諸葛秀紅 韋日明 劉漫君 朱琳 程子娟 曹娜 李肇蕤 李孟知 夏春波
摘要:【目的】明確山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制,為開展中藥治療認(rèn)知障礙的深入研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。【方法】以檸檬酸鋁和亞硝酸鈉聯(lián)合腹腔注射60 d建立40只認(rèn)知障礙大鼠模型,隨機(jī)分為模型組及山茱萸提取物低、中、高劑量組,分別以4、8和12 g/(kg·d)的山茱萸提取物連續(xù)灌胃4周后,利用Morris水迷宮檢測各組大鼠的認(rèn)知功能,采用尼氏染色法觀察大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元存活狀態(tài),并以TUNEL法檢測大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元的凋亡情況?!窘Y(jié)果】與模型組相比,山茱萸提取物高、中劑量組大鼠爬上平臺所需時間極顯著縮短(P<0.01,下同),跨越平臺次數(shù)極顯著增加;山茱萸提取物低劑量組大鼠爬上平臺所需時間與模型組間無顯著差異(P>0.05),但跨越平臺次數(shù)顯著增加(P<0.05,下同)。山茱萸提取物高、中、低劑量組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏小體數(shù)目明顯增加,著色加深,對應(yīng)的平均光密度值分別為0.46±0.11、0.39±0.06和0.32±0.06,均顯著高于模型組;山茱萸提取物低、中、高劑量組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)綠色熒光標(biāo)記的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量逐漸減少,凋亡指數(shù)逐漸降低,對應(yīng)的凋亡指數(shù)分別為(24.20±3.45)%、(16.33±5.68)%和(9.56±2.80)%,顯著或極顯著低于模型組[(38.78±4.36)%]?!窘Y(jié)論】山茱萸提取物可有效改善認(rèn)知障礙大鼠在Morris水迷宮中的游泳軌跡,其海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏小體數(shù)目增加、著色加深,綠色熒光標(biāo)記的神經(jīng)元逐漸減少,凋亡指數(shù)逐漸降低,即山茱萸提取物對大鼠認(rèn)知功能的保護(hù)作用可能與海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元功能改善有關(guān)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 大鼠;山茱萸提取物;認(rèn)知障礙;海馬神經(jīng)元;尼氏小體;凋亡指數(shù)
中圖分類號: S865.12? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2019)12-2812-07
Protective effects of the Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. extract on hippocampal neurons in rats with cognitive impairment
ZHUGE Xiu-hong1, WEI Ri-ming2, LIU Man-jun1, ZHU Lin1,? CHENG Zi-juan3,
CAO Na3, LI Zhao-rui3, LI Meng-zhi3, XIA Chun-bo3*
(1Affiliated hospital of Guilin Medical University,Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China;? 2School of biotechnology, Guilin Medical University,Guilin, Guangxi? 541004, China; 3Department of Anatomy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin,
Guangxi? 541004, China)
Abstract:【Objective】The protective effect of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. extract on hippocampal neurons of cognitive impairment rats and its mechanism were studied to provide scientific basis for the further research on the treatment of cognitive impairment with traditional Chinese medicine. 【Method】Forty rats with cognitive impairment were produced by intraperitoneal injection of aluminium citrate and sodium nitrite for 60 d and randomly divided into model, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups of C. officinalis extract. The rats of low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose group were respectively given 4, 8, 12 g/(kg·d) of C. officinalis extract by gavage for 4 weeks. Morris water maze was used to test cognitive function in rats of each group, Nissl staining was used to observe hippocampal neurons survival status and the TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in rats. 【Result】Compared with the mo-del group, the time of climbing onto the platform of medium-dose and high-dose groups of C. officinalis extract were highly significantly shortened(P<0.01, the same below) and the number of crossing the platform was highly significantly increased. There was no significant difference between the low-dose group and the model group in the time required to climb onto the platform(P>0.05), but the number of crossing the platform increased significantly(P<0.05, the same below). The number of nissl bodies of neurons in the hippocampus CA1 region of the high, medium and low dose groups of C. officinalis extract increased and the staining deepened. The corresponding average optical density values were 0.46±0.11, 0.39±0.06 and 0.32±0.06, respectively, which were significantly higher than the model group. The number of green fluorescently labeled neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats in the low, medium and high dose groups of C. officinalis extract decreased gradually, and the apoptosis index decreased gradually. The corresponding apoptosis indexes were (24.20±3.45)%,(16.33±5.68)% and (9.56±2.80)%, which were significantly lower than those in the model group (38.78±4.36)%. 【Conclusion】C. officinalis extract can effectively improve the swimming track of cognitively impaired rats in water maze, the number of nissl bodies of neurons in the hippocampus CA1 region increases and the staining dee-pens. The number of neurons labeled with green fluorescence gradually decreases and the apoptotic index gradually decrea-ses, so the protective effect of C. officinalis on the cognitive function of rats may be related to the improvement of the function of neurons in the hippocampus CA1 region.
Key words: rats; Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. extract; cognitive impairment; hippocampal neuron; nissl bodies; apoptesis indexes
0 引言
【研究意義】山茱萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc.)是名貴的中藥材,具有補(bǔ)益肝腎、澀精固脫之功效,常用于治療眩暈耳鳴、腰膝酸痛、陽痿遺精、遺尿尿頻、崩漏帶下、大汗虛脫及內(nèi)熱消渴等癥(許繼艷等,2014)?,F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)研究表明,山茱萸可調(diào)節(jié)免疫、抗腫瘤、抗心律失常及對抗炎癥,且可促進(jìn)自主神經(jīng)末梢釋放乙酰膽堿遞質(zhì),激活動物體內(nèi)胰島β-細(xì)胞受體,增加胰島素分泌,從而具有降低血漿葡萄糖水平等生物活性作用(許繼艷等,2014;南美娟等,2018),但其對認(rèn)知障礙的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制尚不清楚。因此,深入研究山茱萸的生物活性和藥理作用具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】目前,有關(guān)山茱萸的研究主要集中在不同部位提取物和化學(xué)成分分析方面(Forman et al.,2015;Ahn et al.,2017),尤其在山茱萸調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能方面的研究較多(鄭曉丹等,2015;齊靜姣等,2016;張榮博等,2018),內(nèi)容涉及山茱萸對各種免疫調(diào)節(jié)因子的作用機(jī)制等。有關(guān)山茱萸抗腫瘤的研究至今已有較多報道(荊寧寧,2016;Telang et al.,2019),肖鵬等(2017)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)以山茱萸灌胃可抑制SD大鼠肝癌組織的生長,其機(jī)制可能與上調(diào)腫瘤組織B7-H6蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)。在山茱萸調(diào)節(jié)動物體內(nèi)血糖水平方面,李小可等(2015)研究認(rèn)為山茱萸提取物可能是通過上調(diào)AMPK基因表達(dá)以增加3T3-L1脂肪細(xì)胞的葡萄糖消耗,并抑制異丙腎上腺素(ISO)誘導(dǎo)的脂肪分解。在山茱萸對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用方面,丁月霞等(2011)對物理性切斷穹隆海馬傘的大鼠進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明山茱萸可抑制腦內(nèi)凋亡信號進(jìn)一步激活,其效果與上調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡抑制因子并下調(diào)細(xì)胞凋亡促進(jìn)因子有關(guān);顧海等(2011a)研究報道,山茱萸對腦細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用可能與其增加BCL-2蛋白表達(dá)和降低NF-κB蛋白表達(dá)有關(guān)。此外,蔣淑君等(2008)研究證實(shí),山茱萸提取物的補(bǔ)益腎陽效果顯著,可使大鼠下丘腦促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素分泌增加,而減少鈣調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的表達(dá);Bhakta等(2017)從山茱萸果實(shí)中篩選出多種對膽堿酯酶(ChE)和β-淀粉樣蛋白前體裂解酶1(BACE1)具有抑制作用的化合物,且這些化合物在體外試驗中均表現(xiàn)出明顯的濃度依賴性;南美娟等(2018)研究表明,山茱萸不同部位提取物對醋氨酚所致急性肝損傷模型小鼠均具有保護(hù)作用,且以果核提取物的保護(hù)作用最佳,其保肝機(jī)制可能與抗氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)有關(guān)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】認(rèn)知障礙主要損害部位是大腦海馬,而海馬神經(jīng)元是最早最易受損的部位之一(Yabuki et al.,2019)。認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生機(jī)制較復(fù)雜,與β淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)沉積形成老年斑(Koychev et al.,2018;Du et al.,2019)、雌激素水平下降(Russell et al.,2019)及神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子減少(Heisz et al.,2017)等因素有關(guān),目前治療藥物開發(fā)難度大,乙酰膽堿酯酶抑制劑(AChEI)雖然在一定程度上可減輕癥狀,但其治療效果非常有限。中藥具有多靶點(diǎn)和多途徑的作用特點(diǎn),因此明確山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知功能是否具有保護(hù)作用,對研發(fā)阻止或延緩認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生與發(fā)展的藥劑具有重要意義?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】采用亞硝酸鈉和檸檬酸鋁聯(lián)合給藥建立認(rèn)知障礙大鼠模型,探討山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制,為開展中藥治療認(rèn)知障礙的深入研究提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1. 1 試驗材料
雄性SD大鼠(合格證號SCXK桂2007-0001)由桂林醫(yī)學(xué)院SPF級實(shí)驗動物中心提供,平均體重200±10 g/只。山茱萸提取物購自上海源葉生物科技有限公司,TUNEL檢測試劑盒購自Roche公司,尼氏染色試劑盒購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司,檸檬酸鋁購自廣東翁江化學(xué)試劑有限公司,亞硝酸鈉購自上海麥克林生化科技有限公司。主要儀器設(shè)備:熒光顯微鏡(Nikon Eclipse Ti-SR)、成像系統(tǒng)(Nikon DS-U3)、Morris水迷宮(XR-XM101)、病理切片機(jī)(RM2016)。
1. 2 試驗方法
1. 2. 1 認(rèn)知障礙大鼠模型建立及試驗分組 認(rèn)知障礙大鼠模型建立及評價:采用檸檬酸鋁[200 mg/(kg·d)]和亞硝酸鈉[40 mg/(kg·d)]聯(lián)合腹腔注射60 d建立認(rèn)知障礙大鼠模型,應(yīng)用Morris水迷宮評價大鼠認(rèn)知能力,其判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:以大鼠從入水到爬上平臺的時間(定位航行)、跨越平臺的次數(shù)(空間探索)兩項指標(biāo)中任意一項與對照組差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義判定為認(rèn)知障礙。將認(rèn)知障礙大鼠隨機(jī)分為模型組(n=10)、山茱萸低劑量組(n=10)、山茱萸中劑量組(n=10)和山茱萸高劑量組(n=10),山茱萸提取物加水定容至1.0 g/mL,低、中、高劑量組認(rèn)知障礙大鼠分別以4、8和12 g/(kg·d)山茱萸提取物連續(xù)灌胃4周,每天1次,正常對照組(n=10)和模型組大鼠灌服生理鹽水。各組大鼠灌胃4周后,先應(yīng)用Morris水迷宮評價大鼠認(rèn)知能力,再以0.3%戊巴比妥鈉(40 mg/kg)腹腔麻醉,心臟灌注固定,剖解取出腦組織并置于30%多聚甲醛溶液中,4 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1. 2. 2 尼氏染色檢測大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元存活狀態(tài) 腦組織經(jīng)常規(guī)石蠟切片,脫蠟至水,蒸餾水沖洗,尼氏體染液染色10 min,蒸餾水沖洗,70%乙醇沖洗,95%乙醇使腦組織分化至尼氏體著深藍(lán)色,背景呈淺藍(lán)色或無色,風(fēng)干后中性樹膠封片,于光學(xué)顯微鏡下觀察,神經(jīng)元胞漿內(nèi)含有的藍(lán)色顆粒即為尼氏體。結(jié)果分析:采用HPIAS-1000對尼氏染色結(jié)果進(jìn)行定量分析,檢測單位視野中尼氏染色的光密度,以每例樣本的平均光密度值作為其測量值。
1. 2. 3 TUNEL法檢測大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元凋亡情況 腦組織經(jīng)常規(guī)石蠟切片,脫蠟至水,PBS(pH 7.4)洗3次,每次5 min,破膜工作液常溫孵育20 min,PBS(pH 7.4)洗3次,每次5 min,根據(jù)TUNEL試劑盒說明加入試劑1(TdT)和試劑2(dUTP)按2∶29混合,切片平置于濕盒內(nèi),37 ℃水浴鍋孵育2 h,PBS(pH 7.4)洗3次,每次5 min,加DAPI染液,避光室溫孵育10 min,PBS(pH 7.4)洗3次,每次5 min,抗熒光淬滅封片劑封片,于熒光顯微鏡下觀察并采集圖像,設(shè)不含末端轉(zhuǎn)移酶(TdT)的陰性對照。結(jié)果判定:以神經(jīng)元出現(xiàn)綠色熒光判定為凋亡陽性細(xì)胞,在顯微鏡下隨機(jī)選擇高倍視野進(jìn)行凋亡細(xì)胞計數(shù),凋亡指數(shù)(%)=凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)/總細(xì)胞數(shù)×100。
1. 3 統(tǒng)計分析
以SPSS 17.0對試驗數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析,其中組間比較采用單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)。
2 結(jié)果與分析
2. 1 山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠活動的影響
以山茱萸提取物灌胃4周后,應(yīng)用Morris水迷宮檢測各組大鼠的認(rèn)知能力,結(jié)果(表1和圖1)顯示,山茱萸提取物可有效改善大鼠在Morris水迷宮中的游泳軌跡。與模型組相比,山茱萸提取物高、中劑量組大鼠爬上平臺所需時間極顯著縮短(P<0.01,下同),跨越平臺次數(shù)極顯著增加;山茱萸提取物低劑量組大鼠爬上平臺所需時間與模型組間無顯著差異(P>0.05,下同),但跨越平臺次數(shù)顯著增加(P<0.05,下同)。與對照組相比,各山茱萸提取物劑量組大鼠跨越平臺次數(shù)極顯著減少,而爬上平臺所需時間顯著或極顯著延長。
2. 2 山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏小體結(jié)構(gòu)的影響
光學(xué)顯微鏡觀察結(jié)果顯示,大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元內(nèi)存在著色深淺不一的藍(lán)色塊狀或顆粒狀尼氏小體(圖2)。相對于模型組,山茱萸提取物高、中、低劑量組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏小體數(shù)目明顯增加,著色加深,對應(yīng)的平均光密度值分別為0.46±0.11、0.39±0.06和0.32±0.06,均顯著高于模型組;但與對照組相比,各山茱萸提取物劑量組的平均光密度值顯著降低(圖3)。
2. 3 山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元凋亡的影響
采用TUNEL法對各組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元的凋亡情況進(jìn)行檢測,在熒光顯微鏡下神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞核顯示為藍(lán)色,陽性凋亡神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞核為綠色,凋亡神經(jīng)元呈散在分布或多個成群分布(圖4)。相對于模型組,山茱萸提取物低、中、高劑量組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)綠色熒光標(biāo)記的神經(jīng)元數(shù)量逐漸減少,凋亡指數(shù)逐漸降低,對應(yīng)的凋亡指數(shù)分別為(24.20±3.45)%、(16.33±5.68)%和(9.56±2.80)%,顯著或極顯著低于模型組[(38.78±4.36)%];山茱萸提取物低、中劑量組的凋亡指數(shù)顯著高于對照組,但山茱萸提取物高劑量組的凋亡指數(shù)與對照組相比無顯著差異(圖5)。
3 討論
中醫(yī)認(rèn)為:認(rèn)知障礙可分為髓海空虛型、痰阻血瘀型、心腎不交型和肝郁脾虛型等(陳冠勛,2004;徐新菊,2005;趙曉琴,2009)。腎精不足,不能生髓;髓海不足,則腦髓漸空,致元神失養(yǎng)、靈機(jī)混亂。王飛和王民集(2018)采用腎氣湯加減聯(lián)合針刺百會和四神聰?shù)姆椒▽?80例腎精虧虛型認(rèn)知障礙患者進(jìn)行治療,通過簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查表(MMSE)等進(jìn)行評分,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)五神針結(jié)合腎氣湯加減治療腎精虧虛型認(rèn)知障礙患者的效果優(yōu)于單純五神針或腎氣湯加減治療。山茱萸為山茱萸科植物的干燥成熟果肉,富含揮發(fā)油、有機(jī)酸和環(huán)烯醚萜苷類等多種化學(xué)成分,具有補(bǔ)益肝腎等功效(劉云,2019)。周魯?shù)龋?005)對治療認(rèn)知障礙有關(guān)的1232劑中藥復(fù)方426種藥物進(jìn)行對比研究,統(tǒng)計每種藥物的使用頻率并分析其用藥趨向性,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)山茱萸位列單味藥使用頻次前10位。本研究結(jié)果表明,山茱萸提取物對亞硝酸鈉聯(lián)合檸檬酸鋁腹腔注射致認(rèn)知障礙大鼠Morris水迷宮定位航行試驗和空間探索試驗均有明顯的改善作用,與模型組相比,大鼠爬上平臺所需時間明顯縮短,而跨越平臺次數(shù)明顯增加,且隨著劑量的增加其改善作用越明顯,但具體是哪些有效成分起決定作用有待進(jìn)一步探究。
顧海等(2011b)研究報道,山茱萸活性成分5-羥甲基糠醛(5-HMF)對H2O2誘導(dǎo)損傷的大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元有保護(hù)作用,可改善細(xì)胞核膜的完整性,減少胞質(zhì)內(nèi)空泡數(shù)量和腫脹線粒體數(shù)量。孟敏等(2018)在研究山茱萸環(huán)烯醚萜苷對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力和腦組織病理變化的影響時發(fā)現(xiàn),山茱萸環(huán)烯醚萜苷可通過保護(hù)神經(jīng)元并促進(jìn)膽堿乙?;D(zhuǎn)移酶(ChAT)表達(dá)以改善大鼠的認(rèn)知功能。蘇亞楠等(2018)研究表明,山茱萸多糖對Aβ1-40致學(xué)習(xí)記憶障礙大鼠行為學(xué)有改善作用,其機(jī)制可能與降低海馬區(qū)、糖原合成酶激酶(GSK-3β)蛋白表達(dá)量有關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠行為學(xué)的改善作用與海馬神經(jīng)元功能狀態(tài)有關(guān)。相對于模型組,山茱萸提取物高、中、低劑量組大鼠海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏體數(shù)目均增加,而綠色熒光標(biāo)記的陽性神經(jīng)元數(shù)目逐漸減少,凋亡指數(shù)逐漸降低,提示海馬神經(jīng)元在山茱萸改善大鼠認(rèn)知能力的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥僅是發(fā)生于認(rèn)知障礙晚期的一種并發(fā)癥,腦內(nèi)沉積老年斑塊周圍的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星型膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化程度高,極易產(chǎn)生許多與認(rèn)知障礙有關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子,如白細(xì)胞介素-1(IL-1)及腫瘤壞死因子(TNF-α)等(Gyoneva et al.,2016)。山茱萸提取物對認(rèn)知障礙大鼠行為學(xué)和海馬神經(jīng)元存活的影響可能是中醫(yī)學(xué)補(bǔ)腎填髓效應(yīng)發(fā)揮了作用,但其具體機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
4 結(jié)論
山茱萸提取物可有效改善認(rèn)知障礙大鼠在Morris水迷宮中的游泳軌跡,其海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元尼氏小體數(shù)目增加、著色加深,綠色熒光標(biāo)記的神經(jīng)元逐漸減少,凋亡指數(shù)逐漸降低,即山茱萸提取物對大鼠認(rèn)知功能的保護(hù)作用可能與海馬CA1區(qū)神經(jīng)元功能改善有關(guān)。
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(責(zé)任編輯 蘭宗寶)