張偉亞, 林君峰, 閆 杰, 王成云*
(1.深圳海關(guān)工業(yè)品檢測技術(shù)中心,廣東深圳 518067;2.深圳市檢驗檢疫科學(xué)研究院,廣東深圳 518010)
自2000年以來,全球范圍內(nèi)報告濫用新型精神活性物質(zhì)(Novel Psychoactive Substances,NPS)的情況急劇增加。在2009~2017年期間,有102個國家向聯(lián)合國毒品和犯罪辦公室報告了803種NPS。NPS是沒有被聯(lián)合國國際公約管制,但存在濫用,并會對公眾健康造成危害的單一物質(zhì)或者混合物質(zhì),它是對管制毒品進(jìn)行化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)修飾得到的毒品類似物,但具有與管制毒品相似或更強(qiáng)的效果,現(xiàn)已成為繼傳統(tǒng)毒品、合成毒品后全球流行的第三代毒品,一般包括合成大麻素、興奮劑(苯乙胺、卡西酮、哌嗪等)、致幻劑或分離型致幻劑(氯胺酮及苯環(huán)利定)、鎮(zhèn)定劑、色胺、氨基茚及芬太尼類合成阿片等[1]。芬太尼自產(chǎn)生以來,主要是用于臨床麻醉使用。由于其具有非常優(yōu)良的作用,以其為母體合成了上百種芬太尼類似物質(zhì)。芬太尼的合成一般是通過前體N-苯乙基-4-哌啶酮(NPP)與苯胺脫水縮合得亞胺衍生物,然后被還原為4-苯胺基-N-苯乙基哌啶(4-ANPP)。至2018年底,此兩種前體和25種芬太尼類物質(zhì)被我國列入管制。芬太尼類物質(zhì)是強(qiáng)麻醉劑[2],其最嚴(yán)重的不良反應(yīng)是抑制呼吸,導(dǎo)致呼吸暫停。
芬太尼類物質(zhì)可采用氣相色譜/質(zhì)譜(GC-MS)聯(lián)用法[3 - 8]、液相色譜-二極管陣列檢測器(HPLC-DAD)[9 - 12]、液相色譜/串聯(lián)質(zhì)譜法(HPLC-MS/MS)[13 - 20]、液相色譜/高分辨質(zhì)譜法(HPLC-HRMS)[21 - 25]等進(jìn)行精確定性和定量,還可采用表面增強(qiáng)拉曼光譜法[26 - 28]等方法進(jìn)行快速篩查。由于芬太尼類物質(zhì)屬于管制類物質(zhì),難以獲得標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品或?qū)φ掌罚尸F(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)涉及的芬太尼種類都不多,主要集中在芬太尼、阿芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、舒芬太尼、卡芬太尼、奧芬太尼等,其他的芬太尼類物質(zhì)鮮見報道。Strayer等人[29]采用LC-MS/MS法測定血液中芬太尼的含量,共檢測24種芬太尼及其類似物,是目前公開報道的文獻(xiàn)中涉及芬太尼類物質(zhì)種類最多的,但也只涉及了我國列管的17種、聯(lián)合國列管的14種芬太尼類物質(zhì)。目前尚未見文獻(xiàn)報道對聯(lián)合國管制的27種芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體進(jìn)行測定。
芬太尼類物質(zhì)種類繁多,可能出現(xiàn)的新品種數(shù)量無法估量,列入管制的品種也不斷增多。2019年3月,聯(lián)合國毒品與犯罪辦公室宣布將甲氧基芬太尼、環(huán)丙基芬太尼、鄰氟芬太尼和對氟丁酰芬太尼列入管制目錄,使受管制的總數(shù)量達(dá)到25種芬太尼類物質(zhì)和2種前體。從2019年5月1日開始,我國對芬太尼類物質(zhì)實行整類列管。鑒于難以獲得全部受管制的芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品,因此,開發(fā)一個不需要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的篩查方法就十分必要。魏萬里等人[30]利用高效液相色譜-飛行時間質(zhì)譜(HPLC-TOF-MS)開發(fā)了甲卡西酮的無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品定性定量檢驗方法,表明了此類方法的實際可行性。靜電場軌道阱高分辨質(zhì)譜(Orbitrap HRMS)采用準(zhǔn)分子離子精確質(zhì)量數(shù)進(jìn)行定性,采用二級離子碎片進(jìn)行確證。根據(jù)物質(zhì)的分子結(jié)構(gòu)和分子式,可以確定其準(zhǔn)分子離子精確質(zhì)量數(shù),并推導(dǎo)出可能的二級離子碎片,不需要使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品就可以完成定性和確證。本文采用超高效液相色譜/靜電場軌道阱(UPLC/Orbitrap HRMS)技術(shù)建立了32種受管制的芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體的快速篩查方法(檢測對象涵蓋了聯(lián)合國列管的全部25種芬太尼類物質(zhì)和2種前體)。芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體具體信息列行表1。
表1 32種芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體信息
(續(xù)表1)
No.NameIUPAC NameFormulaCAS No.23#Acryl fentanylN-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]acrylamideC22H26N2O82003-75-624#Valeryl fentanylN-Phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]pentanamideC24H32N2O122882-90-025#Tetrahydrofuranyl fentanylN-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamideC24H30N2O22142571-01-326#NPPN-phenethyl-4-piperidoneC13H17NO39742-60-427#4-ANPPN-Phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amineC19H24N221409-26-728#Methoxyacetyl fentanyl2-Methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]acetamideC22H28N2O2101345-67-929#Cyclopropyl fentanylN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamideC23H28N2O1169-68-230#2-FluorofentanylN-(2-Fluorophenyl)-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]propanamideC22H27FN2O-31#Cyclobutyl fentanylN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclobutanecarboxamideC24H30N2O-32#Cyclohexyl fentanylN-(1-Phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclohexanecarboxamideC26H34N2O -
Dionex Ultimate 3000-Q Exactive超高效液相色譜/靜電場軌道阱高分辨質(zhì)譜儀(美國,Thermo Scietific公司),配電噴霧正離子源(ESI+)。
色譜純甲酸(純度98.0%)、甲酸銨(純度97.0%)(德國CNW Technologies公司);實驗用水為經(jīng)Milli-Q純水系統(tǒng)(美國Millipore公司)處理的高純水。
準(zhǔn)確稱取樣品10 mg,用10 mL乙腈溶解,稀釋至合適濃度后,進(jìn)樣分析。
1.3.1 色譜分析條件Accucore Phenylhexyl色譜柱(100×2.1 mm×2.6 μm,Thermo Scietific公司);流動相A為0.1%甲酸水溶液(含2 mmol/L甲酸銨),流動相B為49.5%甲醇/49.5%乙腈/1.0%水(含0.1%甲酸和2 mmol/L甲酸銨)。梯度程序:0.0~9.9 min,99%A;10.0 min時,流動相線性遞變?yōu)?%A,維持至11.5 min;11.6 min時,流動相變?yōu)?9%A,維持至15.5 min。流速0.5 mL/min,進(jìn)樣量1.0 μL,進(jìn)樣室溫度7 ℃,色譜柱溫度40 ℃。
1.3.2 質(zhì)譜分析條件可加熱電噴霧離子源,正離子(ESI+)模式,噴霧電壓3 200 V,毛細(xì)管溫度320 ℃,輔助氣溫度400 ℃,鞘氣流速30 mL/min,輔助氣流速10 mL/min,掃描方式為Full MS/ddMS2,F(xiàn)ull MS分辨率為35 000,ddMS2分辨率為17 500,掃描范圍為m/z70~m/z1 000。根據(jù)準(zhǔn)分子離子精確質(zhì)量數(shù)進(jìn)行定性,利用二級質(zhì)譜碎片進(jìn)行確證。
在ESI+模式下,芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體的一級質(zhì)譜均只有1個峰,即其準(zhǔn)分子離子[M+H]+。它在一定電壓下斷裂,產(chǎn)生二級子離子。以芬太尼為例說明其斷裂機(jī)理[31],芬太尼準(zhǔn)分子離子[M+H]+中N-苯基酰胺部分的C-N鍵發(fā)生α-斷裂,脫去1個丙醛基團(tuán),生成離子A,哌啶環(huán)中N-C鍵和C-C鍵發(fā)生斷裂,生成離子F、G,離子A還可進(jìn)一步發(fā)生斷裂,生成離子B、C;[M+H]+還可斷裂生成離子D,其哌啶環(huán)與N-苯基酰胺取代基還可發(fā)生斷裂,生成離子E。圖1給出了芬太尼可能的斷裂途徑。其它芬太尼類物質(zhì)的斷裂機(jī)理與芬太尼類似。前體4-ANPP的斷裂機(jī)理與芬太尼類似,但不出現(xiàn)離子A。前體NPP根據(jù)同樣的斷裂機(jī)理生成離子B、D、F;其哌啶環(huán)上發(fā)生斷裂,失去一個羰基基團(tuán)后發(fā)生環(huán)閉合,生成離子E,其化學(xué)式為C12H18N,精確質(zhì)量數(shù)為m/z176.14338,而芬太尼的離子E化學(xué)式則為C13H18N,精確質(zhì)量數(shù)為(m/z188.14338;此外,離子A、C、G不出現(xiàn)。32種目標(biāo)分析物的準(zhǔn)分子離子和二級碎片離子信息見表2(表2中各目標(biāo)分析物的序號同表1)。
圖1 ESI+模式下芬太尼可能的斷裂途徑Fig.1 Proposed fragmentation pathways of product ion for fentanyl in ESI+ mode
No.[M+H]+Segment ASegment BSegment CSegment DSegment ESegment FSegment G1#FormulaC22H29N2OC20H27N2C11H14NC9H10NC9H11C14H20NC10H14NC13H16NOAccurate mass337.22744295.21168160.11208132.08078119.08553202.15903148.11208202.122642#FormulaC22H29N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H18NOAccurate mass337.22744281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643216.138293#FormulaC21H33N6O3C18H29N6O2C7H12N5OC11H14NOC5H9N4OC12H22N5O2C6H12N5OC16H22NO2Accurate mass417.26087361.23465182.10364176.10699141.07709268.17680170.10364260.164514#FormulaC23H31N2OC20H27N2C11H14NC9H10NC9H11C14H20NC10H14NC14H18NOAccurate mass351.24309295.21688160.11208132.08078119.08553202.15903148.11208216.138295#FormulaC23H31N2OC20H27N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C14H20NC9H12NC15H20NOAccurate mass351.24309295.21168146.09643132.08078105.06988202.15903134.09643230.153946#FormulaC23H31N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC15H20NOAccurate mass351.24309281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643230.153947#FormulaC23H31N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC15H20NOAccurate mass351.24309281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643230.153948#FormulaC21H29N2OSC18H25N2SC9H12NSC9H10NC7H9SC12H18NSC8H12NSC14H18NOAccurate mass357.19951301.17330166.06850132.08078125.04195208.11545154.06850216.138299#FormulaC21H29N2OSC18H25N2SC8H10NSC9H10NC6H7SC12H18NSC7H10NSC15H20NOAccurate mass357.19951301.17330152.05285132.08078111.02630208.11545140.05285230.1539410#FormulaC22H29N2O2C19H25N2OC10H12NOC9H10NC8H9OC13H18NOC9H12NOC14H18NOAccurate mass353.22235297.19614162.09134132.08078121.06479204.13829150.09134216.1382911#FormulaC23H31N2O2C20H27N2OC10H12NOC9H10NC8H9OC14H20NOC9H12NOC15H20NOAccurate mass367.23800311.21179162.09134132.08078121.06479218.15394150.09134230.1539412#FormulaC22H28N2OFC19H24N2FC10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H17NOFAccurate mass355.21802299.19180146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643234.1288713#FormulaC20H29N2O5C17H25N2O4C6H10NO2C11H12NO2C4H7O2C11H18NO4C5H10NO2C16H20NO3Accurate mass377.20710321.18088128.07061190.0862687.04406228.12303116.07061274.1437714#FormulaC22H31N2O2SC19H27N2OSC8H10NSC11H14NOC6H7SC13H20NSOC7H10NSC16H22NO2Accurate mass387.21008331.18386152.05285176.10699111.02630238.12601140.05285260.1645115#FormulaC20H27N2OSC17H23N2SC8H10NSC9H10NC6H7SC11H16NSC7H10NSC14H18NO
(續(xù)表2)
No.[M+H]+Segment ASegment BSegment CSegment DSegment ESegment FSegment GAccurate mass343.18386287.15765152.05285132.08078111.02630194.09980140.05285216.1382916#FormulaC21H27N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC13H16NOAccurate mass323.21179281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643202.1226417#FormulaC20H27N2O2SC17H23N2SOC8H10NSOC9H10NOC6H7SOC11H16NSOC7H10NSOC14H18NOAccurate mass359.17878303.15256182.05084148.07569127.02121210.09471156.04776216.1382918#FormulaC23H30N2OFC19H24N2FC10H12NC9H9NFC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC15H19NOFAccurate mass369.23367299.19180146.09643150.07135105.06988188.14338134.09643248.1445219#FormulaC23H30N2OFC19H24N2FC10H12NC9H9NFC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC15H19NOFAccurate mass369.23367299.19180146.09643150.07135105.06988188.14338134.09643248.1445220#FormulaC22H28N2O2FC19H24N2FC10H12NC9H9NFC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H17NO2FAccurate mass371.21293299.19180146.09643150.07135105.06988188.14338134.09643250.1237821#FormulaC24H31N2O3C21H27N2O2C10H12NC11H12NO2C8H9C15H20NO2C9H12NC16H20NO3Accurate mass395.23292339.20670146.09643190.08626105.06988246.14886134.09643274.1437722#FormulaC24H27N2O2C19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC16H16NO2Accurate mass375.20670281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643254.1175623#FormulaC22H27N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H16NOAccurate mass335.21179281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643214.1226424#FormulaC24H33N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC16H22NOAccurate mass365.25874281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643244.1695925#FormulaC24H31N2O2C19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC16H20NO2Accurate mass379.23800281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643258.1488626#FormulaC13H18NO-C10H12N-C8H9C12H18NC9H12N-Accurate mass204.13829-146.09643-105.06988176.14338134.09643-27#FormulaC19H25N2-C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC11H14NAccurate mass281.20123-146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643160.1120828#FormulaC22H29N2O2C19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H18NO2Accurate mass353.22235281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643232.1332029#FormulaC23H29N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC15H18NOAccurate mass349.22744281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643228.1382930#FormulaC22H28N2OFC19H24N2FC10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC14H17NOFAccurate mass355.21802299.19180146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643234.1288731#FormulaC24H31N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC16H20NOAccurate mass363.24309281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643242.1539432#FormulaC26H35N2OC19H25N2C10H12NC9H10NC8H9C13H18NC9H12NC18H24NOAccurate mass391.27439281.20123146.09643132.08078105.06988188.14338134.09643270.18524
-:the ion fragment did not appear.
根據(jù)表2提供的準(zhǔn)分子離子和二級碎片離子的精確質(zhì)量數(shù)和分子結(jié)構(gòu),建立1個數(shù)據(jù)庫,利用TraceFinder軟件建立篩查列表,根據(jù)準(zhǔn)分子離子精確質(zhì)量數(shù)進(jìn)行快速篩查,利用二級碎片離子精確質(zhì)量數(shù)及分子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行確證,精確質(zhì)量數(shù)偏差要求小于5×10-6。根據(jù)歐盟指令2002/657/EC的要求,利用二級質(zhì)譜確證時要求至少4.0個識別點,而高分辨質(zhì)譜一級、二級子離子分別能提供2.0、2.5個識別點。為確保確證結(jié)果的可靠性,對每個目標(biāo)分析物,均提供了3個以上的二級子離子碎片,此時識別點不小于9.5,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了2002/657/EC的要求。
對某海關(guān)協(xié)助提供的9個白色粉末樣品進(jìn)行快速篩查,結(jié)果在1#、2#樣品中同時檢出芬太尼和前體4-ANPP,3#~9#樣品中同時檢出4-ANPP、芬太尼和乙酰芬太尼。圖2(a)、圖2(b)分別是1#、3#樣品的UPLC/Orbitrap HRMS提取離子色譜圖。圖2(a)中出現(xiàn)在5.20 min、5.42 min處的譜峰分別是4-ANPP和芬太尼,圖2(b)中出現(xiàn)在4.93 min、5.20 min、5.42 min處的譜峰分別是乙酰芬太尼、4-ANPP和芬太尼。
圖2 實際樣品的提取離子圖Fig.2 Extracted ion chromatograms of real samplesa.1# sample,b.3# sample.1:4-ANPP;2:fentanyl;3:acetyl fentanyl.
在ESI+模式下,4-ANPP、芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼的準(zhǔn)分子離子[M+H]+化學(xué)式分別為C19H25N2、C22H29N2O、C21H27N2O,發(fā)生斷裂后可能生成的二級碎片離子信息見表2。在實際工作中,部分碎片可能會消失。對圖2(b)(3#樣品)中檢出的4-ANPP、芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼等3個組分進(jìn)行二級質(zhì)譜分析,結(jié)果見圖3。4-ANPP本身沒有二級碎片離子A,除4-ANPP的二級碎片離子中碎片離子G和乙酰芬太尼的二級碎片離子中碎片離子A未出現(xiàn)外,其余碎片離子均被檢出。作為對比,對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品4-ANPP、芬太尼和乙酰芬太尼進(jìn)行了測試。結(jié)果表明,樣品中被檢出組分與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的準(zhǔn)分子離子及二級碎片離子的精確質(zhì)量數(shù)偏差均在歐盟法規(guī)SANCO/12571/2013規(guī)定的范圍內(nèi)。表3列出了3#樣品中檢出的4-ANPP、芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品4-ANPP、芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼的二級碎片離子的精確質(zhì)量數(shù)測定值及與其理論值的偏差,偏差范圍為-4.13×10-6~+3.51×10-6,均小于±5×10-6,滿足歐盟法規(guī)SANCO/12571/2013對高分辨質(zhì)譜定性鑒定的要求。歐盟指令2002/657/EC規(guī)定,采用二級質(zhì)譜離子碎片進(jìn)行確證時,至少需要達(dá)到4.0個識別點。本方法中利用1個一級母離子和5~7個二級離子進(jìn)行確證,識別點高達(dá)14.5~19.5,根據(jù)圖3,確證該樣品中檢出4-ANPP、芬太尼、乙酰芬太尼。
圖3 1個陽性樣品中3個組分及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的二級離子碎片圖Fig.3 Secondary ion fragments of standards and three target compounds in a positive sample(a):4-ANPP;(b):fentanyl;(c):acetyl fentanyl;(d):4-ANPP standard;(e):fentanyl standard; (f) acetyl fentanyl standard.
根據(jù)刑法相關(guān)規(guī)定,對于新型毒品要做含量鑒定。利用購自Alta Scientific Co.Ltd.的標(biāo)樣芬太尼(純度98.5%)、4-ANPP(純度97.0%)、乙酰芬太尼(純度97.4%)來確定9個實際樣品中檢出的4-ANPP、芬太尼和乙酰芬太尼的純度,結(jié)果見表4。1#、2#樣品中同時檢出前體4-ANPP和少量芬太尼,這可能是在運(yùn)輸、分裝樣品的過程中被污染而造成的。3#~9#樣品中芬太尼的純度分別為85.25%、74.93%、86.42%、79.38%、66.18%、69.84%、59.58%,這7個樣品中同時還檢出微量的乙酰芬太尼和前體4-ANPP。
表3 陽性樣品中檢出的3種芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體與其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的準(zhǔn)分子離子及二級離子碎片(m/z)
-:the ion fragment did not appear.
表4 實際樣品測試結(jié)果(%)
-:no detected.
芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體是受到嚴(yán)格管制的新的精神活性物質(zhì),其種類繁多,且不斷出現(xiàn)新的品種,但難以獲得所有的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品或?qū)φ掌罚蚨?個能同時檢測所有受管制芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體的分析方法十分困難。本文基于Orbitrap技術(shù)建立了1個不使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品的分析方法,實現(xiàn)了對包括聯(lián)合國列管的全部27種芬太尼類物質(zhì)及其前體在內(nèi)的32種受管制的芬太尼類物質(zhì)和前體的快速篩查和確證。該方法簡便快速,靈敏度高,定性準(zhǔn)確,可適用于無標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品時對芬太尼類新精神活性物質(zhì)的快速篩查和確證。