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斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)干濕交替稻田土壤速效鉀和產(chǎn)量的影響

2019-11-08 00:53夏桂敏劉光輝陳濤濤
關(guān)鍵詞:鉀素穗肥沸石

夏桂敏,劉光輝,沙 炎,趙 清,張 豐,陳濤濤

斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)干濕交替稻田土壤速效鉀和產(chǎn)量的影響

夏桂敏,劉光輝,沙 炎,趙 清,張 豐,陳濤濤※

(沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)水利學(xué)院,沈陽(yáng) 110866)

為了進(jìn)一步探究斜發(fā)沸石在干濕交替稻田中的應(yīng)用潛力,設(shè)置不同灌溉模式(淹灌和干濕交替灌溉)和不同斜發(fā)沸石用量(0、5、10 t/hm2)的大田裂區(qū)試驗(yàn),對(duì)2017-2018年稻田土壤速效鉀動(dòng)態(tài)變化和產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明:稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石顯著提高了水稻產(chǎn)量,在10 t/hm2水平下產(chǎn)量最高,增產(chǎn)率達(dá)8.7%~22.3%。斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)稻田表層土壤速效鉀含量和植株地上部鉀素積累的提高有顯著正效應(yīng),干濕交替灌溉顯著提高了各生育期植株地上部鉀素積累量,提高幅度分別為11.81%~21.42%(2017年)、9.69%~23.79%(2018年)。通徑分析表明,斜發(fā)沸石增產(chǎn)是因?yàn)槠滹@著增加了分蘗肥期和穂肥期土壤速效鉀含量,提高了抽穗開(kāi)花期和黃熟期地上部鉀素積累。研究可為揭示干濕交替灌溉下提高鉀肥利用效率的應(yīng)用潛力,并一定程度上緩解稻田缺鉀的局面提供依據(jù)。

沸石;鉀;灌溉;水稻;干濕交替;產(chǎn)量

0 引 言

鉀素作為植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的必要養(yǎng)分,在植物生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。中國(guó)土壤全鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)一般在16.6 g/kg左右,但能被植物直接吸收利用的速效鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)一般不超過(guò)全鉀的2%[1]。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻高產(chǎn),人們常采用高產(chǎn)作物品種或增加化肥施用量,導(dǎo)致土壤鉀素流失量逐年增加,土壤供鉀量顯著降低,缺鉀農(nóng)田面積逐漸增大。因此,發(fā)展與研究新的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)策略來(lái)提高農(nóng)田鉀量和保鉀能力是當(dāng)前迫切的需求。

水稻是中國(guó)主要的糧食作物,65%的人口將米飯作為主食[2-3],而其耗水量占全國(guó)總用水量的50%左右,占農(nóng)業(yè)總用水量的65%以上[4],同時(shí)水稻水分利用效率也極低,僅為40%左右[5]。為了提高稻田水分利用效率,國(guó)內(nèi)外提出了大量的水稻節(jié)水灌溉模式,如干濕交替灌溉[6]、能量調(diào)控灌溉[7]、控制灌溉[8]等。其中,干濕交替灌溉是應(yīng)用最廣的一種灌溉模式,在世界各地已得到普遍應(yīng)用和推廣。干濕交替灌溉技術(shù)可顯著降低水資源消耗、提高或維持水稻產(chǎn)量,進(jìn)而提高水分生產(chǎn)率。但在干濕交替條件下,稻田土壤始終處于有氧-厭氧快速交替的狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致稻田土壤速效鉀含量顯著降低并阻礙緩效鉀釋放[9-10]。因此,應(yīng)用干濕交替灌溉在實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻節(jié)水增產(chǎn)(或穩(wěn)產(chǎn))的同時(shí),有必要研究土壤中鉀養(yǎng)分的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,探究其在土壤中的變化規(guī)律,以充分發(fā)揮稻田土壤供鉀潛力、有效提高鉀肥利用率。

斜發(fā)沸石作為多孔礦物質(zhì),因其內(nèi)部具有較高陽(yáng)離子交換位點(diǎn)和比表面積,而具有保水、陽(yáng)離子交換及吸附選擇性等特性[11-12]。一般沸石全鉀質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在3%~5%之間,且可溶性鉀占了全鉀的一半,可為水稻提供豐富的鉀源[13-14]。斜發(fā)沸石內(nèi)部豐富交換位點(diǎn)的存在,決定了其極強(qiáng)陽(yáng)離子交換能力[15-16]。施入鉀肥后,土壤鉀離子急劇上升,斜發(fā)沸石內(nèi)部豐富交換位點(diǎn)處的陽(yáng)離子(如Ca2+、Mg2+和Na+等)迅速與鉀離子交換;而隨著水稻對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分的不斷吸收,土壤中離子濃度不斷降低,通過(guò)“吸附”和“釋放”的雙重作用,延長(zhǎng)肥效[17],而且緩釋效果在干濕交替稻田下效果更為明顯[18]。近年來(lái),許多學(xué)者對(duì)斜發(fā)沸石在干濕交替稻田中應(yīng)用潛力進(jìn)行了較為深入的研究,分別揭示了其在干濕交替稻田中可顯著提高水稻產(chǎn)量、水氮利用率、土壤持水特性和保肥能力,降低氨揮發(fā)和氮素淋失等氮素流失,且對(duì)水稻品質(zhì)沒(méi)有明顯的影響[19-22]。然而,其對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量變化及植株對(duì)鉀素吸收利用的影響如何尚不清楚。因此,本文擬通過(guò)向干濕交替灌溉稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石,明晰斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)常規(guī)淹水和干濕交替稻田土壤速效鉀含量的動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)節(jié)和產(chǎn)量的影響及其差異,揭示干濕交替灌溉下提高鉀肥利用效率的應(yīng)用潛力,并一定程度上緩解稻田缺鉀的局面。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)區(qū)概況

試驗(yàn)于2017-2018年在沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院教學(xué)試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行(123°33'E,41°49'N)?;赝临|(zhì)為棕壤土,有機(jī)質(zhì)23.17 g/kg,速效磷24.27 mg/kg,速效鉀169.98 mg/kg,全氮0.89 g/kg,土壤pH值為5.61。2 a間水稻生育期內(nèi)的逐日降水和平均溫度如圖1所示。

圖1 水稻生長(zhǎng)季日平均氣溫與降雨量

1.2 試驗(yàn)材料

供試品種為“沈稻529”,分別于2017年5月28日和2018年5月29日插秧,行距為30 cm,株距為14 cm,每穴插3株,全生育期分別為131和136 d。本試驗(yàn)氮、磷、鉀肥分別采用尿素、磷酸二銨和硫酸鉀。氮肥(N,150 kg/hm2)以5:4:1的比例分別于移栽前1天、分蘗始期及穗分化始期施入土壤;磷肥(P2O5,112.5 kg/hm2)于移栽前1天全部施入土壤;鉀肥(K2O,150 kg/hm2)以3:2的比例分別于移栽前1天和穗分化始期施入土壤。供試沸石為斜發(fā)沸石(粒徑為0.18~0.38 mm),其陽(yáng)離子交換量(cation exchange capacity,CEC)為135~200 cmol/kg,比表面積為670 m2/g,主要成分如下:SiO265.56%、Al2O310.62%、H2O 8.16%、K2O 2.87%、CaO 2.59%。

1.3 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

本試驗(yàn)采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì),包括灌溉模式和沸石量2因素,主區(qū)為淹灌(ICF)和干濕交替灌溉(IAWD)2個(gè)水平;子區(qū)斜發(fā)沸石添加量為0(Z0)、5 t/hm2(Z5)和10 t/hm2(Z10)3個(gè)水平。本試驗(yàn)設(shè)置6個(gè)處理,3次重復(fù),共18個(gè)小區(qū),南北方向布置。為了探索沸石增產(chǎn)保肥的后效性,2018年重復(fù) 2017年試驗(yàn),但不施沸石,且2018年各試驗(yàn)小區(qū)的布局和2017年完全一致。主區(qū)由80 cm寬的土埂完全隔開(kāi),通過(guò)埋設(shè)塑料池?。?0 cm高)將各小區(qū)隔開(kāi),將池埂埋入30 cm土層深度,以防止水分和養(yǎng)分的側(cè)向橫流。每個(gè)小區(qū)面積為12 m2且肥處理一致。由水銀負(fù)壓計(jì)(南京土壤所研制)和自制水位計(jì)觀測(cè)土壤水勢(shì)與田間水位。淹灌和干濕交替灌溉處理下返青期水層深度均為1~3 cm,之后分別采用不同的控水標(biāo)準(zhǔn),淹灌處理其余生育期水層深度均為3~7 cm,直至落干;干濕交替灌溉處理控水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考陳濤濤等(2016年)。稻田病、蟲(chóng)、草等管理均參照當(dāng)?shù)貥?biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1.4 測(cè)定指標(biāo)

1.4.1 水稻產(chǎn)量與鉀素吸收量

收獲前,于各小區(qū)中間1 m×1 m范圍內(nèi)隨機(jī)挑選2穴稻株,齊地面剪下,按莖、葉、穗分解后分別裝入牛皮紙袋中,于70 ℃烘干至恒質(zhì)量,并稱(chēng)質(zhì)量。之后,對(duì)烘干樣品進(jìn)行粉碎,并采用濃H2SO4-H2O2法消煮,采用火焰光度計(jì)(M410,英國(guó)Sherwood公司產(chǎn))測(cè)定各部分鉀含量,各部分干質(zhì)量與鉀素含量乘積之和即為植株地上部鉀素積累量。各小區(qū)單打單收,以測(cè)定水稻產(chǎn)量。

1.4.2 稻田土壤速效鉀含量

翻地前與秋收后土壤按0~10 cm和35~45 cm 2個(gè)土層取樣。生育期內(nèi)土樣均采集于表層土壤(0~10 cm),返青期到拔節(jié)孕穗期每隔1周取1次土樣,拔節(jié)孕穗期到黃熟期2周取1次土樣。每次施肥前后加測(cè)1次。采集的土樣風(fēng)干后粉碎至粉狀用于土壤速效鉀的測(cè)定。土壤速效鉀用1 mol/L中性NH4OAc浸提-火焰光度計(jì)法對(duì)土壤速效鉀進(jìn)行測(cè)定。

1.5 數(shù)據(jù)分析

2 a數(shù)據(jù)分別采用多層次的裂區(qū)試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)模型單獨(dú)進(jìn)行方差分析,使用R軟件實(shí)現(xiàn)。該模型中灌溉模式(I)和沸石用量(Z)為固定因子,區(qū)組(B)為隨機(jī)因子。主區(qū)和子區(qū)的誤差項(xiàng)分別為:B×I和B×I×Z。采用Tukey’s HSD方法對(duì)主因子和交互因子進(jìn)行顯著性檢測(cè),顯著性水平為0.05。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的影響

2 a試驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致表明斜發(fā)沸石(Z)對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量均有顯著影響,但灌溉模式的主效應(yīng)及交互效應(yīng)(I×Z)不顯著(表1)。與無(wú)沸石相比,2 a間水稻產(chǎn)量均隨沸石施用量的增多有提高的趨勢(shì),在沸石施用量為10 t/hm2時(shí)均達(dá)到了顯著性水平(<0.05),提高幅度為8.7%~22.3%(表2)。干濕交替稻田增施10 t/hm2斜發(fā)沸石的增產(chǎn)效果最為明顯,2 a較常規(guī)處理(ICFZ0)增產(chǎn)12.5%~27.2%(圖2)。產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因子分析結(jié)果表明,斜發(fā)沸石顯著增產(chǎn)主要由于其顯著影響了單位面積的有效穗數(shù)(表1),與Z0相比,稻田增施10 t/hm2斜發(fā)沸石, 2 a可顯著提高單位面積有效穗數(shù)17.56%~22.39%(表2)。

表1 水稻產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的方差分析

注:I:灌溉模式;Z:斜發(fā)沸石;“*”表示在<0.05 水平下影響顯著,“**” 表示在<0.01水平下影響極顯著。

Note: I: irrigation regimes; Z: zeolite application rates; “*”indicates significant effect at<0.05 level, “**”, extremely significant at<0.01.

表2 各主因子不同水平下水稻產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成指標(biāo)多重均值對(duì)比(Tukey’s HSD test)

注:ICF:淹水灌溉;IAWD:干濕交替灌溉;Z0:不施沸石;Z5:5 t·hm-2沸石;Z10:10 t·hm-2沸石,同一列不同字母表示具有顯著的差異,下同。

Note: ICF: continuously flooded irrigation; IAWD: alternate wetting and drying irrigation; Z0: no zeolite; Z5: 5 t·hm-2zeolite; Z10: 10 t·hm-2zeolite, Different lowercase letters in columns are significantly different at 0.05 probability level, the same below.

圖2 不同灌溉模式和沸石用量對(duì)水稻產(chǎn)量的影響

2.2 灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻地上部干質(zhì)量的影響

灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻各生育期地上部干物質(zhì)量的影響如圖3所示。2 a試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)各生育期干物質(zhì)量均有顯著影響,交互效應(yīng)在拔節(jié)孕穗期和抽穗開(kāi)花期有顯著影響。分析表明(圖3),2種灌溉模式下,水稻各生育期地上部干物質(zhì)量均隨沸石施用量的增多而有提高的趨勢(shì),在沸石施用量為10 t/hm2時(shí)顯著高于不添加沸石處理(<0.05)。10 t/hm2斜發(fā)沸石較之無(wú)沸石處理,地上部干物質(zhì)量2 a平均值在分蘗后期、拔節(jié)孕穗期、抽穗開(kāi)花期、乳熟期、黃熟期分別顯著提高44.52%、34.12%、20.72%、17.10%和18.13%(淹水灌溉),31.29%、35.29%、39.03%、20.88%和22.51%(干濕交替灌溉)。由此可見(jiàn),斜發(fā)沸石可提高水稻全生育期地上部干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量。

2.3 灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)地上部鉀素積累的影響

灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻各生育期鉀素積累量的影響如表3所示。2 a試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)植株鉀素積累量均有顯著影響。由表可知,干濕交替灌溉顯著提高了各生育期植株地上部鉀素積累量,提高幅度分別為11.81%~21.42%(2017)、9.69%~23.79%(2018)。與無(wú)沸石相比,2 a間不同生育期地上部鉀素積累量均隨沸石施用量的增多而有提高的趨勢(shì),在沸石施用量為10 t/hm2時(shí)均達(dá)到了顯著性水平(<0.05),各生育期地上部鉀素積累量提高幅度分別為24.67%、14.61%、31.48%、25.76%及35.84%。交互分析表明(圖4),干濕交替稻田增施10 t/hm2斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)于地上部鉀素積累量提升效果最為明顯,并且達(dá)到顯著性水平(<0.05),2 a結(jié)論完全一致。由此可見(jiàn),應(yīng)用干濕交替灌溉和斜發(fā)沸石均可提高水稻全生育期地上部鉀素積累量。

注:T,分蘗后期;J,拔節(jié)孕穗期; FH,抽穗開(kāi)花期; M,乳熟期;D,黃熟期,下同。

表3 各主因子不同水平下水稻各生育期地上部分鉀素積累的均值比較

圖4 不同灌溉模式和沸石用量對(duì)地上部分鉀素積累量的影響

2.4 灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量的影響

不同灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石水平下稻田全生育期土壤速效鉀含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化曲線如圖5所示。2017年和2018年,土壤速效鉀含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化曲線基本一致,均出現(xiàn)3次峰值和2次谷值。第1次、第2次峰值分別出現(xiàn)在施分蘗肥后、施穗肥后的第4天;第3次峰值出現(xiàn)在生殖生長(zhǎng)階段,植株吸收養(yǎng)分的速度大于施穗肥后K+濃度上升速度,隨著生育進(jìn)程的遞進(jìn),植株吸收養(yǎng)分的速度又小于K+濃度上升速度。2種灌溉模式下,土壤速效鉀含量均隨著沸石施用量的增加而增加,并達(dá)到顯著性水平(<0.05),這種規(guī)律從水稻返青一直持續(xù)到水稻黃熟收獲,持續(xù)了整個(gè)水稻生育期。在干濕交替灌溉下施用斜發(fā)沸石,土壤速效鉀含量始終高于淹水灌溉(表4)。這表明斜發(fā)沸石在干濕交替灌溉下提高速效鉀含量的效果更為明顯,且2 a結(jié)論完全一致。

各處理不同施肥階段土壤速效鉀平均含量如表4所示。2種灌溉模式下,3個(gè)施肥階段土壤速效鉀平均含量均隨著沸石施用量的增加呈現(xiàn)增加趨勢(shì)。交互效應(yīng)分析表明,2 a試驗(yàn)期間,斜發(fā)沸石在干濕交替灌溉下,對(duì)于不同施肥階段土壤速效鉀平均含量的提升更為明顯。如在分蘗-穗肥時(shí)期,ICFZ10處理土壤速效鉀平均含量較ICFZ0高15.86%、55.73%(2017)和31.96%、62.61%(2018);IAWDZ5、IAWDZ10處理土壤速效鉀平均含量較IAWDZ0高44.01%、83.65%(2017)和50.18%、91.35%(2018)。斜發(fā)沸石在不同施肥階段對(duì)土壤速效鉀平均含量增效也有所不同。在速效鉀含量高時(shí)(基肥-分蘗肥)最為明顯,在速效鉀含量低時(shí)(穗肥-收獲)其增效也有所降低。

2.5 土壤速效鉀、鉀積累及產(chǎn)量關(guān)聯(lián)分析

為了明晰水稻產(chǎn)量同階段土壤速效鉀平均含量和地上部鉀素積累量的響應(yīng)關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步揭示斜發(fā)沸石增產(chǎn)機(jī)理,分別對(duì)5個(gè)生育期地上部鉀素積累量與水稻產(chǎn)量以及3個(gè)施肥階段土壤速效鉀平均含量與水稻產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行了通徑分析(以2 a均值作分析),分析結(jié)果如表5所示。由表5可知,抽穗開(kāi)花期和黃熟期的地上部鉀素積累量對(duì)產(chǎn)量貢獻(xiàn)最大,其貢獻(xiàn)率所占比例分別為:55%(抽穗開(kāi)花期)、40%(黃熟期)。而在產(chǎn)量貢獻(xiàn)率最大的2個(gè)生育期,斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)地上部鉀素積累的作用極為明顯,增施10 t/hm2斜發(fā)沸石,分別提高地上部鉀素積累31.5%、35.8%(表3)。由此可知,斜發(fā)沸石增產(chǎn)是由于其顯著增加了水稻抽穗開(kāi)花期與黃熟期地上部鉀素積累。乳熟期和分蘗后期對(duì)產(chǎn)量的負(fù)貢獻(xiàn)率可能是由于基肥和穗肥后,土壤鉀肥營(yíng)養(yǎng)充足,植株地上部分鉀素積累并不會(huì)對(duì)產(chǎn)量產(chǎn)生直接正效應(yīng)(圖5)。同樣由表5可知,分蘗肥-穗肥、穗肥-收獲期2階段的土壤速效鉀平均含量對(duì)產(chǎn)量貢獻(xiàn)率分別為40%、39%。在分蘗-穗肥、穗肥-收獲施肥階段中沸石對(duì)于不同灌溉模式下土壤速效鉀含量的提高極為顯著。可見(jiàn),斜發(fā)沸石能夠顯著提高分蘗-穗肥、穗肥-收獲期2階段土壤速效鉀含量是其使水稻增產(chǎn)的另一個(gè)原因。由此可知,斜發(fā)沸石顯著提高了K+敏感時(shí)期土壤速效鉀含量,增加植株關(guān)鍵時(shí)期的地上部分鉀素積累量,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻增產(chǎn)。

圖5 不同灌溉模式和沸石用量對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量動(dòng)態(tài)變化的影響

表4 不同處理對(duì)稻田階段土壤速效鉀平均含量的影響

表5 不同生育期植株鉀積累和階段土壤速效鉀平均含量對(duì)產(chǎn)量的通徑分析

注:18分別表示分蘗后期、拔節(jié)孕穗期、抽穗開(kāi)花期、乳熟期、黃熟期地上部分鉀素積累量、基肥-分蘗肥、分蘗肥-穗肥、穗肥-收獲階段土壤速效鉀平均含量。

Note:18respectively indicates the above-ground K accumulation of plants in later tillering stage, jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, milky ripening stage, yellow ripening stage, the soil available potassium content in base-tillering fertilizer, tillering-spike fertilizer, spike fertilizer-harvest.

3 討 論

3.1 灌溉模式與斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)水稻地上部鉀積累及產(chǎn)量的影響

鉀素作為植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的必需元素,在作物增產(chǎn)方面起著關(guān)鍵性作用[23-24]。鉀素充足有利于作物各生長(zhǎng)階段器官的生長(zhǎng),尤其是對(duì)水稻更為重要,而稻田植株地上部鉀素積累量是產(chǎn)量形成的表現(xiàn)[25]。相關(guān)研究表明,干濕交替灌溉可促進(jìn)水稻深層根系的生長(zhǎng),進(jìn)而提高根系吸收水分和養(yǎng)分的能力,改善水稻植株的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[26]。本研究表明,干濕交替灌溉顯著提高了水稻各生育期地上部分鉀素積累量,與其結(jié)論一致。水分狀況影響植株對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收利用,進(jìn)而影響水稻的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和產(chǎn)量的形成[27],斜發(fā)沸石因具有較高的比表面積,能夠顯著改善土壤的保水能力和水分狀況[20],不僅能為作物生長(zhǎng)提供充足的水分,還能緩解干旱脅迫對(duì)產(chǎn)量的負(fù)效應(yīng)[28];另外,斜發(fā)沸石極強(qiáng)的陽(yáng)離子交換能力,還能提高稻田保肥能力和土壤中可交換鉀的數(shù)量,進(jìn)而提高稻田土壤鉀素的有效性,為作物生長(zhǎng)提供良好的營(yíng)養(yǎng)條件[29-31]。Chen等[19,21,29,32]研究表明,斜發(fā)沸石顯著提高了水稻植株地上部氮積累量和增加了單位面積的有效穗數(shù),從而使水稻增產(chǎn)4.7%~16.8%。本研究表明,稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石(5~10 t/hm2)可提高產(chǎn)量,提高水稻各生育期植株地上部鉀素積累,尤其是10 t/hm2的斜發(fā)沸石同干濕交替灌溉模式結(jié)合效果最好,較之淹水無(wú)沸石處理,可顯著提高鉀素積累量。斜發(fā)沸石顯著提高了K+敏感時(shí)期土壤速效鉀含量,增加植株關(guān)鍵時(shí)期的地上部分鉀素積累量,從而提高水稻產(chǎn)量。

3.2 灌溉模式和斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量的影響

是所需的重要元素,限制著植物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,而速效鉀更是一個(gè)衡量土壤肥力的重要指標(biāo)[33]。干濕交替灌溉不僅能夠影響植物對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收,同時(shí)還能夠影響土壤速效鉀含量,從而間接或直接的影響作物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。李夢(mèng)尋等[9]研究表明,干濕交替灌溉能夠顯著降低速效鉀的含量,土壤中的交換性鉀進(jìn)入黏土礦物的晶體層之間,從而轉(zhuǎn)換成非交換型鉀,最終降低鉀的有效性。而叢日環(huán)等[34]研究表明,在土壤速效鉀水平不高的條件下,頻繁的干濕交替會(huì)使土壤發(fā)生釋鉀現(xiàn)象,導(dǎo)致土壤速效鉀含量增加。本研究表明,2 a試驗(yàn)下,干濕交替灌溉降低了稻田土壤速效鉀含量,在水稻生育前期,土壤速效鉀含量較高。同時(shí),在前期干濕交替次數(shù)較少,此時(shí)干濕交替灌溉會(huì)降低土壤速效鉀含量,之后隨著生育進(jìn)程的遞進(jìn),土壤速效鉀逐漸被植株吸收,速效鉀含量降低,之后頻繁的干濕交替灌溉又會(huì)促進(jìn)土壤釋鉀,導(dǎo)致土壤速效鉀含量升高,使之接近淹水灌溉水平,但始終沒(méi)有超過(guò),與其結(jié)論一致。這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)土壤水分含量較低時(shí),土壤溶液中的K+濃度就會(huì)增加,礦物層之間的空隙就會(huì)收縮或閉合,K+就會(huì)被束縛無(wú)法釋放出來(lái)導(dǎo)致速效鉀含量降低,在濕潤(rùn)條件下時(shí),土壤溶液中的K+濃度就會(huì)降低,被固定在土壤中的鉀素就會(huì)從新被釋放出來(lái)[35]。在土壤中添加天然沸石有助于保持土壤養(yǎng)分和改善土壤質(zhì)地。它影響著土壤中許多用于植物吸收利用的營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素,如N、K、Ca和Mg等[16]。周恩湘等[36]研究表明,土壤添加沸石能夠提高土壤速效鉀含量,較之無(wú)沸石處理,可提高鹽化土壤速效鉀含量5%~25%。本研究表明,稻田增施沸石能夠顯著增加全生育期土壤中速效鉀含量,尤其是斜發(fā)沸石同干濕交替灌溉模式結(jié)合效果更好,兩者表現(xiàn)出協(xié)同作用。這是因?yàn)樵诜惺泻写罅康目扇苄遭浫苡谒衃13],使得速效鉀含量大幅度提升,在后期效果也非常顯著,并且在2018年具有相同的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,可見(jiàn)斜發(fā)沸石具有后效性[37]。斜發(fā)沸石增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)是因?yàn)樾卑l(fā)沸石提高了K+敏感時(shí)期的土壤速效鉀含量。

4 結(jié) 論

本文以淹灌為對(duì)照,研究斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)干濕交替稻田土壤速效鉀動(dòng)態(tài)變化和產(chǎn)量的影響。主要結(jié)論如下:

1)稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石可顯著提高水稻產(chǎn)量,在10 t/hm2水平下產(chǎn)量最高,增產(chǎn)率達(dá)22.3%,其增產(chǎn)原因是斜發(fā)沸石提高了全生育土壤速效鉀含量,促進(jìn)植株地上部分干物質(zhì)和鉀素積累量。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成上分析是斜發(fā)沸石顯著增加了單位面積的有效穗數(shù)。

2)淹灌和干濕交替稻田增施斜發(fā)沸石均顯著提高土壤速效鉀含量,可提高基肥期、分蘗肥期和穗肥期表層土壤速效鉀含量,且在干濕交替灌溉下提升效果更為明顯。

3)斜發(fā)沸石在淹灌和干濕交替灌溉下對(duì)土壤鉀肥、干物質(zhì)、鉀素積累和產(chǎn)量等多重正效應(yīng)至少可持續(xù)2 a。當(dāng)然,稻田斜發(fā)沸石增產(chǎn)不能完全歸結(jié)于其對(duì)提高表層土壤速效鉀含量和地上部分鉀素積累提升的正效應(yīng),還與斜發(fā)沸石提高土壤持水性能及對(duì)土壤氮含量的影響等有一定的關(guān)系。有關(guān)斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)土壤水分和多種溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移的綜合調(diào)控機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步研究。

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Impact of zeolite on dynamic of soil available potassium and grain yield in alternate wetting and drying rice system

Xia Guimin, Liu Guanghui, Sha Yan, Zhao Qing, Zhang Feng, Chen Taotao※

(,,110866)

The impact of zeolite (Z) on the dynamic of soil available potassium in the rice production system remains unknown, especially in the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation rice production system. To explore the application potential of zeolite in alternate wetting and drying rice system, a 2-year experiment was conducted to determine the effects of Z on grain yield and soil available potassium under different Z application rates and irrigation methods using the split plot design. A Japonica rice (cv. Shen Dao 529) was cultivated in brown loam soil. Treatments included 2 irrigations methods (CF: continuously flooded irrigation, AWD: alternate wetting and drying irrigation) as main plots and 3 zeolite application rates (0, 5, and 10 t/hm2) as sub-plots within each of main plots. The experiment was repeated in 2018 but Z was not applied, and the plots in 2018 experiment were same as 2017 experiment. The results showed that Z application at the rate of 10 t/hm2significantly increased grain yield as compared with no zeolites, in particular Z application at the rate of 10 t/hm2in the AWD rice production system, of which the yield was 8.7%-22.3% higher than the zeolite-free treatment in the CF rice production system. Zeolite had a significant positive effect on the surface soil available potassium content, and above-ground dry matter accumulation as well as the K accumulation of rice plants in the rice field. Z application at the rate of 5-10 t/hm2increased the surface soil available potassium content in the basel fertilizer stage, tiller fertilizer stage and panicle fertilizer stages, above-ground dry matter accumulation in later tillering stage, jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, milky ripening stage, and yellow ripening stage and improved the aboveground K accumulation of rice plant in the later tillering stage, jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, milky ripening stage, yellow ripening stage. The positive effects of Z observed were even more obvious when applied into the AWD rice production systems relative to the CF one. Compared with the most commonly used treatment (CF and Z-free treatment), the AWD irrigation in combination with 10 t/hm2Z application average increased the surface soil available potassium content in the basal fertilizer stage, tiller fertilizer stage and panicle fertilizer stages, above-ground dry matter accumulation in Jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, milky ripening stage, Yellow ripening stage (except later tillering stage) and improved the aboveground K accumulation of rice plant in the later tillering stage, jointing-booting stage, heading-flowering stage, milky ripening stage, yellow ripening stage by 11.81%-21.42% in 2017 and 9.69%-23.79% in 2018. The rice yield component results revealed the increased yield in Z treatment was mainly caused by increased effective tiller number at harvest, while path analysis of dynamics in average soil available potassium at different fertilization stages and above-ground K accumulation of rice plants at different growth stages further suggested that the increased grain yield in zeolite treatment was mainly due to increase of soil available potassium content in tiller-panicle fertilizer stage and panicle fertilizer-harvest stage caused by increased zeolite, and increased aboveground K accumulation of rice plant in the heading-flowering stage and yellow ripening stage. In addition, these positive residual activities could maintain for at least 2 years after initial application in both the CF and AWD rice production systems.

zeolite; potassium; irrigation; rice; alternate wetting and drying; yield

夏桂敏,劉光輝,沙 炎,趙 清,張 豐,陳濤濤. 斜發(fā)沸石對(duì)干濕交替稻田土壤速效鉀和產(chǎn)量的影響[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2019,35(18):101-109.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.18.013 http://www.tcsae.org

Xia Guimin, Liu Guanghui, Sha Yan, Zhao Qing, Zhang Feng, Chen Taotao. Impact of zeolite on dynamic of soil available potassium and grain yield in alternate wetting and drying rice system[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2019, 35(18): 101-109. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.18.013 http://www.tcsae.org

2019-03-14

2019-08-10

國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(51709173、51679142);遼寧省自然基金(2019-MS-277、20180550819);國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專(zhuān)項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目(201303125)

夏桂敏,副教授,博士,主要從事農(nóng)業(yè)與生態(tài)節(jié)水理論及技術(shù)研究。Email:xiagm1229@126.com

陳濤濤,博士,講師,主要從水肥調(diào)控與高效利用研究。Email:taotao-chen@syau.edu.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.18.013

S274.3; O614.113

A

1002-6819(2019)-18-0101-09

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