王運成 翟剛 岑川
[摘要] 目的 觀察自制操作平臺腔鏡下經(jīng)肛輔助入路全直腸系膜切除術(shù)(TME)在中低位直腸癌患者中的應(yīng)用效果。 方法 選取2016年6月~2018年6月百色市人民醫(yī)院普外科收治的中低位直腸癌患者45例,按照隨機數(shù)字表法將其分為兩組,其中觀察組20例,對照組25例。對照組患者行常規(guī)腹腔鏡TME,觀察組使用自制平臺腔鏡下經(jīng)肛入路與經(jīng)腹結(jié)合TME。比較兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)及手術(shù)切除直腸標(biāo)本病理學(xué)情況;比較兩組治療相關(guān)費用;隨訪統(tǒng)計并比較兩組術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、復(fù)發(fā)和死亡情況。 結(jié)果 兩組手術(shù)時間、手術(shù)切除直腸長度、腫瘤遠(yuǎn)端切緣長度、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、直腸系膜完整度及切緣陰性率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);觀察組術(shù)中失血量少于對照組,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于對照組,肛門排氣時間、住院時間均短于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);觀察組手術(shù)費用、住院費用顯著低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩組術(shù)后各失訪2例,隨訪時間3個月~2年,且隨訪期間兩組無復(fù)發(fā)和死亡情況發(fā)生。 結(jié)論 自制平臺腔鏡下經(jīng)肛輔助入路TME治療中低位直腸癌與腹腔鏡TME比較,手術(shù)時間、手術(shù)切除直腸情況相當(dāng),但前者具有術(shù)中失血量小、術(shù)后恢復(fù)快、費用低、并發(fā)癥少等多種優(yōu)點,值得推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 中低位直腸癌;經(jīng)肛入路;腹腔鏡;全直腸系膜切除
[中圖分類號] R73? ? ? ? ? [文獻標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)06(b)-0109-05
Application of self-made laparoscopic transanal assisted total mesorectal excision in patients with middle and low rectal cancer
WANG Yuncheng? ?ZHAI Gang? ?QIN Chuan
Department of General Surgery, People′s Hospital of Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise? ?533000, China
[Abstract] Objective To observe the effect of percutaneous transanal assisted total mesorectal excision (TME) in patients with moderate-low rectal cancer. Methods From June 2016 to June 2018, 45 cases of moderate-low rectal cancer patients admitted to the General Surgery People′s Hospital of Baise were selected and divided into two groups by the random number table method. There were 20 patients in the observation group and 25 patients in the control group. The control group was treated with conventional laparoscopic TME, and the observation group was treated with self-made platform laparoscopic transanal approach and transabdominal TME. The surgically related indicators and rectal surgical specimens were compared in the two groups. Treatment-related costs of the two groups were compared. Follow-up statistics and comparison of postoperative complications, recurrences, and deaths were compared and compared in the two groups. Results There was no significant difference in operation time, length of rectum resection, length of distal tumor resection margin, number of lymph node dissection, mesenteric integrity and negative rate of resection margin between the two groups (P > 0.05). Intraoperative blood loss in the observation group was less than that in the control group, the incidence of complications was lower than that in the control group, and the time of anal exhaust and hospital stay were shorter than that in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The costs of operation and hospitalization in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Two cases were lost to follow-up in the two groups, and the follow-up period was 3 months to 2 years. No recurrence or death occurred in the two groups during the follow-up period. Conclusion Compared with laparoscopic TME in the treatment of middle and low rectal cancer under self-made platform endoscopy, TME through anal assisted approach has similar operation time and surgical resection of rectum, but the former has many advantages, such as small intraoperative blood loss, fast postoperative recovery, low cost and few complications, and is worthy of promotion.
[Key words] Moderate-low rectal cancer; Transanal approach; Laparoscopy; Total mesorectal excision
直腸癌是臨床常見惡性腫瘤之一,我國以中低位直腸癌較為常見,約占直腸癌的70%[1]。中低位結(jié)腸癌主要治療手段有手術(shù)切除、放化療等,其中腹腔鏡全直腸系膜切除術(shù)(TME)是中低位直腸癌的主要外科治療手段[2]。臨床實踐發(fā)現(xiàn)[3-4],無論開腹或腹腔鏡TME治療時,在對男性、肥胖或骨盆狹小等中低位直腸癌患者進行直腸遠(yuǎn)端游離時較為困難,可能導(dǎo)致直腸系膜切除不完整或切緣陽性,進而增加復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險。為改善直腸遠(yuǎn)端游離困難現(xiàn)狀,探索更好的中低位直腸癌手術(shù)方法,本研究應(yīng)用自制操作平臺腔鏡下經(jīng)肛輔助入路對中低位直腸癌實施TME治療,并與常規(guī)腹腔鏡TME治療效果進行比較,現(xiàn)報道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1一般資料
本研究經(jīng)廣西壯族自治區(qū)百色市人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。選取2016年6月~2018年6月百色市人民醫(yī)院普外科收治的中低位直腸癌患者45例,按照隨機數(shù)字表法將其分為兩組,觀察組20例,其中男16例,女14例;年齡35~78歲,平均(56.09±5.10)歲;腫瘤下緣距肛緣距離4~8 cm,平均(6.03±0.71)cm;腫瘤直徑1.3~4.5 cm,平均(2.85±0.31)cm;病理分期[5]:Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期11例,病理類型:高分化腺癌11例,中分化腺癌分別9例;Dukes分期[6]:A期1例, B期9例,C期10例;對照組25例,其中男19例,女16例;年齡36~76歲,平均(55.40±5.08)歲;腫瘤下緣距肛緣距離4~8 cm,平均(6.11±0.82)cm;腫瘤直徑1.2~4.5 cm,平均(2.77±0.38)cm;病理分期:Ⅰ期2例,Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ期14例,病理類型:高分化腺癌14例,中分化腺癌分別11例;Dukes分期:A期2例,B期10例,C期13例。兩組患者一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①經(jīng)病理活檢確診為直腸癌,并經(jīng)影像學(xué)診斷為中低位結(jié)直腸癌患者[7];②術(shù)前未進行放化療者;③肛門括約肌功能正常,且腫瘤下緣距肛緣距離≥4 cm者;④簽署知情同意書者。
1.2.2排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)? ①已發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)端轉(zhuǎn)移者;②腸梗阻患者或下腹部開放腹部手術(shù)史者;③合并嚴(yán)重凝血功能障礙;④合并嚴(yán)重心肺肝腎功能不全者。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 對照組? 對照組患者行常規(guī)腹腔鏡TME:氣管插管靜脈復(fù)合麻醉后,患者取改良截石位(即右髖伸直外展位,左髖左膝屈曲左下肢抬高位)并置腳高頭低位。臍部置10 mm觀察孔1個,恥骨聯(lián)合上方右側(cè)置12 mm主操作孔1個,左右中腹部分別置5 mm輔助操作空1個。置入腹腔鏡,探查腹腔各臟器及系膜是否有轉(zhuǎn)移,最后探查腫瘤。從右側(cè)分離乙狀結(jié)腸系膜,解剖腸系膜下血管,清掃周圍脂肪及淋巴結(jié),用血管夾分別夾閉腸系膜下動靜脈根部后切斷血管。用超聲刀游離直腸系膜,在直視下沿盆筋膜臟壁兩層之間的疏松結(jié)締組織間隙銳性分離,保留直腸系膜完整性,避免損傷自主神經(jīng)叢,切開直腸骶骨筋膜、肛尾韌帶,于遠(yuǎn)端肛尾附著處切斷直腸系膜后方沿骶前間隙達尾骨尖下方,顯示肛提肌。“骨骼化”直腸遠(yuǎn)端離斷/吻合部,用切割閉合器于腫瘤下緣以遠(yuǎn)2~4 cm切斷直腸。延長左中腹穿刺口切口至4~6 cm作為直腸標(biāo)本取出孔,隔離腫瘤,經(jīng)乳膠手套內(nèi)取出,腫瘤上緣上10 cm切斷結(jié)腸,移除標(biāo)本。結(jié)腸斷端置入吻合器抵釘座,荷包縫合后還納腹腔。關(guān)閉腹壁切口,重新氣腹,在腹腔鏡直視下經(jīng)肛門放入29號或32號吻合器,對合釘座,完成結(jié)腸直腸吻合。
1.3.2 觀察組? 觀察組患者使用自制操作平臺腔鏡下經(jīng)肛入路與經(jīng)腹結(jié)合TME:術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備自制平臺腔鏡(圖1A):將外科手套3個指末端剪開,分別放入10 mm或5 mm穿刺鞘管,備用。觀察組麻醉方式、腹腔鏡通路設(shè)置及腹腔鏡輔助游離直腸系膜原則均同對照組,兩組手術(shù)均由同一高年資醫(yī)師及手術(shù)團隊完成。觀察組患者膀胱截石位。切斷腸系膜下血管并游離直腸系膜至腹膜折返水平后暫停。經(jīng)肛入路:擴肛,腫瘤下緣下1.5~2.0 cm荷包縫合直腸黏膜關(guān)閉腸腔,肛緣用絲線預(yù)縫合3~4針,將手套口穿過一次性擴肛器并將手套口邊緣外翻,將擴肛器塞進肛門,用預(yù)縫的絲線固定(圖1B)。距直腸內(nèi)荷包線下1.0 cm用超聲刀切透腸壁一周切斷直腸(圖1C),沿直腸系膜逆行向上游離直腸系膜(圖1D),按照TME原則在盆筋膜臟層壁層間無血管區(qū)進行游離,由骶前間隙進入腹腔,后從兩側(cè)及前方向上分離,注意保護前列腺精囊腺及骶前血管。與經(jīng)腹分離面會師后裁剪左半結(jié)腸系膜,使降結(jié)腸及乙狀結(jié)腸適當(dāng)伸展保證結(jié)腸能夠無張力吻合。經(jīng)肛門取出標(biāo)本(圖1E),腫瘤上緣上10 cm切斷結(jié)腸,置入吻合器抵釘座。32號吻合器將結(jié)腸與直腸遠(yuǎn)端或肛管端端吻合(圖1F)。
1.3.3 術(shù)后處理及輔助治療? 術(shù)后禁食,胃腸減壓及靜脈營養(yǎng)支持,吻合口愈合后開始提肛訓(xùn)練。術(shù)后根據(jù)淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移情況選擇輔助化療。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
①手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo)比較:統(tǒng)計兩組手術(shù)相關(guān)指標(biāo),手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中失血量、肛門排氣時間及住院時間。②手術(shù)切除直腸標(biāo)本病理學(xué)情況比較:取手術(shù)切除直腸標(biāo)本,統(tǒng)計兩組切除直腸長度、腫瘤遠(yuǎn)端切緣長度、淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù)目、直腸系膜是否完整及切緣是否陽性。直腸系膜完整判斷[8]:切除面未超過直腸系膜切面、未切入直腸系膜內(nèi)、未切除直腸系膜內(nèi)黏膜肌層面,直腸系膜脂肪留在腹腔中。切緣陽性判斷[9]:取手術(shù)切除腫瘤腸段,常規(guī)HE染色病理檢查,距離手術(shù)切緣≤1 mm的直腸系膜內(nèi)觀察到癌造,則為環(huán)周切緣癌浸潤,即切緣陽性。③治療相關(guān)費用比較:統(tǒng)計兩組患者手術(shù)費用及住院期間總費用情況。④術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、復(fù)發(fā)和死亡情況比較:統(tǒng)計兩組患者住院期間腸梗阻、吻合口瘺等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,通過定期電話或門診隨訪的方式,統(tǒng)計兩組患者隨訪期間復(fù)發(fā)及死亡情況。
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