范淼崟 魏榮瑞 曹依帆 鐘國(guó)躍 張亞梅
【摘 要】 目的:研究藏藥灰枝紫菀的性狀及顯微特征,為其生藥學(xué)鑒別提供理論依據(jù)。方法:采用性狀、顯微鑒別方法研究藏藥灰枝紫菀的生藥學(xué)特性。結(jié)果:灰枝紫菀莖多分枝,帚狀,皮灰褐色,撕裂,嫩枝纖細(xì),被密短糙毛或柔毛。葉上表面被短糙毛,下表面被柔毛。頭狀花序在枝端密集成傘房狀或單生;花序梗細(xì),長(zhǎng)1~2.5cm,有疏生的苞葉?;抑ψ陷腋訉拸V,可見(jiàn)眾多石細(xì)胞,皮層內(nèi)側(cè)可見(jiàn)4~6個(gè)分泌道。莖橫切面呈圓形,外被角質(zhì)層,木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管呈放射狀排列。葉上、下表皮均有腺毛,厚角組織1~2層,柵欄組織緊密分布,氣孔不定式,3~4個(gè)保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞。粉末黃棕色。腺毛和非腺毛較多。冠毛為多裂性分枝狀,各分枝為單細(xì)胞,花粉粒黃色,具3孔溝,表面具尖刺狀雕紋,石細(xì)胞單個(gè)散在,呈類方形,層紋及孔溝較明顯,無(wú)色。可見(jiàn)花冠裂片表面具棒槌狀突起。導(dǎo)管多為網(wǎng)狀紋理和螺紋導(dǎo)管。偶見(jiàn)草酸鈣簇晶和方晶。結(jié)論:灰枝紫菀干燥藥材性狀特征,根、莖、葉橫切面和葉表面顯微特征,以及全草粉末顯微特征均可顯示其獨(dú)特鮮明的生藥學(xué)特性,以性狀特征和全草粉末特征最為突出,為灰枝紫菀的生藥學(xué)鑒定和質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定提供參考。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 藏藥;灰枝紫菀;生藥學(xué)研究
【中圖分類號(hào)】R282.71?? 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼】 A??? 【文章編號(hào)】1007-8517(2019)16-0050-03
Abstract:Objective To research on characters and microscopic features of Aster poliothamnus Diels, for its basis of pharmacognosy identification. Methods The pharmacognosy characterist-ics of Aster poliothamnus were studied by means of the characteristic and microscopic features. Results There were many ramifications on the stem of Aster poliothamnus, broom shape,gray-brown bark,tear,shoot tenuity and covered with density short-rough hair or villose.The upper sur- face of the leaves was covered with short-rough hair and the lower was villose.The capitulum gl-omerated in corymbiform on the terminal of the branches or solitary,the peduncle was slender,1~ 2.5cm long and the bracts were sparse.The root cortex of Aster poliothamnus was wide and there were numerous sclereids and 4~6 secretory canals could be seen on the inside of cortex.The tra-nsverse section of stem was round,covered with cuticles and vessels in xylem were arranged rad-ially.The glandular hair existed in the upper and lower epidermis,one to two layers of collenchy-ma.The palisade tissues were distributed densely,the stomas were infinitive,3~4 guard cells,yell-ow brown powder,many glandular and non-glandular hairs.Pappus was multicolumn branched,e-ach branch was single cell,the pollen was yellow, 3-colporate, echinate sculpture on the surface, sclereids?scattered individually,showed quasi-square,the laminated striations and colporate were obvious,colourless.Wooden club-shaped protuberance could be seen on the surface of the corolla lobe. The vessels were mostly netlike textures and spiral vessels.Calcium oxalate crystals and c-ubic crystals could be observed occasionally. Conclusions The character and feature of dried A-ster poliothamnus,the microscopic features of the transverse section of the root,stem,leaf and leaf surface as well the whole herb powder all showed unique and distinct pharmacognostic properti-es.The character and feature and the features of the whole herb powder were the most prominen-t.This study could provide scientific references for pharmacognostic identification and the form-ulation of quality standardization.
Keywords:Tibetan Medicine; Aster Poliothamnus; Pharmacognostic Authentication
菊科植物灰枝紫菀Aster poliothamnus Diels干燥花序是藏醫(yī)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)用藥材“露瓊”的基原藥材之一,藏醫(yī)藥經(jīng)典著作《晶珠本草》記載“可解毒,治溫病時(shí)疫、木保病,清脈熱”,可用于流行性感冒發(fā)燒、食物中毒等[1]。漢民族民間多用其全草治療流行性感冒和發(fā)燒,有關(guān)灰枝紫菀的研究較少,亦未見(jiàn)生藥學(xué)研究報(bào)道。本論文通過(guò)系統(tǒng)觀察灰枝紫菀全草生藥學(xué)特征,為藏藥“露瓊”基原藥材之一—灰枝紫菀的生藥學(xué)鑒定和質(zhì)量控制提供參考。
1 儀器與材料
1.1 儀器 XY-200型高速多功能粉碎機(jī),GZX-9070MBE電熱鼓風(fēng)干燥箱。日本Nikon H550S顯微鏡,Nikon DS-Ri2顯微成像系統(tǒng),TS100(Nikon) 倒置生物顯微鏡,德國(guó)徠卡Leica RM2245輪轉(zhuǎn)式切片機(jī),TKY-BMB型石蠟包埋機(jī)。
1.2 試劑與材料 甘油,苯酚,水合氯醛,明膠,乙醇,甲醛,冰醋酸,二甲苯,番紅,固綠,加拿大樹(shù)膠,進(jìn)口石蠟均為分析純。
灰枝紫菀藥材采自青海省久治縣德合龍寺,經(jīng)江西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)鐘國(guó)躍研究員鑒定為菊科Compositae紫菀屬Aster灰枝紫菀Aster poliothamnus Diels 的干燥花序。標(biāo)本現(xiàn)存于江西中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)中藥資源與民族藥研究中心標(biāo)本館。
2 方法
2.1 性狀描述 結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)和標(biāo)本對(duì)灰枝紫菀藥材進(jìn)行性狀描述。
2.2 顯微鑒定 取灰枝紫菀藥材2份,1份干燥后粉碎,過(guò)5號(hào)篩,用于藥材粉末鑒定;1份置水中煮沸軟化,分揀出根、莖、葉,制成石蠟切片,進(jìn)行顯微觀察。另取適量經(jīng)水軟化展平的葉片,用解剖針或刀片撕取上下表面,制成臨時(shí)制片用于葉表面顯微觀察。
3 結(jié)果
3.1 藥材性狀 灰枝紫菀莖多分枝,帚狀,皮灰褐色,撕裂,嫩枝纖細(xì),葉密集,被密短糙毛或柔毛。葉多脫落或破碎,完整葉片展開(kāi)為多長(zhǎng)圓形或線狀長(zhǎng)圓形,長(zhǎng)1~3cm,寬0.2~0.8cm,全緣,基部稍狹或急尖,邊緣平或稍反卷;上表面被短糙毛,下表面被柔毛,兩面有腺點(diǎn)。頭狀花序在枝端密集成傘房狀或單生;花序梗細(xì),長(zhǎng)1~2.5cm,密被絨毛。總苞圓盤(pán)形,中央管狀花。子房棕色,密被長(zhǎng)冠毛。氣香,味淡。
3.2 顯微鑒別
3.2.1 根橫切面 截面為圓形,表皮細(xì)胞排列緊密,多皺縮或脫落,木栓細(xì)胞5~10列,栓內(nèi)層明顯,最內(nèi)層細(xì)胞外壁增厚。皮層寬廣,有細(xì)胞間隙,有分泌腔和草酸鈣棱晶。中柱鞘纖維束散在,次生韌皮部明顯。木質(zhì)部一直分化到中心,射線寬1~2列,導(dǎo)管單個(gè)散在,木纖維與木薄壁細(xì)胞區(qū)別不明顯。如圖1所示。3.2.2 莖橫切面 木栓層細(xì)胞數(shù)列,內(nèi)含紅棕色物。皮層和韌皮部均不明顯。木質(zhì)部占大部分,射線寬1~3列細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)管壁較薄,單個(gè)散在或數(shù)個(gè)切向連接,略呈放射狀分布,木纖維與木薄壁細(xì)胞區(qū)分不明顯。中央髓部細(xì)胞多有空洞或裂隙,外圈木質(zhì)部常伴有纖維束,形成層呈環(huán)分布,如圖2所示。
3.2.3 葉橫切面 上、下表皮細(xì)胞各1列,排列緊密,多呈類方形,可見(jiàn)非腺毛,多由2~4個(gè)細(xì)胞組成, 均被角質(zhì)層。上下表皮內(nèi)均可見(jiàn)柵欄組織,緊密分布。中脈維管束外韌形,下表皮內(nèi)有厚角組織2~3列,皮層薄壁組織大,內(nèi)含草酸鈣結(jié)晶,導(dǎo)管呈放射狀排列。如圖3所示。
3.2.4 葉橫切面 上表皮表觀細(xì)胞呈多邊形或類方形,可見(jiàn)腺鱗,垂周壁較平直,呈扁球形,由6~7個(gè)細(xì)胞排列在同一平面上。下表皮細(xì)胞表觀呈波紋不規(guī)則形,可見(jiàn)腺鱗和非腺毛,氣孔不定式。如圖4、圖5所示。
3.2.5 灰枝紫菀粉末 本品粉末黃棕色。腺毛大多棒槌狀,頭部稍膨大,和腺柄均多由2個(gè)細(xì)胞組成。非腺毛較多,大型,多彎曲,頂端鈍圓,微木化,14個(gè)細(xì)胞組成,直徑可達(dá)10μm,較粗者壁有網(wǎng)狀紋理。厚壁細(xì)胞呈長(zhǎng)方形,非木化,紋孔較多,排列成縱行。冠毛分枝狀,各分枝為單細(xì)胞,先端漸尖?;ǚ哿3R?jiàn),具3孔溝,表面具尖刺狀雕紋。石細(xì)胞單個(gè)散在,呈類方形,層紋及孔溝較明顯,無(wú)色??梢?jiàn)花冠裂片表面具棒槌狀突起。導(dǎo)管多為網(wǎng)狀紋理和螺紋導(dǎo)管。偶見(jiàn)草酸鈣簇晶和方晶。如圖6所示。
4 討論
藏藥“露瓊”的基原藥材之一是菊科植物灰枝紫菀A. poliothamnus的干燥花序[2],故《衛(wèi)生部藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏藥分冊(cè)》收載了其粉末顯微鑒別特征。考慮到漢族地區(qū)民間多用其全草治療流行性感冒,發(fā)熱等[3],而有關(guān)其全草的生藥學(xué)研究鮮有報(bào)道。本文對(duì)灰枝紫菀干燥全草的性狀和顯微特征進(jìn)行研究,確認(rèn)其均可反映灰枝紫菀藥材獨(dú)特的生物學(xué)特性和組織特征,其中藥材的性狀特征和全草粉末顯微特征尤能反映其生藥學(xué)特性。此研究結(jié)果可作為灰枝紫菀藥材生藥學(xué)鑒別的參考依據(jù)。
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1]羅達(dá)尚. 新修晶珠本草[M]. 成都:四川科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社, 2004: 615.
[2]中華人民共和國(guó)衛(wèi)生部藥典委員會(huì).衛(wèi)生部藥品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藏藥分冊(cè)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,1964:33.
[3]中國(guó)藥材公司.中國(guó)中藥資源志要[M].北京:科學(xué)出版社,1994.
(收稿日期:2019-06-10 編輯:程鵬飛)