(chǎn)婦與經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦、陰道分娩與剖宮產(chǎn)人數(shù)基本均衡;②產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分0分者占33.37%,1~5分者占57.42%,6~10分者僅占9.21%;54.04%的產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育有需求;③文化程度、分娩方式、盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知度是產(chǎn)婦健康教育需求的獨(dú)立影響因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知度較低,但對(duì)相關(guān)健康教育有一定的需求,需加大投入力度,重視文化程度較低、剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦人群,多渠道、多元化形式開(kāi)展宣傳教育工作,進(jìn)一步提高產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知及重視程度。
關(guān)鍵詞:產(chǎn)婦;產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù);認(rèn)知度;健康教育;需求
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R473.71 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.21.041
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)21-0129-04
Abstract:Objective ?To understand the maternal status of postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation and related health education needs, and to explore coping strategies. Methods ?A total of 1064 women from 6 to 8 weeks after delivery from July to November 2017 in our hospital were selected. The questionnaire was used to investigate the general information of the mother, postpartum pelvic rehabilitation knowledge and health education needs. Influencing factors of maternal postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation health education needs.Results ?①The maternal age ranged from 16 to 43 years old, with an average age of (30.56±4.13) years. The postpartum BMI was mainly concentrated at 18.5-23.9 kg/m2. The education level was mainly junior college and undergraduate. The monthly family income was mainly 5000~10000 yuan. The primipara and the primipara the number of women, vaginal delivery and cesarean section is basically balanced;②Maternal women accounted for 33.37% of postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation scores, 57.42% of 1-5 points, and only 9.21% of 6~10 points; 54.04% of women had demand for postpartum pelvic rehabilitation health education;③The educational level, mode of delivery, and recognition of pelvic floor rehabilitation were independent factors in the demand for maternal health education (P<0.05). Conclusion ?Postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation is low, but there is a certain demand for related health education. It is necessary to increase investment. We should pay attention to low-education, cesarean section women, multi-channel and diversified forms of publicity and education. Work to further improve the awareness and attention of postpartum pelvic floor rehabilitation.
Key words:Maternal;Postpartum pelvic rehabilitation;Recognition;Health education;Demand
近年來(lái),妊娠和分娩已被證實(shí)是女性盆底功能障礙性疾?。╬elvic floor dysfunction,PFD)的重要危險(xiǎn)因素[1-3],女性在產(chǎn)后多存在不同程度的PFD[4,5]。研究表明,產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)治療是有效的PFD的防治措施。但很多存在PFD的女性卻沒(méi)有尋求治療幫助,可能與她們對(duì)PFD認(rèn)知不足、不知曉盆底康復(fù)治療的方法等有關(guān)。因此,本研究旨在探討產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)的認(rèn)知及健康教育需求的現(xiàn)狀,從而開(kāi)展有針對(duì)性的盆底康復(fù)宣教以及防治措施。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1研究對(duì)象 ?選取2017年7月~11月在北京市大興區(qū)人民醫(yī)院分娩的產(chǎn)后6~8周的產(chǎn)婦1064名,排除有溝通障礙及嚴(yán)重精神疾病者。本研究已征得所有調(diào)查對(duì)象的知情同意。
1.2方法
1.2.1調(diào)查問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì) ?采用自設(shè)問(wèn)卷,包括三部分:①一般資料:包括產(chǎn)婦年齡、身高、體重(計(jì)算產(chǎn)后BMI)、文化程度、產(chǎn)次、家庭月收入;②產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知度,包含10個(gè)條目,每個(gè)條目分“是”“否”兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),問(wèn)卷得分范圍為0~10分,得分越高說(shuō)明對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知程度越高;③產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)知識(shí)需求調(diào)查,選項(xiàng)為“是”“否”。對(duì)50名產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行預(yù)調(diào)查,問(wèn)卷的Cronbach's α系數(shù)為0.832,由5名婦產(chǎn)科相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的高級(jí)職稱(chēng)專(zhuān)家對(duì)問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行評(píng)定,得出問(wèn)卷的效度指數(shù)為0.92。認(rèn)為問(wèn)卷具有較好的信度和效度。
1.2.2問(wèn)卷調(diào)查 ?在產(chǎn)后復(fù)查門(mén)診時(shí),由統(tǒng)一培訓(xùn)的調(diào)查員發(fā)放問(wèn)卷。問(wèn)卷數(shù)據(jù)采用雙人錄入法,確保數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確可靠。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 ?采用SPSS16.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料用(n,%)表示,單因素分析采用?字2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,多因素分析采用Logistic逐步回歸分析,篩選變量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為α入=0.05,α出=0.10。
2結(jié)果
2.1產(chǎn)婦一般資料情況 ?共回收問(wèn)卷1130份,其中有效問(wèn)卷1064份,有效回收率為94.16%。調(diào)查產(chǎn)婦的年齡16~43歲,平均年齡(30.56±4.13)歲,產(chǎn)后BMI主要在18.5~23.9 kg/m2,文化程度以大專(zhuān)、本科為主,家庭月收入主要在5000~10000元,初產(chǎn)婦與經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦、陰道分娩與剖宮產(chǎn)人數(shù)基本均衡,見(jiàn)表1。
2.2產(chǎn)婦盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知及相關(guān)知識(shí)需求情況 ?產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分0~9分,其中0分的產(chǎn)婦有355例,占33.37%,0~5分的產(chǎn)婦611例,占57.42%,得分6~10分的產(chǎn)婦僅98例,占9.21%;調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),54.04%的產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育有需求,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育需求的影響因素分析 ?單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦、剖宮產(chǎn)分娩、文化程度低、家庭月收入低、盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分低的產(chǎn)婦,對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育的需求較低,見(jiàn)表3。將產(chǎn)次、分娩方式、文化程度、家庭月收入及盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分進(jìn)一步納入Logistic回歸模型分析,結(jié)果顯示文化程度、分娩方式、盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分是產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育需求的獨(dú)立影響因素,見(jiàn)表4。
3討論
3.1產(chǎn)婦對(duì)盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知 ?產(chǎn)婦對(duì)盆底康復(fù)的認(rèn)知度偏低,尤其對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)具體方法缺乏了解。本研究中,約2/3的產(chǎn)婦從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)相關(guān)知識(shí),其余產(chǎn)婦聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù),關(guān)于產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)技術(shù),約35%的產(chǎn)婦知道盆底肌鍛煉,但只有不足15%的產(chǎn)婦知道具體做法,這種情況與其他研究報(bào)道基本一致[6]。產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)相關(guān)宣教缺乏,是影響產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知度低的重要原因。產(chǎn)婦未及時(shí)獲取產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)知識(shí)及治療方法信息的情況普遍存在,不利于產(chǎn)婦積極就醫(yī),很有可能錯(cuò)失最佳治療時(shí)機(jī)。同時(shí)產(chǎn)后產(chǎn)婦更多的關(guān)注嬰兒而忽略了自身健康需求,因此,醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)需要大力開(kāi)展產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)普及教育工作,主動(dòng)向產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行宣教,提高產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)知識(shí)的認(rèn)知程度。
3.2重視產(chǎn)婦盆底康復(fù)健康教育需求,多渠道開(kāi)展宣傳教育工作 ?研究報(bào)道[7,8],很多女性都想獲得產(chǎn)后盆底功能障礙的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí),尤其是預(yù)防及治療方法。本研究結(jié)果也提示,約54%的產(chǎn)婦有產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育的需求。我國(guó)二胎政策開(kāi)放后,分娩量巨大且危重癥孕產(chǎn)婦比例增高,助產(chǎn)人員數(shù)量相對(duì)不足,醫(yī)務(wù)人員沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間和精力投入產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育工作,加之我國(guó)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)起步較晚,相關(guān)知識(shí)普遍缺乏和重視度不足[9]。因此,相關(guān)部門(mén)需要加大這方面人力、物力的投入,加強(qiáng)醫(yī)務(wù)人員相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)培訓(xùn)。同時(shí),努力探索多元化的健康教育形式,可以利用現(xiàn)代信息化手段進(jìn)行健康宣教。
本調(diào)查有近一半的產(chǎn)婦不想了解產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù),需要加強(qiáng)宣教,使其認(rèn)識(shí)到產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)的重要性。結(jié)果顯示,文化程度、分娩方式、盆底康復(fù)認(rèn)知得分是產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育需求的獨(dú)立影響因素。提示應(yīng)重視文化程度低、剖宮產(chǎn)、健康教育需求相對(duì)較低的產(chǎn)婦的健康教育,提高其個(gè)人認(rèn)知水平,使其重視自身健康。此外,常規(guī)的健康教育形式已不能滿足臨床需要,而且產(chǎn)婦照顧嬰兒精力有限,這些也是限制產(chǎn)婦健康教育需求的因素。因此,可從孕期開(kāi)展產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)宣教,除孕婦學(xué)校開(kāi)展相關(guān)授課外,可利用產(chǎn)檢就診時(shí)段進(jìn)行宣傳,住院時(shí)再次宣教,產(chǎn)后復(fù)查時(shí)督導(dǎo)。另外,可以通過(guò)移動(dòng)媒介如騰訊QQ、微信等開(kāi)展宣教,解決宣教時(shí)間及地域的限制,提高健康教育覆蓋面。
目前,產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)的認(rèn)知現(xiàn)狀不理想,同時(shí)產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育的需求較高。因此,有必要廣泛開(kāi)展產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)健康教育工作,加大投入,提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)水平及重視程度。同時(shí)針對(duì)相關(guān)影響因素,嘗試開(kāi)展多渠道、多元化形式的健康教育,提高產(chǎn)婦對(duì)產(chǎn)后盆底康復(fù)的認(rèn)知度及重視程度。
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收稿日期:2019-8-2;修回日期:2019-8-12
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