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電針對(duì)CFA大鼠感覺及情緒的二維調(diào)節(jié)及前扣帶皮層-初級(jí)體感皮層p-ERK表達(dá)的影響

2019-09-10 07:22吳澤民王佳玲徐立雷孫晶沈醉朱怡霖張海艷姚淑靜邵曉梅方劍喬
世界中醫(yī)藥 2019年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:炎性電針疼痛

吳澤民 王佳玲 徐立雷 孫晶 沈醉 朱怡霖 張海艷 姚淑靜 邵曉梅 方劍喬

摘要 目的:觀察電針對(duì)慢性炎性痛大鼠痛感覺及其所誘發(fā)情緒的干預(yù)效應(yīng)及對(duì)前扣帶皮層(Anterior Cingulate Cortex,ACC)和初級(jí)體感皮層后肢區(qū)域(Primary Somatosensory Cortex,Hindlimb Region,S1HL)磷酸化細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(Phosphorylated Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases,p-ERK)表達(dá)的影響。方法:建立完全弗氏佐劑(Complete Freund′s Adjuvant,CFA)誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛大鼠模型。痛感覺部分:將38只成年雄性SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為空白組(n=11)、模型組(n=13)、電針組(n=14),在造模前1 d、模后3 d、6 d、9 d檢測(cè)大鼠患足機(jī)械縮足閾(PWTs)的變化;痛情緒部分:將62只成年雄性SD大鼠,隨機(jī)分為空白組(n=21)、模型組(n=21)、電針組(n=20)進(jìn)行條件性位置厭惡實(shí)驗(yàn)(Conditioned Place Aversion,CPA)。通過自由跑動(dòng)(15 min),剔除不符合條件的大鼠,造模前1 d進(jìn)行條件化前訓(xùn)練(45 min),模后2 h和第2天進(jìn)行條件化訓(xùn)練(45 min),模后第3天、9天進(jìn)行檢測(cè)(15 min)。兩部分電針組大鼠均在造模后3 d~9 d進(jìn)行電針干預(yù),選取雙側(cè)“后三里”穴,刺激參數(shù):2/100 Hz疏密波,初始電流強(qiáng)度1 mA,后每10 min增加0.5 mA,共30 min,1次/d,造模后第10天取材,采用免疫熒光法(IF)和免疫印跡法(WB)檢測(cè)大鼠ACC、S1HL的p-ERK的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果:PWTs結(jié)果顯示,造模后第3天、第6天、第9天,模型組與電針組大鼠PWTs較空白組顯著降低(P<0.01),第9天電針組PWTs較模型組顯著升高(P<0.01)。CPA檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,造模后第3天,模型組和電針組CPA score值(大鼠在條件箱停留時(shí)間差,Pre-post)較空白組顯著升高(P<0.01),造模后第9天,模型組CPA score值較空白組顯著升高(P<0.01),電針組CPA score值較模型組顯著降低(P<0.01)。與造模后第3比較,造模后第9天模型組CPA score值顯著增加(P<0.01),電針組顯著降低(P<0.05)。IF檢測(cè)結(jié)果顯示,在左側(cè)S1HL,模型組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)較空白組和電針組有上升趨勢(shì),在右側(cè)S1HL和雙側(cè)ACC,模型組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)較空白組和電針組均顯著升高(P<0.01)。WB結(jié)果顯示,在雙側(cè)S1HL,模型組p-ERK1/2蛋白表達(dá)與空白組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在左側(cè)S1HL,電針組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平與模型組比較明顯降低(P<0.05),在右側(cè)S1HL,電針組p-ERK2蛋白水平與模型組比較明顯降低(P<0.05),在雙側(cè)ACC區(qū),模型組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平較空白組有上升趨勢(shì),電針組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平較模型組有下降趨勢(shì)。結(jié)論:電針可提高CFA模型大鼠機(jī)械痛閾并緩解CFA大鼠厭惡情緒;該效應(yīng)可能與其下調(diào)右側(cè)S1HL中p-ERK表達(dá)水平和下調(diào)雙側(cè)ACC的p-ERK表達(dá)水平有關(guān)。

關(guān)鍵詞 電針;慢性炎性痛;磷酸化細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶;前扣帶皮層;體感皮層;痛感覺;痛情緒;大鼠

Abstract Objective:To observe the intervention effects of electroacupuncture on pain sensation and induced emotion in rats with chronic inflammatory pain and on the expression of phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases(p-ERK)in anterior cingulate cortex(ACC)and somatosensory cortex(S1HL).Methods:A model of chronic inflammatory pain induced by complete Freund′s adjuvant(CFA)was established.Pain sensation part:38 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a blank group(n=11),a model group(n=13),and an electroacupuncture group(n=14).The changes of mechanical paw withdrawal threshold(PWTs)of rats were measured 1 day before modeling,3 days,6 days,and 9 days after modeling.Pain affect part:62 adult male SD rats were randomly divided into a blank group(n=21),a model group(n=21),an electroacupuncture group(n=20)for conditional position aversion test(CPA).Rats that did not meet the criteria were excluded by free running(15 min).Conditional training(45 min)was performed one day before modeling,and conditional training(45 min)was performed 2 hours and 2 days after modeling,and the test was performed on the 3rd and 9th day after modeling(15 min).In the electroacupuncture group of the 2 parts of the experiment,electroacupuncture was performed on the 3rd to 9th day after modeling,one time per day,and the bilateral “Housanli” points were selected.Stimulation parameters:2/100 Hz sparse wave,initial current intensity was 1 mA,then increase 0.5 mA every 10 minutes for 30 min,the rats were sacrificed on the 10th day after modeling to detect the expression of p-ERK in rat ACC and S1HL by using immunofluorescence(IF)and Western blotting(WB).Results:PWTs showed that PWTs in the model group and the electroacupuncture group were significantly decreased than those in the blank group on the 3rd,6th,and 9th day after modeling(P<0.01).On day 9,PWTs in the electroacupuncture group were significantly increased than those in the model group(P<0.01).The results of CPA test showed that the CPA score of the model group and the electroacupuncture group(the difference in the residence time of the conditional box,pre-post)was significantly increased than that of the blank group on the 3rd day after modeling(P<0.01).On the 9th days,the CPA score of the model group was significantly increased than that of the blank group(P<0.01),and the CPA score of the electroacupuncture group was significantly decreased than that of the model group(P<0.01).Compared with the 3rd day after modeling,the CPA score of the model group increased significantly on the 9th day after modeling(P<0.01),and the electroacupuncture group decreased significantly(P<0.05).The results of IF showed that the expression of p-ERK immunoreactive cells in the model group was increased than that in the blank group and the electroacupuncture group on the left S1HL.In the right S1HL and bilateral ACC regions,the expression of p-ERK immunoreactive cells in the model group was significantly increased than that in the blank group and the electroacupuncture group(P<0.01).Western Blotting results showed that the expression of p-ERK1/2 protein in model group was not significantly different from that in blank group in bilateral S1HL.In left S1HL,the level of p-ERK1/2 protein in electroacupuncture group was significantly decreased than that in model group(P<0.05).On the right side of S1HL,the level of p-ERK2 protein in electroacupuncture group was significantly decreased than that in model group(P<0.05).In bilateral ACC,the level of p-ERK1/2 protein in model group was increased than that in blank group,while that in electro-acupuncture group was decreased than that in model group.Conclusion:Electroacupuncture can increase the mechanical pain threshold of CFA model rats and alleviate the aversion of CFA rats; this effect may be related to down-regulation of p-ERK expression in the right S1HL and down-regulation of p-ERK expression in bilateral ACC regions.

Key Words Electroacupuncture; Chronic inflammatory pain; Phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases; Anterior cingulate cortex; Somatosensory cortex; Pain sensory; Pain affect; Rat

中圖分類號(hào):R245.9+7文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2019.06.003

國(guó)際疼痛研究學(xué)會(huì)(IASP)于1994年將疼痛定義為一種與組織損傷或潛在損傷相關(guān)的不愉快的主觀感覺和情緒體驗(yàn)。疼痛被賦予了痛感覺(Pain Sensation)和痛情緒(Pain Affect)的雙重含義。臨床研究報(bào)道30%~50%的慢性痛患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)焦慮、抑郁、回避等負(fù)面情緒[1],此種不良情緒長(zhǎng)期伴隨著疼痛本身,嚴(yán)重影響患者的鎮(zhèn)痛療效和生命質(zhì)量。以往對(duì)慢性痛的研究多集中在痛感覺層面,在整體至分子水平都取得了巨大進(jìn)展,而對(duì)痛情緒的研究卻鮮見報(bào)道。臨床治療此類患者時(shí)除使用常規(guī)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物外,會(huì)加用抗焦慮抑郁藥,雖有一定臨床療效,但不良反應(yīng)大,不宜長(zhǎng)期服用[2]。針灸作為治療慢性痛的有效手段,可以有效抑制炎性痛、神經(jīng)病理性痛、癌性痛等多種急慢性疼痛[3-5]。臨床上,針灸對(duì)抑郁、焦慮、失眠等情緒障礙性疾病治療作用也已得到廣泛認(rèn)可[6-7]。本研究以CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛大鼠為模型,觀察電針改善痛行為和痛情緒效應(yīng)及其對(duì)情緒相關(guān)腦區(qū)ACC和感覺相關(guān)腦區(qū)S1HL區(qū)p-ERK表達(dá)的影響,探討電針干預(yù)痛感覺和痛情緒的可能機(jī)制。

1 材料與方法

1.1 材料

1.1.1 動(dòng)物 100只健康成年清潔級(jí)雄性SD大鼠,體質(zhì)量200~250 g(浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供)。每籠5只飼養(yǎng)于浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境:室溫23~25 ℃,濕度40%~60%,自由飲水進(jìn)食,12 h循環(huán)燈光。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中對(duì)動(dòng)物的處置遵照中華人民共和國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)部2006年頒布的《關(guān)于善待實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的指導(dǎo)意見》。

1.1.2 試劑與儀器 Von Frey纖維絲測(cè)痛儀(美國(guó)stoelting公司),CPA箱(深圳市瑞沃德生命科技有限公司),HANS-200A穴位暨神經(jīng)刺激儀(聯(lián)創(chuàng)科技南京濟(jì)生醫(yī)療科技有限公司),激光共聚焦掃描顯微鏡(日本Nikon,A1R-A1),M4酶標(biāo)儀(MD公司),電泳-轉(zhuǎn)印系統(tǒng)(美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司),p-ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204)(美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology,批號(hào):4370S),ERK1/2(美國(guó)Cell Signaling Technology,批號(hào):4695),Alexa Fluor594-AffiniPure(美國(guó)abcam,批號(hào):ab150080),抗熒光淬滅封片液(碧云天公司,批號(hào):P0128),BCA試劑盒(碧云天公司,批號(hào):P0010),正常山羊封閉血清(鄭州益康生物工程有限公司,批號(hào):20160607),超敏ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光試劑盒(碧云天公司,批號(hào):P0018),IgG Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L)(美國(guó)Bio-Rad,批號(hào):1721011)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 分組與模型制備 該實(shí)驗(yàn)分為兩部分,38只雄性SD大鼠用于檢測(cè)痛感覺,隨機(jī)分為空白組(n=11)、模型組(n=13)、電針組(n=14);62只雄性SD大鼠用于檢測(cè)痛情緒,隨機(jī)分為空白組(n=21)、模型組(n=21)、電針組(n=20)。造模時(shí),抽取0.1 mL完全弗氏佐劑(Freund′s Adjuvant,Complete,sigma),皮下注射在模型組和電針組大鼠左后足底??瞻捉M在相同的部位注射0.1 mL的生理鹽水。

1.2.2 干預(yù)方法 使用HANS-200A穴位暨神經(jīng)刺激儀對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物進(jìn)行電針干預(yù)。參照《實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物穴位圖譜》中大鼠“后三里”的定位,選取大鼠雙側(cè)“后三里”穴進(jìn)行電針刺激。電針參數(shù):恒流方波輸出(脈沖寬度:0.6 ms 2 Hz,0.2 ms 100 Hz),初始強(qiáng)度1.0 mA,每10 min增加0.5 mA,遞增至2.0 mA,共計(jì)30 min。2 Hz和100 Hz 2種頻率交替工作。1次/d,連續(xù)7 d(模后第3天到第9天)。針灸針:華佗牌,0.22 mm×13 mm。同時(shí),其余組予以同等抓取固定以平衡處理因素。

1.2.3 檢測(cè)指標(biāo)和方法 1)機(jī)械縮足閾(PWTs)檢測(cè):使用von Frey纖維絲測(cè)定大鼠左側(cè)后肢足底的機(jī)械痛閾值。將大鼠置于金屬網(wǎng)上,蓋以透明的有機(jī)玻璃罩(20 cm×10 cm×15 cm),待大鼠安靜后,用von Frey纖維絲刺激大鼠后肢足底中部,直至彎曲成S形,持續(xù)刺激6~8 s,觀察動(dòng)物是否出現(xiàn)縮足反應(yīng)。若大鼠在刺激時(shí)間內(nèi)或在移開von Frey纖維絲時(shí)立即出現(xiàn)快速的縮足或舔足反應(yīng),則記為陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)。實(shí)驗(yàn)所用von Frey纖維力度分別為0.4 g,0.6 g,1.0 g,2.0 g,4.0 g,6.0 g,8.0 g,15.0 g,26.0 g。測(cè)定首先從中等力度的von Frey纖維絲(4 g)開始,當(dāng)該力度的von Frey纖維刺激不能引起陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)時(shí),則給予相鄰大一級(jí)力度的纖維刺激;如出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng),則給予相鄰小一級(jí)力度的刺激,如此連續(xù)進(jìn)行,直至出現(xiàn)第一次陽(yáng)性和陰性(或陰性和陽(yáng)性)反應(yīng)的騎跨,再以此原則連續(xù)測(cè)定4次。不同刺激之間相隔30 s,以消除前一刺激的影響。根據(jù)公式50% PWT(g)=(10[xf+kδ])/10 000,計(jì)算每只大鼠50%爪縮閾值。26.0 g是本法可能達(dá)到的最大50%縮足閾值,0.4 g是本法可能達(dá)到的最小50%縮足閾值。

機(jī)械閾值檢測(cè)時(shí)間點(diǎn):造模前1 d(基礎(chǔ)痛閾),模后3 d、6 d、9 d。若模型組和電針組大鼠在模后第3天的痛閾相較基礎(chǔ)痛閾值明顯降低(P<0.01),表明制備大鼠CFA慢性炎性痛模型成功。

2)CPA行為學(xué)檢測(cè):使用CPA檢測(cè)大鼠的條件位置厭惡情緒。該實(shí)驗(yàn)分為4部分,自由跑動(dòng)(free day):取出裝置中間的隔板,使A(黑底且均勻分布白色三角形)、B箱聯(lián)通(白底且均勻分布黑色圓形),拍攝并記錄15 min內(nèi)大鼠在裝置中活動(dòng)的軌跡。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):大鼠在A或B室停留>80%或者<20%;條件化前(Pre-conditioning Day):插入位于中間的隔板,隔開A、B箱,將A、B分隔成2個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的空間,選定A或B作為“非條件箱”,將大鼠放入其中,自由活動(dòng)45 min以適應(yīng)非痛環(huán)境;條件化第1天(Conditioning Day-1):造模后2 h大鼠足部出現(xiàn)紅腫熱痛即將大鼠放入條件箱(疼痛環(huán)境)。大鼠在疼痛環(huán)境適應(yīng)45 min后,取出大鼠至飼養(yǎng)籠,完成當(dāng)日行為學(xué)檢測(cè)。條件化第2天(Conditioning Day-2):操作時(shí)間及環(huán)境同第1天,將大鼠放入條件箱,繼續(xù)讓大鼠在條件箱適應(yīng)45 min,取出大鼠至飼養(yǎng)籠,完成當(dāng)日行為學(xué)檢測(cè);條件化后自由跑動(dòng)(Post-conditioning Day):造模后第3天、9天,拿出隔板,使A、B箱聯(lián)通,拍攝并記錄15 min內(nèi)大鼠在裝置中活動(dòng)的軌跡。為保證實(shí)驗(yàn)效果,每只大鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束后整個(gè)裝置需要用75%乙醇擦拭,待裝置干凈無(wú)味再繼續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。若大鼠模后第3天在條件箱停留的時(shí)間少于造模前在該室停留的時(shí)間,說(shuō)明大鼠因?yàn)樘弁磳?duì)條件箱產(chǎn)生了厭惡,即成功建立CFA誘導(dǎo)慢性炎性痛的CPA模型。

3)免疫熒光染色:造模后第10天,大鼠腹腔注射7%水合氯醛麻醉(350 mg/kg)。暴露胸腔,經(jīng)左心室向升主動(dòng)脈灌注約200 mL的0.9%生理鹽水(4 ℃冰箱預(yù)冷)和150 mL 4%的多聚甲醛,將大鼠置于冰臺(tái)取出全腦,隨后在4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定24 h,分別經(jīng)15%和30%蔗糖溶液梯度脫水后,液氮速凍放入-80 ℃低溫冰箱儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)溆?。?5 μm的厚度分別在前囟前3.7 mm和前囟后1.2 mm切取ACC和S1HL腦片進(jìn)行免疫熒光染色。采用貼片法在各組分別取出腦組織(ACC、S1HL)5片,用含有5%的BSA、0.3%Triton溶液(0.01 mol/L TBST溶液稀釋)37 ℃水浴箱孵育1 h,加入含5%BSA的一抗混合液(rabbit-anti-pERK,1∶400)(TBST稀釋)的p-ERK一抗,放入濕盒在4 ℃孵育16 h,用PH7.4的TBST溶液漂洗3次,10 min/次,加入用0.01 mol/L TBST稀釋的含5%BSA的熒光二抗混合液(Alexa Fluor 594-goat anti-rabbit 1∶500)的二抗,37 ℃水浴箱避光孵育1 h。TBST避光漂洗6次,10 min/次,組織干燥后,用抗熒光淬滅劑封片。采用Nikon A1R激光共聚焦顯微鏡在10倍物鏡下拍攝圖像,觀察大鼠雙側(cè)ACC及S1HL的p-ERK的陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)。每組選擇3只大鼠,每只大鼠選取5張ACC和S1HL切片,用NIS elements AR軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)相應(yīng)區(qū)域陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù),根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[8-9]可知在ACC第Ⅲ層陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)率高,因此結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果選取第Ⅲ層進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)。S1HL區(qū)p-ERK的表達(dá)主要集中在第Ⅱ/Ⅲ層,因此選取第Ⅱ和Ⅲ層進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)[10-11]。

4)免疫印跡法:造模后第10天,大鼠腹腔注射7%水合氯醛麻醉(350 mg/kg)。用4 ℃預(yù)冷的0.9%生理鹽水迅速灌注升主動(dòng)脈后快速取出全腦。根據(jù)大鼠腦立體定位圖譜《The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates》[12]確定ACC取材范圍:前囟(Bregma)(+3.2 mm)~(+1.7 mm),左右旁開0.8 mm,深度2.6 mm。S1HL取材范圍:前囟(Bregma)(-0.5 mm)~(-2.5 mm),左右旁開1.0 mm,深度2.0 mm。液氮速凍后放入-80 ℃冰箱儲(chǔ)存?zhèn)溆?。將大鼠組織經(jīng)過RIPA裂解液裂解,于冰上勻漿,低溫離心后取上清液,BCA法進(jìn)行蛋白定量。按照試劑說(shuō)明書經(jīng)過SDS-PAGE電泳、轉(zhuǎn)膜、封閉,加入p-ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204)一抗(1∶2 000)4 ℃孵育過夜(18 h),加入IgG(H+L)-HRP二抗(1∶3 000)室溫孵育1 h,ECL化學(xué)發(fā)光顯影。Image Quant TL軟件對(duì)條帶灰度值進(jìn)行半定量分析,即將各組p-ERK1/2的灰度值除以ERK1/2的灰度值,算出各組的磷酸化的相對(duì)表達(dá)水平,然后把空白對(duì)照組的相對(duì)表達(dá)量作為1倍數(shù),其他組相對(duì)空白對(duì)照組的比值(增加倍數(shù))則作為柱狀圖的縱坐標(biāo)。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤(±s)表示。使用SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析,多組間比較選用單因素方差分析(ANOVA),組間兩兩比較采用LSD檢驗(yàn)。PWTs數(shù)據(jù)采用重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,組間兩兩比較,方差齊性時(shí)采用LSD檢驗(yàn),方差不齊時(shí)采用Dunnett′s T3檢驗(yàn)。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 電針對(duì)CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛大鼠機(jī)械痛閾的影響

大鼠造模前、造模后第3天、6天、9天的機(jī)械痛閾的測(cè)量結(jié)果顯示,造模前,空白組、模型組、電針組大鼠的機(jī)械痛閾值無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。造模后第3天、6天、9天,與空白組比較,模型組、電針組機(jī)械痛閾值顯著降低(P<0.01),說(shuō)明CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛模型成功。而造模后第9天,與模型組比較,電針組機(jī)械痛閾值顯著升高(P<0.01)。見圖1。

2.2 電針對(duì)CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛大鼠厭惡情緒的影響

大鼠CPA結(jié)果顯示,造模前,空白組、模型組、電針組在條件箱與非條件箱停留的時(shí)間無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。造模后第3天,與空白組比較,模型組和電針組CPA score值顯著升高(P<0.01);造模后第9天,與模型組比較,空白組和電針組CPA score值顯著降低(P<0.01)。與造模后第3天比較,造模后第9天模型組CPA score值顯著增加(P<0.01),電針組CPA score值顯著降低(P<0.05)。見圖2。

2.3 電針對(duì)CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛大鼠S1HL及ACC區(qū)p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)及蛋白表達(dá)的影響如圖3~圖6所示,編號(hào)A、B、C圖分別代表雙側(cè)S1HL腦區(qū)、雙側(cè)ACC腦區(qū)的空白組、模型組、電針組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞熒光圖;圖D是對(duì)應(yīng)的p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞統(tǒng)計(jì)圖;圖E、G分別是CFA模后10 d時(shí),S1HL、ACC水平p-ERK的免疫印跡結(jié)果圖和灰度統(tǒng)計(jì)圖;圖F中紅框區(qū)域是圖A~C在大鼠冠狀位腦片位置(AP+2.7 mm;AP-1.5 mm),圖中白色箭頭為陽(yáng)性點(diǎn)。

免疫熒光結(jié)果:左側(cè)S1HL,與空白組比較,模型組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)有上升趨勢(shì);與模型組比較,電針組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)有下降趨勢(shì)。右側(cè)S1HL和雙側(cè)ACC,與模型組比較,空白組和電針組p-ERK免疫陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞的表達(dá)均顯著降低(P<0.01)。

免疫印跡結(jié)果:左側(cè)S1HL,與模型組比較,電針組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平明顯下降(P<0.05)。右側(cè)S1HL,與模型組比較,電針組p-ERK2蛋白水平明顯下降(P<0.05)。雙側(cè)ACC腦區(qū),與空白組比較,模型組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平有上升趨勢(shì);與模型組比較,電針組p-ERK1/2蛋白水平有下降趨勢(shì)。

3 討論

疼痛具有感覺和情緒雙重含義,疼痛在感覺維度上體現(xiàn)了對(duì)于傷害性刺激的感覺成分的辨別,如性質(zhì)、強(qiáng)度、定位、時(shí)間過程,主要接受外側(cè)疼痛系統(tǒng)調(diào)控。痛相關(guān)的負(fù)面情緒與疼痛長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響密切相關(guān)。痛情緒維度上表現(xiàn)出了疼痛的情感動(dòng)機(jī)成分,其中包括機(jī)體產(chǎn)生的厭惡程度(對(duì)受到的疼痛刺激),和動(dòng)機(jī)強(qiáng)弱(躲避疼痛),它的神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)位于內(nèi)側(cè)丘腦、杏仁核和邊緣皮層[13-14]。目前關(guān)于疼痛的研究也逐漸從單一關(guān)注痛感覺發(fā)展為同時(shí)關(guān)注痛感覺、痛情緒、痛認(rèn)知等多維度。研究者們逐漸把疼痛理解為是一種高度主觀的多維度的體驗(yàn)。

中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)與疼痛相聯(lián)系的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括了感覺維度、情緒維度和認(rèn)知維度,和部分潛在的可分離的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)[15-16],ACC和S1HL分別是大腦中與情緒和感覺相關(guān)的重要腦區(qū)。ACC主要功能是對(duì)疼痛的情緒信息進(jìn)行編碼,前扣帶皮層吻側(cè)區(qū)(rACC)是加工疼痛情緒的特異性腦區(qū)。研究顯示[17]在ACC的cAMP/PKA通路,可能通過CREB的磷酸化,參與到痛敏反應(yīng)及痛情緒的發(fā)展過程。而在脊髓背角MAPK/CREB通路可能涉及到痛情緒反應(yīng)[18]。

細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶屬于絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases,MAPKs)家族的一員。研究證明,ERK參與調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)元可塑性(長(zhǎng)時(shí)程增強(qiáng)、長(zhǎng)時(shí)程抑制)與記憶密切相關(guān)。在疼痛狀態(tài)下,能長(zhǎng)期有效的激活ERK1/2的磷酸化,特別在初級(jí)體感皮層SI、海馬、脊髓。在正常大鼠的SI,ERK2的表達(dá)多于ERK1,ERK的磷酸化表達(dá)較少[19]。ACC中p-ERK的表達(dá)對(duì)于痛情緒的調(diào)節(jié)起到了至關(guān)重要的作用[20],ACC中ERK的活化參與到了足底注射福爾馬林或足底手術(shù)切口疼痛誘導(dǎo)的焦慮、抑郁等負(fù)性情緒過程[21]。Zhong等[22]認(rèn)為緩解p-ERK的過度激活是對(duì)于痛相關(guān)焦慮情緒的一種極具潛在價(jià)值的治療方法。SNL大鼠ACC中ERK的激活上調(diào)也伴隨著大鼠的焦慮樣行為的加重,通過針刺能下調(diào)其ERK的激活[23]。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,在慢性痛的條件下,體感皮層ERK的磷酸化表達(dá)增加,且主要表達(dá)在SI的Ⅱ/Ⅲ層,與R.K.Hofbauer的研究成果相似[24]。結(jié)果提示CFA大鼠模后9 d,右側(cè)體感皮層p-ERK表達(dá)水平顯著上調(diào)與痛感覺的刺激密切相關(guān)。

臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究反復(fù)證明,針灸是治療慢性痛的有效手段,已從整體、細(xì)胞、分子、基因水平深刻闡釋了始動(dòng)、外周、中樞的針灸鎮(zhèn)痛原理[25-27]。隨著對(duì)痛情緒在慢性痛發(fā)展過程中重要性的認(rèn)識(shí),已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)針灸對(duì)疼痛誘發(fā)的情緒改變有治療作用。針刺對(duì)痛感覺的干預(yù)機(jī)制不是針刺鎮(zhèn)痛的全部機(jī)制,電針對(duì)慢性痛發(fā)展過程中痛情緒的調(diào)節(jié),可能是針刺鎮(zhèn)痛又一關(guān)鍵機(jī)制。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,在模后3 d,除空白組外大鼠機(jī)械痛閾值顯著降低,說(shuō)明CFA誘導(dǎo)的慢性炎性痛模型成功。從造模后第3天到第9天予以2/100 Hz電針干預(yù)后,與模型組比,電針組機(jī)械痛閾值顯著升高。說(shuō)明電針對(duì)慢性炎性痛起到了鎮(zhèn)痛作用。CPA實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果表明,通過電針的干預(yù),大鼠由疼痛誘導(dǎo)的厭惡情緒得到了改善。接下來(lái)對(duì)S1HL區(qū)p-ERK表達(dá)水平的檢測(cè)表明電針可能通過下調(diào)右側(cè)體感皮層p-ERK表達(dá)水平發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)痛作用。而起到改善疼痛誘發(fā)的厭惡情緒的作用可能是下調(diào)了ACCp-ERK表達(dá)的結(jié)果,這也驗(yàn)證了Zhong等認(rèn)為的[22]抑制p-ERK的過度激活是對(duì)于痛相關(guān)厭惡情緒的一種極具潛在價(jià)值的治療方法。也與我們前期得出的結(jié)果相一致[23]。

綜上所述,本實(shí)驗(yàn)通過足底注射CFA復(fù)制慢性炎性痛大鼠模型,通過PWTs和CPA實(shí)驗(yàn)以及對(duì)大腦S1HL和ACC中p-ERK表達(dá)水平的檢測(cè),證明電針可提高CFA模型大鼠痛閾水平并緩解CFA大鼠的厭惡情緒,達(dá)到降低痛感覺和改善痛情緒的雙重目的,其機(jī)制可能是電針下調(diào)了右側(cè)S1HL和雙側(cè)ACC中p-ERK的表達(dá)水平。本實(shí)驗(yàn)分開驗(yàn)證電針干預(yù)痛感覺和痛情緒相關(guān)腦區(qū)的作用機(jī)制,大腦是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng),各腦區(qū)之間有著千絲萬(wàn)縷的聯(lián)系,通過相互影響發(fā)揮作用,S1HL與ACC之間可能存在的解剖和功能上的相互聯(lián)系,需要在今后的研究當(dāng)中進(jìn)一步證明。

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(2019-05-10收稿 責(zé)任編輯:徐穎)

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