李翰宇 連曉芬 孫天慧 楊旸 盧東暉 張帆
【摘要】 目的 評估腹腔注射不同劑量人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(hUC-MSCs)對2型糖尿?。═2DM)大鼠治療的有效性。方法 選取18只5~6周齡雄性SD大鼠, 隨機(jī)選擇3只分入組1, 予以正常飲食喂養(yǎng);剩余15只予以高脂飲食喂養(yǎng)。8周后, 予15只大鼠按50 mg/kg劑量腹腔注射鏈脲佐菌素(STZ)1次, 注射STZ 1周后測空腹血糖, 達(dá)到組1的3倍則認(rèn)為造模成功。將造模成功的9只大鼠隨機(jī)分為組2、組3和組4, 每組3只。組3和組4立即腹腔注射1次hUC-MSCs, 注射細(xì)胞量為2×106/kg, 組2進(jìn)行腹腔注射等量磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS);1周后, 組4再次予以注射同等劑量hUC-MSCs, 測hUC-MSCs治療2周后大鼠的空腹血糖、空腹胰島素, 并行腹腔注射葡萄糖耐受試驗(yàn)(IPGTT), 比較分析四組大鼠血糖水平、胰島素水平變化情況。治療4周后, 留取四組大鼠胰腺組織行蘇木精 — 伊紅染色法(HE)染色和免疫組化, 并進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果 hUC-MSCs移植2周后, 四組的空腹血糖和HOMA-β水平組間兩兩比較差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組2的空腹胰島素(21.68±3.87)μIU/ml低于組1的(29.33±4.39)μIU/ml和組4的(28.95±2.41)μIU/ml, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組1的HOMA-IR低于組2和組3, 組2的HOMA-IR高于組3和組4, 組3的HOMA-IR高于組4, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組1的HOMA-IS高于組2和組3, 組2的HOMA-IS低于組3和組4, 組3的HOMA-IS低于組4, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。hUC-MSCs移植后, 組3和組4的血糖水平均逐漸下降, 組4下降更明顯, 但與組1比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);IPGTT中, 組3和組4血糖高峰均在30 min出現(xiàn), 與組1曲線特征相符合, 且組4更接近組1水平。hUC-MSCs注射后4周后取大鼠胰腺組織顯微鏡下觀察, 組1大鼠胰腺組織形態(tài)完整, 胰島內(nèi)細(xì)胞排列整齊, 細(xì)胞界限清楚, 胰島密度正常;組2大鼠胰島形態(tài)不規(guī)則, 細(xì)胞排列紊亂, 胰島數(shù)目減少;而組3和組4較組2有不同程度改善, 組4組織形態(tài)較組3胰腺組織形態(tài)完整, 細(xì)胞排列整齊。使用胰島抗體免疫組化染色后可見, 組2大鼠胰島細(xì)胞非常少, 組4組織形態(tài)較組3胰島內(nèi)胰島細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多, 但較組1大鼠胰島細(xì)胞少。結(jié)論 經(jīng)腹腔途徑注射hUC-MSCs可以有效的治療T2DM大鼠, 且高劑量可以更好的修復(fù)胰腺組織, 改善β細(xì)胞功能, 增加β細(xì)胞數(shù)目, 改善胰島素抵抗。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 2型糖尿病;人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞;腹腔注射; 劑量;有效性
DOI:10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2019.24.108
Study on effectiveness of intraperitoneal injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells at different doses in type 2 diabetes mellitus? rats? ?LI Han-yu, LIAN Xiao-fen, SUN Tian-hui, et al. Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
【Abstract】 Objective? ?To evaluate the effectiveness of intraperitoneal injection of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) at different doses in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Methods? A total of 18 male SD rats aged 5-6 weeks were selected. 3 rats were taken as group 1 and fed with normal diet, and the remaining 15 rats were fed with high-fat diet. 8 weeks later, 15 rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 50 mg/kg once Fasting blood glucose was measured 1 week later, and 3 times of group 1 was considered to be successful. 9 rats with successful modeling were randomly divided into group 2, group 3 and group 4, with 3 rats in each group. Group 3 and group 4 were intraperitoneally injected with hUC-MSCs once immediately by 2×106/kg. Group 2 was intraperitoneally injected with the same dose of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 1 week later, group 4 was injected with the same dose of hUC-MSCs again. Fasting blood glucose and insulin were measured after 2 weeks of treatment. The changes of blood glucose and insulin levels were compared and analyzed by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). After 4 weeks of treatment, the pancreatic tissues of rats in four groups were taken for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry. Results? 2 weeks after hUC-MSCs transplantation, there was statistically significant differences in fasting blood glucose and HOMA-β levels among the four groups (P<0.05). Group 2 had lower fasting insulin as (21.68±3.87) μIU/ml than (29.33±4.39) μIU/ml in group 1 and (28.95±2.41) μIU/ml in group 4, and their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). HOMA-IR in group 1 was lower than those in group 2 and group 3, HOMA-IR in group 2 was higher than those in group 3 and group 4, HOMA-IR in group 3 was higher than that in group 4. Their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). HOMA-IS in group 1 was higher than those in group 2 and group 3, HOMA-IS in group 2 was lower than those in group 3 and group 4, and HOMA-IS in group 3 was lower than that in group 4. Their difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). After hUC-MSCs transplantation, the blood glucose levels of group 3 and group 4 gradually decreased, and that of group 4 decreased more significantly, but the difference was statistically significant compared with group 1 (P<0.01). In IPGTT, the blood glucose peaks of group 3 and group 4 appeared at 30 min, which was consistent with the curve characteristics of group 1, and group 4 was closer to the level of group 1. 4 weeks after hUC-MSCs injection, the pancreatic tissue of the rats was observed under microscope. The pancreatic tissue of group 1 was intact, the cells in the islets were arranged neatly, the cell boundaries were clear, and the islet density was normal. The islets of group 2 were irregular in shape, the cells were arranged disorderly, and the number of islets was decreased. Group 3 and group 4 were improved to different extents compared with group 2, and the morphology of group 4 was more complete than that of group 3, and the cells were arranged neatly. After immunohistochemical staining with islet antibody, there were very few islet cells in group 2, and the number of islet cells in group 4 was higher than that in group 3, but less than that in group 1. Conclusion? Intraperitoneal injection of hUC-MSCs is effective in the treatment of T2DM rats. High dose of injection can better repair pancreatic tissue, improve the function of beta cells, increase the number of beta cells, and improve insulin resistance.
【Key words】 Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells; Intraperitoneal injection; Dose; Effectiveness
糖尿病是一類伴有不同程度胰島素分泌缺乏或胰島功能障礙的代謝性疾病, 2017年全球患病率為8.8%, 中國患病率為10.9%[1]。面對這如此龐大的患患者群, 現(xiàn)有的治療手段卻無法根治。根治糖尿病的關(guān)鍵就在于修復(fù)胰腺β細(xì)胞的功能。干細(xì)胞具有強(qiáng)大的分化潛能, 為修復(fù)胰腺提供了可能性。本研究擬用腹腔注射人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, hUC-MSCs)途徑, 探索hUC-MSCs對修復(fù)2型糖尿?。╰ype 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)大鼠胰腺功能的有效性, 為臨床干細(xì)胞治療T2DM患者提供基礎(chǔ)科研依據(jù), 為T2DM患者尋求新的有效的臨床治療方法?,F(xiàn)報告如下。
1x 材料與方法
1. 1 材料及主要試劑 選取雄性SD大鼠(5~6周齡)18只, 平均體重180~200 g, 購于廣東省醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動物中心, 許可證號:SCXK(粵)2013-0002。人臍帶來源間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(P5-P6代細(xì)胞)由深圳市北科生物科技有限公司提供。
1. 2 研究方法
1. 2. 1 動物模型建立 在購入的18只5~6周齡的雄性SD大鼠中隨機(jī)取15只作為造模組, 剩余3只作為對照組。①造
模組:高脂飼料飼喂8周, 8周后, 按50 mg/kg的劑量予以腹腔內(nèi)注射鏈脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) 1次, 注射STZ 1周
后, 測大鼠體重、空腹血糖和空腹胰島素水平。②對照組:正常飼料飼養(yǎng)8周, 8周后, 予以腹腔內(nèi)注射等劑量磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS) 1次, 注射PBS 1周后, 測大鼠體重、空腹血糖和空腹胰島素。造模成功檢驗(yàn)方法:STZ注射1周后, 測所有大鼠體重、空腹血糖和空腹胰島素, 取鼠尾血樣前, 大鼠禁食過夜至少6 h, 造模組大鼠空腹血糖水平超過對照組3倍以上認(rèn)為造模成功。造模結(jié)果:造模組15只SD大鼠, 經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)后, 成功9只, 失敗6只, 造模成功率為60%, 無死亡。
1. 2. 2 干細(xì)胞治療方法 實(shí)驗(yàn)分為4組, 將3只對照組SD大鼠分配至組1, 將9只造模成功的T2DM大鼠隨機(jī)分配至組2、組3和組4, 每組3只。造模檢驗(yàn)成功后, 立即予以組3和組4的T2DM大鼠經(jīng)腹腔注射hUC-MSCs, 劑量為2×106/kg;組2予以等劑量的PBS腹腔注射, 組1不予以任何處理;1周后, 再次予以組4大鼠腹腔注射劑量為2×106/kg 的hUC-MSCs,?組1、組2、組3不予以任何處理。組2、組3和組4予以高脂飼料喂養(yǎng), 組1予以正常飼料喂養(yǎng)。
1. 3 觀察指標(biāo)
1. 3. 1 有效性指標(biāo) hUC-MSCs治療2周后行腹腔注射葡萄糖耐受試驗(yàn)(intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, IPGTT)。進(jìn)行IPGTT之前, 大鼠禁食過夜至少6 h, 腹膜內(nèi)注射葡萄糖(2.0 g/kg)。注射后0、30、60、90和120 min, 取鼠尾血樣, 測定血糖和空腹胰島素水平。
1. 3. 2 形態(tài)學(xué)和免疫組化 hUC-MSCs注射4周后, 過量麻醉法處死動物, 手術(shù)切除T2DM大鼠胰腺組織。4%多聚甲醛固定48 h, 常規(guī)石蠟包埋石蠟切片, 行HE染色, 并用胰島素抗體進(jìn)行胰島免疫組化檢測, 光鏡下觀察胰島結(jié)構(gòu)與α細(xì)胞、β細(xì)胞的分布情況。
1. 4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS24.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理。計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( x-±s)表示, 采用t檢驗(yàn), 組間比較采用單因素方差分析+兩兩比較LSD法。P<0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2. 1 大鼠hUC-MSCs移植2周后血糖、胰島素及β細(xì)胞功能比較 hUC-MSCs移植2周后, 四組的空腹血糖和HOMA-β水平組間兩兩比較差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組2的空腹胰島素(21.68±3.87)μIU/ml低于組1的(29.33±4.39)μIU/ml和組4的(28.95±2.41)μIU/ml, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組1的HOMA-IR低于組2和組3, 組2的HOMA-IR高于組3和組4, 組3的HOMA-IR高于組4, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05);組1的HOMA-IS高于組2和組3, 組2的HOMA-IS低于組3和組4, 組3的HOMA-IS低于組4, 差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。hUC-MSCs移植后, 組3和組4的血糖水平均逐漸下降, 組4下降更明顯, 但與組1比較差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);IPGTT中, 組3和組4血糖高峰均在30 min出現(xiàn), 與組1曲線特征相符合, 且組4更接近組1水平。見圖1。
2. 2 四組大鼠hUC-MSCs移植4周后胰腺組織HE染色及胰島抗體免疫組化染色分析 hUC-MSCs注射后4周后取大鼠胰腺組織顯微鏡下觀察, 組1大鼠胰腺組織形態(tài)完整, 胰島內(nèi)細(xì)胞排列整齊, 細(xì)胞界限清楚, 胰島密度正常;組2大鼠胰島形態(tài)不規(guī)則, 細(xì)胞排列紊亂, 胰島數(shù)目減少;而組3和組4較組2有不同程度改善, 組4組織形態(tài)較組3胰腺組織形態(tài)完整, 細(xì)胞排列整齊。見圖2。使用胰島抗體免疫組化染色后可見, 組2大鼠胰島細(xì)胞非常少, 組4組織形態(tài)較組3胰島內(nèi)胰島細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多, 但較組1大鼠胰島細(xì)胞少。見圖3。
3 討論
目前雖然已有關(guān)于hUC-MSCs有效性的相關(guān)研究[2-4], 但是移植劑量沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為探尋β細(xì)胞修復(fù)程度與移植劑量的關(guān)系, 本實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置了高低劑量組。關(guān)于輸注途徑, 對于動物實(shí)驗(yàn)而言, 動脈輸注、胰腺包膜下注射和腎包膜下注射均需要手術(shù), 創(chuàng)傷大, 會增加感染及死亡風(fēng)險, 靜脈輸注相比腹腔注射途徑治療效果更優(yōu), 但操作難度相對較大, 雖然有實(shí)驗(yàn)[5, 6]顯示腹腔注射途徑效果不明顯, 但是不排除與選擇的干細(xì)胞種類、輸注劑量和輸注的模式有關(guān), 故本實(shí)驗(yàn)擬采用腹腔注射途徑, 去驗(yàn)證該途徑的有效性。
hUC-MSCs治療2周后, 接受干細(xì)胞治療的大鼠血糖均較未接受干細(xì)胞治療的T2DM大鼠下降明顯, 且高劑量組的大鼠血糖下降更明顯, 該結(jié)果提示干細(xì)胞治療可以降血糖, 這與其他實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相符合[2-4]。目前, 干細(xì)胞治療糖尿病的確切機(jī)制仍不明確, 從已有的研究中, 大家普遍認(rèn)為主要有三大機(jī)制:①改善胰島β細(xì)胞功能[2, 7-9];②改善外周組織胰島素抵抗[10];③抗炎和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用[11, 12]。在本實(shí)驗(yàn)中, 治療后大鼠HOMA-β及空腹胰島素水平明顯升高, 且對于HOMA-β而言, 高劑量的效果更佳, 結(jié)合IPGTT、細(xì)胞學(xué)和免疫組化結(jié)果, 治療后大鼠的胰腺形態(tài)得到了改善, 且胰島細(xì)胞數(shù)目增多, 提示干細(xì)胞治療不僅可以改善β細(xì)胞功能, 而且可以增加β細(xì)胞的數(shù)量, 這與其他實(shí)驗(yàn)相符合[7-9]。
但β細(xì)胞數(shù)目的增加是由于胰島細(xì)胞的相互轉(zhuǎn)化[13], 還是自身的再生[7-9], 亦或是凋亡的減少[2], 本實(shí)驗(yàn)尚不能說明。干細(xì)胞治療后, HOMA-IS和HOMA-IR改善明顯, 結(jié)合IPGTT結(jié)果, 治療后的大鼠血糖曲線特征已符合正常大鼠的曲線特征, 且高劑量組更貼近正常組, 提示外周組織對胰島素的反應(yīng)性升高, 干細(xì)胞改善了外周胰島素抵抗, 這與其他實(shí)驗(yàn)[2]相符合。可能與胰島素靶組織中胰島素受體底物-1, 也可能與改善體內(nèi)代謝應(yīng)激和全身慢性反應(yīng)有關(guān)[14]。
綜上所述, 經(jīng)腹腔途徑注射hUC-MSCs可以有效的治療T2DM大鼠, 該途徑有效;且高劑量的干細(xì)胞治療, 可以更好的修復(fù)胰腺組織, 改善β細(xì)胞功能, 增加β細(xì)胞數(shù)目, 改善胰島素抵抗。
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