王耀博 齊淑蘭 陳殷殷
摘要 目的:研究近10年中國大陸針灸學(xué)者在國際上的發(fā)文現(xiàn)狀,國外刊發(fā)針灸文章的期刊發(fā)展情況,并了解針灸研究熱點以及在國際上的發(fā)展概況,為相關(guān)研究及政策制定提供數(shù)據(jù)參考。方法:通過Pubmed和Embase數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索2007—2017年以“acupuncture”“acupuncture therapy”“electro-acupuncture”“auricular acupuncture”等為主題詞的文章,從中選取作者為中國大陸針灸學(xué)者的文章,并對其進行歸納分析。結(jié)果:本次研究共檢索出文獻1967篇,國外刊登針灸文獻的期刊440種。其文獻分為8種類型,187個病種。結(jié)論:中國大陸針灸學(xué)者在國外期刊上發(fā)文逐漸增多,國外刊登針灸文獻的期刊逐年增多,說明針灸在國際上的交流熱潮逐漸高漲,針灸真正走向了國際,這是針灸被國際認可形勢發(fā)展的需要,反映了世界對針灸學(xué)術(shù)交流的重視。
關(guān)鍵詞 針灸,聚類;期刊,共現(xiàn);研究趨勢;國際發(fā)文;中國大陸;檢索
Abstract Objective:To study the current situation of articles published in foreign journals of acupuncture and moxibustion scholars in mainland China in the past 10 years,the development of foreign journals that publish acupuncture and moxibustion articles,and to understand the hotspots of acupuncture and moxibustion and its development in the world,so as to provide data reference for related research and policy-making.Methods:The keywords of “acupuncture”,“acupuncture therapy”,“electro-acupuncture”,and “auricular acupuncture” in PubMed and Embase database from 2007 to 2017 were searched.Acupuncture articles written by scholars from mainland China were selected,summarized and analyzed.Results:A total of 1967 acupuncture literatures and 440 kinds of periodicals which can publish acupuncture articles were retrieved in this study,which were divided into 8 types and 187 kinds of diseases.Conclusion:That acupuncture and moxibustion articles written by Chinese scholars published in foreign journals articles are increasing gradually,and that journals which can publish acupuncture articles are increasing year by year,shows that acupuncture and moxibustion on the international communication boom are rising gradually.Acupuncture steps into international stage,which reveals the need of the development of acupuncture and moxibustion recognized by the international experts,as well as reflects the world pay much attention on acupuncture academic exchanges.
Key Words Acupuncture; Cluster; Journals; Co-occurrence; Research trend
中圖分類號:R245文獻標(biāo)識碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2019.06.018
針灸作為中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分,具有適應(yīng)證廣、療效顯著、不良反應(yīng)少等優(yōu)點。正是由于針灸的種種優(yōu)點,使得針灸療法逐漸走出國門,傳播到全世界。根據(jù)新世紀(jì)第4版《針灸學(xué)》記載[1],早在公元6世紀(jì),針灸就已傳到朝鮮、日本;17世紀(jì)中葉,針灸以法國為中心,向歐洲擴散傳播?!爸嗅t(yī)針灸”在2010年被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)代表作名錄》,據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織的資料顯示,全世界有183個國家廣泛使用針灸,是現(xiàn)今應(yīng)用最廣泛的傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)療手段[2]。
19世紀(jì)初,關(guān)于針灸的文章就已經(jīng)開始在專業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)雜志中出現(xiàn)。據(jù)文獻研究記載[3],1823年,英國醫(yī)學(xué)雜志《柳葉刀》在第一卷中發(fā)表了一篇關(guān)于針灸的文章;1828年,P.A.查魯科夫斯基博士在俄羅斯軍事雜志上發(fā)表了第一篇關(guān)于針灸的文章;1858年,醫(yī)學(xué)博士T.Ogier Ward在《英國醫(yī)學(xué)雜志》上報道,針灸治愈了一位坐骨神經(jīng)痛的患者;在這些報道之后,針灸類的文章便開始在歐洲的醫(yī)學(xué)雜志中發(fā)表。隨著針灸療法的傳播和發(fā)展,針灸文章的相繼發(fā)表,與針灸有關(guān)的雜志也應(yīng)運而生,1973年《美國中醫(yī)雜志》與《美國針灸雜志》這2本專業(yè)的中醫(yī)藥雜志在美國橫空出世[4]。
但在20世紀(jì)80年代改革開放之前,國外期刊上鮮有國內(nèi)作者發(fā)表針灸類文章,而在改革開放以后,隨著國家對針灸科研發(fā)展的重視,人民群眾對針灸需求的提升和部分考核要求的出臺,國內(nèi)的針灸學(xué)者更加注重將針灸研究中的發(fā)現(xiàn)刊登到具有世界影響力大的期刊上,以增加針灸的國際影響力。隨著針灸療法熱潮迭起,世界各地相繼出現(xiàn)了中醫(yī)類、針灸類雜志,而國內(nèi)的針灸期刊卻出現(xiàn)高質(zhì)量文章難尋的局面。為此筆者對近10年中國大陸針灸學(xué)者在國際上的發(fā)文現(xiàn)狀,國外刊發(fā)針灸文章的期刊情況進行梳理研究,以了解中國大陸針灸學(xué)者在國外雜志上的發(fā)文情況,并對其進行分析,尋找針灸研究熱點與最新發(fā)展方向,為未來針灸進一步研究或相關(guān)政策制定提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。
1 資料與方法
1.1 檢索策略 計算機檢索Pubmed與Embase,檢索詞包括“acupuncture”“acupuncture therapy”“electro-acupuncture”“auricular acupuncture”“cupping therapy”“catgut embedding”“moxibustion”“scraping”“tuina”等,并使用相關(guān)自由詞、款目詞進行檢索,檢索范圍為2007年1月至2017年12月。以上所有檢索結(jié)果都經(jīng)過兩位研究員多次預(yù)檢后確認。
1.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1)以中國大陸作者為第一、第二或通訊作者發(fā)表的有關(guān)“針灸”的文章;2)在國外雜志中正式發(fā)表的文章。
1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1)有關(guān)針灸的會議通知、消息、評論等;2)含針灸詞匯,非針灸內(nèi)容的文章。
1.4 研究方法 將數(shù)據(jù)庫中搜索所得文獻導(dǎo)入endnote進行軟件去重,并排除非大陸作者文章與刊登在國內(nèi)期刊的文章。對信息殘缺文獻通過學(xué)術(shù)類平臺進行2次檢索并補全信息,將剩余文獻題錄導(dǎo)入noteExpress,再次進行剔除篩選后,生成Excel信息表格,由兩位研究員按照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進一步篩選文獻,并進行小組討論,確定最終文獻。
2 結(jié)果
本次研究初檢獲得文獻57 338篇文,通過納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梳理,最終獲得實際文獻1 967篇。見圖1。
2.1 中國大陸學(xué)者在國外期刊年發(fā)文數(shù)量情況 使用Excel制表梳理后,2007—2017年大陸作者在國外期刊發(fā)表針灸文章呈逐年上升趨勢,除2010年和2016年比上年下降外,其他年份均比上年度升高,2007年大陸學(xué)者在國外期刊發(fā)表針灸文章只有37篇,到2017年已增至347篇,增長了近10倍。見圖2。
2.2 大陸作者國外發(fā)表針灸文章的期刊數(shù)量增長情況 近10年中共檢索出440種期刊刊登了大陸地區(qū)作者的針灸文獻。2007年只有26種期刊刊登了大陸地區(qū)作者發(fā)表的針灸類文獻,到2017年已經(jīng)增長為135種期刊。2007—2017年國外期刊刊登大陸學(xué)者針灸文獻的期刊呈逐年增長趨勢,但在2009—2011年、2012—2013年、2015—2016年分別處于平臺期,2017年又大幅增長。見圖3。
2.3 大陸作者國外發(fā)表針灸文章發(fā)文量前20的期刊情況 本次研究發(fā)現(xiàn),占發(fā)文總數(shù)一半以上的文獻發(fā)表在前20種期刊上,收錄針灸文章最多的前20種期刊中多數(shù)為SCI收錄期刊,且影響因子較高(影響因子于2018年10月份檢索);期刊出版地以美國期刊居多,其中以美國出版的刊登亞洲補充替代醫(yī)學(xué)為主的[4]《循證補充替代醫(yī)學(xué)》(Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,)發(fā)文最多,以英國出版的《Cochrane系統(tǒng)評價數(shù)據(jù)庫》(Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews)雜志的影響因子最高。見表1。
2.4 大陸作者國外發(fā)表針灸文章作者的地區(qū)分布本次研究共統(tǒng)計出我國大陸有28個地區(qū)的作者向國際期刊發(fā)表了針灸文章,涉及百余家單位,向國外期刊發(fā)表針灸文章以北京地區(qū)作者發(fā)文最多,其次是上海、廣州、四川。見圖4。
2.5 大陸作者國際發(fā)表針灸文獻分類 本次研究根據(jù)針灸文獻類型大致分為臨床研究、實驗研究、文獻研究、醫(yī)案、器械研究、臨證經(jīng)驗、思路方法研究及其他8種,其中近半數(shù)為臨床研究,實驗研究約占總文獻數(shù)的四分之一。近年來針灸研究重心偏向臨床研究,國外雜志對醫(yī)案類研究刊登較少,幾乎很少刊登臨證經(jīng)驗類的文獻。對文獻研究類的文章刊登較多,其中多偏向于綜述、回顧類文章。其他包括針灸醫(yī)師個人見解、文章討論、問卷調(diào)查、醫(yī)學(xué)環(huán)境分析等。見表2。
2.6 大陸針灸學(xué)者國際發(fā)文研究病癥情況 本次研究發(fā)現(xiàn),國際發(fā)文涉及研究病種187種病癥,其中以痛證居多,包括偏頭痛[6-14]、痛經(jīng)[15-21]、腰痛[22-28]、頸肩疼痛[29-36]、關(guān)節(jié)疼痛[37-40]等,其次為卒中,包括腦出血[41-45]、腦缺血[46-54]、腦梗死[55-61]、卒中并發(fā)癥[62-69]、卒中術(shù)后恢復(fù)[70-74]等。在眾多病癥中,針灸對情志類的心理疾病效果也較好,如抑郁[75-83]、焦慮等[84-91]。見表3。
由表3不難看出,針灸學(xué)者研究的大多數(shù)疾病都是偏重于臨床,但是癡呆、抑郁、脊損傷等疾病偏重于對針灸作用機制研究。而且不論哪種功能疾病醫(yī)案和臨證經(jīng)驗都不多。
3 討論
本次研究選擇了以收錄美洲及亞太地區(qū)為主的醫(yī)學(xué)類文獻的Pubmed和以收錄歐洲為主的醫(yī)學(xué)類文獻的Embase這2個國外重要的醫(yī)學(xué)類數(shù)據(jù)庫,[92]以此為基礎(chǔ)研究針灸在國際上的發(fā)文狀況以及刊登針灸文章的期刊發(fā)展情況,以了解針灸在國際上的發(fā)展趨勢。從研究結(jié)果看,中國大陸針灸學(xué)者在國外期刊上發(fā)文逐漸增多,從2007年的37篇到2017年增長到345篇,說明針灸在國際上的交流熱潮逐漸高漲,針灸真正走向了國際;國外刊登針灸文獻的期刊逐年增多,從2007年的26種到2017年的135種期刊。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)目前已經(jīng)有400多種期刊刊登針灸文獻,尤其處于發(fā)達國家的美國、英國等刊登針灸文章的期刊發(fā)展迅猛,這也是針灸被國際認可形勢發(fā)展的需要,反映了世界對針灸學(xué)術(shù)交流的重視。
我國大陸地區(qū)的作者無論是在發(fā)文量還是在發(fā)文質(zhì)量上都越來越高,近幾年出現(xiàn)了許多影響因子在15分以上的期刊刊登了針灸文章[93-99],而且研究涉及的疾病也非常廣泛,各個疾病的療效受到國際醫(yī)學(xué)界認可,說明針灸的科學(xué)研究越來越規(guī)范嚴謹。發(fā)文量以北京、上海、廣州三地居多,這和近些年國家自然科學(xué)基金的項目支持基本呈正相關(guān)[100],一方面說明了這些地區(qū)科研水平較高,科研氛圍較濃,另一方面說明了針灸的發(fā)展和推廣離不開國家的支持。值得注意的是,早期大部分為單個地區(qū)(醫(yī)院或單位)發(fā)文,但近幾年多中心合作發(fā)文數(shù)量呈上升趨勢,國際合作逐漸增多。誠然,近幾年各地區(qū)合作加深,但不可否認的是科研氛圍相對落后的地區(qū)參與度仍然偏低。這和國家科研資源的分配有關(guān),也和當(dāng)?shù)卣恼哂嘘P(guān)。在文獻中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有的研究項目為科研水平較高的科研單位牽頭,與科研水平相對落后的地區(qū)合作,共同研究,統(tǒng)一對試驗人員進行培訓(xùn),取得了較好的研究成果,這為未來合作臨床試驗的開展提供了新思路。
在病種方面我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中醫(yī)對于痛證的療效非常顯著,在發(fā)文數(shù)量與質(zhì)量上都比較高,是近期國際針灸研究的重點。作為為常見的癥狀或主訴,這里討論的是由致病因素形成的影響正常工作和生活的病理性疼痛。由于西方國家治療痛癥以止痛藥物為主,這間接導(dǎo)致了止痛藥物的濫用。據(jù)每日經(jīng)濟網(wǎng)報道,美國疾病預(yù)防控制中心(CDC)主任Robert Redfield表示,由于吸食藥物過量和自殺數(shù)量正在加速上升,當(dāng)前的健康數(shù)據(jù)非?!傲钊瞬话病?,而這2種死亡原因也共同導(dǎo)致美國人的預(yù)期壽命連續(xù)第二年下降。用于麻醉止痛的芬太尼便是“過量藥物”中的典型代表[101]。正是出于以上的情況,西方國家格外重視疼痛的替代療法,使得近十年痛證研究發(fā)表文章較多。針灸因為在痛證的治療上的卓越表現(xiàn)而使得國外期刊對痛證研究的文章格外重視,即使是在目前止痛藥物飛速發(fā)展得情況下,針灸治療痛證仍然是目前研究的前景。
近幾年來,在國際雜志,尤其是SCI源刊上發(fā)表文章已經(jīng)成為評價科研成績與水平的重要指標(biāo)和評職晉級的重要依據(jù),[102]一項舉措一方面提高了科研人員的科研積極性和科研寫作能力,但另一方面也導(dǎo)致了大量高質(zhì)量高水平的論文流向國外。2012年,美國《科學(xué)引文索引》(Science Citation Index,SCI)收錄的176個學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的高影響力期刊論文中,我國科技人員發(fā)表論文總數(shù)為4 020篇,其中80%發(fā)表在國外期刊上[103],這造成了我國科研成果嚴重外流,致使國內(nèi)雜志的文章質(zhì)量難以提升,直接影響了我國期刊的國際影響力。
如何提高期刊的學(xué)術(shù)水平和影響力,一方面國內(nèi)期刊應(yīng)提升競爭意識,拓寬思路,吸引高質(zhì)量的稿源。在這一點上,國外的一些期刊的做法值得借鑒:國外一些著名期刊對優(yōu)質(zhì)稿件現(xiàn)在都采取了“級聯(lián)式評審”,即投向自己期刊的學(xué)術(shù)文章,按照質(zhì)量高低逐次推薦給自己的主刊與子刊上,盡最大努力截留優(yōu)秀成果[104]。如果國內(nèi)科技期刊仍缺少必要的市場敏感性,缺乏競爭意識,會有更多的優(yōu)秀稿件流向國外;另一方面對科研成果和人才的評價體系也需要有所調(diào)整。20世紀(jì)80年代末中國首次引入以SCI發(fā)表量評價教師職稱,到如今SCI評價體系已經(jīng)深入科研評價的方方面面,從2010年起我國一直都是SCI發(fā)文量第二多的國家,但是我國的科研創(chuàng)新量卻并未提升,甚至形成了SCI商業(yè)體系[105]。這導(dǎo)致了科研人員和臨床醫(yī)生一味地追求SCI數(shù)量,大有“唯SCI論英雄”的傾向??蒲袉挝恢贫ǔ鲇嬃颗c計效相結(jié)合的合理的人性化的評價體系成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急??蒲性u價體系雖積弊日深,但可喜的是現(xiàn)今已經(jīng)有不少醫(yī)院取消對SCI論文的重金獎勵,更加傾向于臨床療效評價,注重SCI論文的成果轉(zhuǎn)化。[106]
本次研究采用的并非是全數(shù)據(jù)庫搜索,而是選擇了其中2個較有代表性,范圍較廣的數(shù)據(jù)庫,數(shù)據(jù)雖然具有代表性,但卻缺乏全面性,是本次研究的缺點與不足之處。然而,僅僅這2個數(shù)據(jù)庫就已經(jīng)顯示出針灸在國際上的熱潮與趨勢。
針灸作為中國中醫(yī)學(xué)的一部分,它的實用性和有效性使它成為了中醫(yī)藥向外推廣的先頭兵,而大陸地區(qū)的作者發(fā)表的針灸文獻無疑可以體現(xiàn)出針灸國際認可度的逐年提升。從少數(shù)不知名的期刊才能發(fā)表針灸文獻到一些影響因子高的期刊也可以發(fā)表的這些文獻,從不受認可的民間療法到進入一些國家的醫(yī)保報銷范圍,針灸在不斷發(fā)展,針灸研究者也在不斷進步,努力提高科研水平和臨床技能,加強國際交流,提高國內(nèi)針灸期刊的學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量和影響力,讓針灸惠及全人類,是我們的目標(biāo)。
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(2018-12-26收稿 責(zé)任編輯:王楊)