貴州 謝尚海

高考英語所有題型都涉及基礎語法知識的運用，尤其是語法填空題和短文改錯題，均直接考查詞法和句法。因此，在英語一輪復習備考中，語法的復習至關重要。眾所周知，高考命題依托考綱，源于教材又高于教材。實踐表明，學生要想考出理想的成績，決不能放松對教材的全面研讀，只有認真研讀教材，做好充分的準備，在高考時才能得心應手，游刃有余。因此，在一輪復習備考中，在明晰復習側重點后，教師應依托考綱，回歸教材，指導學生“讀課文，抓基礎，做真題”，對于重點知識和主干知識，必須精抓實干，舉一反三，做到真真正正吃透教材，扎扎實實打好基礎。下面，筆者結合人教版教材和近年高考英語語法填空題及短文改錯題進行說明，以期更好地助力一輪復習備考。

一、研讀考綱，梳理教材，明晰復習側重點

教師要研讀考綱，梳理教材，明晰高考英語語法一輪復習側重點，帶領學生全面且有所側重地復習語法知識。下表為筆者綜合考綱及教材進行的相關梳理，供廣大教師作為參考。

二、吃透教材，鏈接高考，重點知識樣樣清

在明晰了高考英語語法一輪復習的側重點后，教師可以通過引導學生吃透教材，并鏈接高考的方法，幫助學生準確理解并熟練運用重點知識。教師可以讓學生按單元自主通讀課文，認真逐詞逐句體會，以透徹理解過去學習中沒有弄懂的或者容易混淆的內容。在學生通讀課文后，教師要答疑解惑。與此同時，針對每一單元的重點語法知識，教師要鏈接高考真題，并進行歸納總結，以達到強化訓練和熟悉高考的雙重目的。

（一）詞法的考查

1.時態(tài)

（1）一般現(xiàn)在時

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Reading）There are over 250 sports and each one has its own standard.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?短文改錯）Though it may appear simple,it required（required 改 為requires）a lot of ideas and efforts.

點撥：一般現(xiàn)在時為常見考點，在復習時教師要讓學生重點注意三個方面：表示客觀事實或普遍真理；表示經常性的動作；在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

（2）一般過去時

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 5 Music Reading）Then they produced their own records and started touring and playing their own music.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空65 題）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and recommended（recommend）wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.

點撥：當and,but,or,so 等并列連詞連接并列謂語時，要特別注意時態(tài)保持一致。

（3）現(xiàn)在完成時

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 3 Computers Reading）Over time my memory has developed so much that,like an elephant,I never forget anything I have been told!

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅱ?語法填空66 題）I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I have made (make) over the years.

點撥：現(xiàn)在完成時也是高頻考點之一。在復習過程中，教師要讓學生明晰現(xiàn)在完成時的基本用法，主要辨別“已完成用法”和“未完成用法”，尤其讓學生熟記與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的常見標志詞，如：recently/lately（也可同一般過去時連用）,since,ever since,in the past ten/few years,over time,over the years 等。

2.非謂語動詞

【教材典例】（Book 5 Unit 1 Great scientists Reading and Writing）The Christian Church rejected his theory,saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空70 題）...we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening (listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅱ?語法填空65 題）...she had no plans to retire (retire) from her 36-year-old business.

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅱ?語法填空68 題）When we got a call saying (say) she was short-listed,we thought it was a joke.

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅰ?語法填空67 題）Scientists have responded by noting (note) that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements,...

點撥：非謂語動詞是?？键c和難點，在復習過程中，教師要讓學生把握關鍵：動詞-ing 形式表示主動與進行，動詞-ed形式表示被動與完成，動詞-to do形式表示將來（或動作沒有發(fā)生）。此外，切勿忽視有關非謂語動詞的其他語法知識：動詞-ing 形式作伴隨狀語和動詞-ing 形式作介詞賓語、“be+動詞-ed 形式+介詞”結構位于句首作狀語時省略be 動詞、with+n.+v.-ing/v.-ed/v.-to do 復合結構、固定結構（如be busy doing sth.,look forward to doing sth.等）、只跟v.-ing 形式作賓語的動詞和只跟v.-to do 形式作賓語的動詞歸納等。

3.副詞

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 1 Festivals around the world Reading and Writing）They got married secretly,and they were very happy.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅰ?語法填空62 題）It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied;...

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空68 題）They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were hugely(huge) popular with tourists.

點撥：副詞修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、句子等，是副詞的基本用法，也是高考?？键c。在日常教學中，教師要指導學生熟練掌握副詞的基本用法，還要引導學生有意識地注意形容詞和副詞之間的相互轉化，特別是要讓學生牢記常見的高頻副詞。

4.形容詞

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 3 Travel journal Using Language）However,the lakes shone like glass in the setting sun and looked wonderful.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?短文改錯）What I want is not just an ordinarily (ordinarily 改為ordinary) cafe but a very special one.

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅱ?短文改錯）First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so coolly（coolly 改為cool）.

點撥：形容詞修飾名詞作定語（前置定語或后置定語），位于連系動詞之后作表語，是形容詞的基本用法，也是高考?？键c。在日常教學中，教師不僅要指導學生熟練掌握形容詞的基本用法，還要引導學生有意識地注意形容詞和副詞之間的相互轉化，特別是要讓學生牢記常見的高頻形容詞。

5.構詞法

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 4 Earthquakes Using Language）We are pleased to tell you that you have won the high school speaking competition about new Tangshan.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空66 題）...,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting competition (compete) to watch,together with the story behind it.

（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空67 題）They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely popular with tourists.

點撥：詞性和詞形的轉化是針對構詞法最基礎的考查。教師應讓學生熟記以-tion,-sion,-ful,-al,-ment,-ure,-ist 等結尾的詞，以及其他特殊的變化形式，這對學生的一輪復習備考大有裨益。

（二）句法的考查

1.固定句式和用法

（1）so...that...

【教材典例】（Book 3 Unit 4 Astronomy:the science of the stars Using Language）It was so hard that we could not say anything to each other.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空61 題）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering ...

點撥：so...that...（如此……以致……）這個結構中，so 是副詞，修飾形容詞或者副詞，that 引導結果狀語從句。大部分學生都能夠掌握這個句式，但也有部分學生可能會將其與such...that...結構混淆。因此，復習到這里時，教師應該引導學生對這兩個結構進行比對。such...that 作“如此……以致……”解，連接一個表示結果的狀語從句，such 后邊跟名詞（這個名詞前面可以帶形容詞，也可以不帶）。比如：She is such a clever girl that everybody in our class likes her.又如：They are such interesting stories that I wish to read them again.（such后面跟復數(shù)名詞，則不用冠詞）英語中還有許多其他的學生極易混淆的固定句式和用法，在高三英語一輪復習中，教師要引導學生全面梳理、巧妙辨析這些易混淆的固定句式和用法，避免學生霧里看花。

（2）be+adj.+that/to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 1 Unit 1 Friendship Reading）Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you,or would not understand what you are going through?

【高考鏈接】（2018 ?全國卷Ⅲ?短文改錯）I was afraid that（去 掉that）to speak in front of a large group of people.

點撥：be+adj.+that.../be+adj.+to do sth.是常見的基本結構。比如：be sure that.../ to do sth.,be happy that.../ to do sth.,be glad that.../ to do...等。如果形容詞后面是句子，則需要that，教師要引導學生仔細分辨。

（3）it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games Learning about Language Exercise 3）It didn’t take her long to reach the standard for entering the Olympic Games.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空62 題）On our way to the house,it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take to get (get) there.

點撥：it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.意為“某人花了多少時間做某事”。在這個結構中，it 是形式主語，指代后面的動詞不定式，動詞不定式才是真正的主語。在學習過程中，有些結構經?？迹纭癴ind/make/believe it +adj.+to do sth.”，屬于考查熱點；有些結構不常考，如“it takes/took sb.some time to do sth.”，屬于考查冷點，但是在高考中還是偶有考查。因此，在一輪復習中，教師應提醒學生不僅要關注考查熱點，還應關注考查冷點。

2.定語從句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 4 Unit 2 Working the land Reading）One dream is not always enough,especially for a person who loves and cares for his people.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅲ?語法填空64 題）They were well trained by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.

（2019 ? 全 國 卷Ⅱ? 語 法 填 空62 題）Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,which she opened with her late husband Les.

點撥：當先行詞為物時，定語從句用that/which 引導，在非限制性定語從句中，不用that 用which；先行詞為人且作主語時，定語從句通常用who 引導。不論是限制性還是非限制性定語從句，教材中都有很多例子。位列三大從句之首的定語從句屬于高頻考點，在考查時，可能會涉及不同的關系詞，比如：that,which,where,when 等。因此，在一輪復習時，限制性和非限制性定語從句學生都要重點復習，通過教材這一載體以及教師精選的練習，學生可以熟練、系統(tǒng)地掌握其基本用法。

3.同位語從句的考查

【教材典例】（Book 2 Unit 1 Cultural relics Reading）There is no doubt that the boxes were then put on a train for K?nigsberg,which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea.

【高考鏈接】（2019 ?全國卷Ⅰ?語法填空61 題）While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.

點撥：同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，這樣的名詞為數(shù)不多，如：news,fact,idea,desire,suggestion,promise,information,doubt,evidence,report,truth,order,hope,thought 等。在一輪復習時，教師應提醒學生注意：（1）引導詞主要有that,whether,why,who,where,how,when 等；（2）that 和whether 不充當句子成分；（3）if不能引導同位語從句；（4）引導同位語從句的連詞一般不能省略。

三、提綱挈領，抽絲剝繭，構建知識網絡圖

在明晰了高考英語語法一輪復習的側重點并指導學生精準復習備考后，教師要指導學生“溫故而知新”。思維導圖具有發(fā)散性、聯(lián)想性、條理性和趣味性的特點，這有助于學生將大腦中零散的知識點連成線、聚成片。因此，教師可以指導學生構建高考英語語法一輪復習的高頻考點思維導圖，以幫助學生厘清思路，強化記憶，靈活應用。

總之，在一輪復習備考中，教師只有深挖教材，明晰高考必備語法知識以及一輪復習的側重點，結合高考真題，從“詞法”和“句法”兩方面入手，將教材中的語言知識和高頻考點講透講活，并利用思維導圖，幫助學生構建“常見高頻考點知識網絡圖”，激發(fā)學生的學習興趣，才能提高語法復習備考的實效性，最終完勝高考。