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血清CA125、HE4及基于二者的ROMA、CPH-I在卵巢腫瘤良惡性鑒別診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值

2019-09-07 07:55陳詠寧張雅迪陳莉李嬋媛吳煥龔時(shí)鵬
關(guān)鍵詞:卵巢腫瘤鑒別診斷

陳詠寧 張雅迪 陳莉 李嬋媛 吳煥 龔時(shí)鵬

[摘要] 目的 對(duì)比分析血清糖類抗原125(CA125)和人附睪上皮分泌蛋白4(HE4)及基于二者計(jì)算的卵巢惡性腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型(ROMA)、哥本哈根指數(shù)(CPH-I)在卵巢良惡性腫瘤鑒別診斷中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 方法 回顧性分析2014年9月~2016年11月于南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科就診的719例卵巢腫瘤患者的臨床資料。根據(jù)預(yù)后的差別將患者分為少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤(LCOHs)組(92例),非少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤(Non-LCOHs)組(96例),良性腫瘤(BOTs)組(531例)。采用ROC曲線計(jì)算CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I的AUC、靈敏度、特異度,比較其鑒別LCOHs、Non-LCOHs和BOTs的效能大小。 結(jié)果 LCOHs組早期比例較高(80.4%),Non-LCOHs組以晚期為主(77.1%)(P < 0.01);各組年齡、已絕經(jīng)女性比例、CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I大小排序?yàn)椋篘on-LCOHs組>LCOHs組>BOTs組(P < 0.01);在鑒別Non-LCOHs和BOTs時(shí),ROMA、CPH-I、HE4(0.969、0.968、0.968)的AUC均大于CA125(0.935);靈敏度排序:CPH-I>ROMA>CA125>HE4(93.8%、92.7%、90.6%、88.5%)。在鑒別LCOHs和BOTs時(shí),亦觀察到相似的AUC趨勢(shì)(0.735、0.739、0.736和0.642);ROMA、CA125靈敏度大于CPH-I、HE4(44.6%、35.9%和32.6%,32.6%)。特異度排序:CPH-I>HE4>ROMA>CA125(94.7%、93.6%、87.6%、83.6%)。 結(jié)論 HE4、ROMA、CPH-I三者總體診斷效能相當(dāng),均優(yōu)于CA125。在預(yù)測(cè)Non-LCOHs時(shí),ROMA和CPH-I優(yōu)于CA125,CPH-I稍占優(yōu)勢(shì)且更為簡(jiǎn)便實(shí)用,三者均優(yōu)于HE4。在篩檢出BOTs方面,CPH-I和HE4優(yōu)于ROMA,三者有效彌補(bǔ)CA125特異性差的缺陷。CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I用于發(fā)現(xiàn)LCOHs時(shí)漏診率仍較高,還需進(jìn)一步探索新的鑒別手段。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 卵巢腫瘤;CA125;HE4;ROMA;CPH-I;鑒別診斷

[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.31? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)06(b)-0009-05

Application value of serum CA125, HE4 and ROMA and CPH-I based on them in differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors

CHEN Yongning1? ?ZHANG Yadi1? ?CHEN Li2? ?LI Chanyuan1? ?WU Huan3? ?GONG Shipeng1

1.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ? 510515, China; 2.PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? ? 510515, China; 3.Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing? ?400010, China

[Abstract] Objective To compare diagnostic value of carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and on which risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), Copenhagen index (CPH-I) based in differentiating malignant from benign ovarian tumors. Methods Clinical data of 719 patients with ovarian tumors, who visited Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, from September 2014 to November 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. According to different prognosis, patients were divided into 92 cases of less common ovarian histopathologies (LCOHs) group, 96 cases of non-less common ovarian histopathologies (Non-LCOHs) group, 531 cases of benign ovarian tumors (BOTs) group. ROC curve were used for calculating AUC, sensitivities and specificities, so as to compare diagnostic value of CA125, HE4, ROMA and CPH-I in differentiating malignant from benign ovarian tumors. Results Among ovarian cancer, 77.1% patients in non-LCOHs group were mainly staged advanced, while those in LCOHs group, 80.4% were mainly early stage, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The age, rate of postmenstrual cases and levels of serum CA125, HE4, ROMA, CPH-I in Non-LCOHs group were higher, followed by LCOHs group and BOTs group respectively, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). In differentiating Non-LCOHs from BOTs patients, AUC of CPH-I, ROMA and HE4 were both higher than CA125 (0.969, 0.968, 0.968 and 0.935), and CPH-I made highest sensitivity, followed by ROMA, CA125 and HE4 (93.8%, 92.7%, 90.6% and 88.5%). Similar AUC trend was observed in differentiating LCOHs from BOTs patients (0.735, 0.739, 0.736 and 0.642), and sensitivity of ROMA was highest and followed by CPH-I, CA125 and HE4 (44.6%, 35.9%, 32.6% and 32.6%). The specificity of CPH-I, HE4, ROMA was higher than CA125 (94.7%, 93.6%, 87.6% and 83.6%). Conclusion HE4, ROMA, and CPH-I did the comparative performance in differentiating malignant from benign ovarian tumors and both are better than CA125. In terms of predicting Non-LCOHs patients, ROMA and CPH-I are superior to CA125, and CPH-I is slightly dominant and more convenient and practical than ROMA. Both of these models perform better than HE4. Furthermore, CPH-I and HE4 has better specificities for predicting benign ovarian diseases than ROMA and the former two index made up for shortcoming of weak specificity of CA125 effectively. However, the rate of missed diagnosis in LCOHs population is still staying at a high level and further researches for more effective differential diagnosis tools are needed.

[Key words] Ovarian neoplasms; CA125; HE4; ROMA; CPH-I; Differential diagnosis

多數(shù)卵巢癌被診斷時(shí)已屬晚期(70%~75%),5年生存率僅20%~30%[1]。而早期卵巢癌5年生存率高,Ⅰ期患者甚至高達(dá)90%~95%,因此提高早期診斷率將有助于改善預(yù)后[1-3]。

糖類抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)在Ⅲ~Ⅳ期卵巢癌中靈敏度可達(dá)80%~90%,但在Ⅰ期患者中僅50%,在婦科良性疾病、其他惡性腫瘤等也伴有CA125非特異性升高[3-4]。研究[5-8]表明,人附睪上皮分泌蛋白4(human epididymis protein 4,HE4)在上皮性卵巢癌(epithelial ovarian cancer,EOC)中高表達(dá),在癌旁組織、婦科良性疾病組織中低甚至不表達(dá),在不同類型EOC中表達(dá)水平也不同。

卵巢惡性腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型(risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm,ROMA)基于CA125、HE4、絕經(jīng)與否建立,多個(gè)研究[9-12]報(bào)道其較單一CA125、HE4或二者單純聯(lián)合敏感性和特異性要好,但亦有研究[13-14]認(rèn)為其并無(wú)優(yōu)勢(shì)。Karlsen等[15]則根據(jù)CA125、HE4和更易獲取的年齡提出了哥本哈根指數(shù)(Copenhagen index,CPH-I),證實(shí)其診斷效能與ROMA指數(shù)相似。我們前期研究[16]中亦證實(shí)CPH-I較單獨(dú)應(yīng)用CA125或HE4具有更為良好的診斷效能,與Yoshida等[17]的研究結(jié)果一致。本文擬通過(guò)比較CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I在鑒別不同預(yù)后卵巢癌和良性腫瘤中的價(jià)值,以期提高早期診斷率,改善患者預(yù)后。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料

回顧性分析2014年9月~2016年11月就診于南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科的1018例卵巢腫瘤患者(惡性239例,良性705例)的臨床資料。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):經(jīng)術(shù)后病理證實(shí)為卵巢腫瘤。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):未予以治療前血清CA125、HE4值缺失者(245例);附件手術(shù)史者(23例);既往5年內(nèi)合并其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤(7例);血肌酐>133 μmol/L(5例);合并妊娠者(15例);病歷未記錄月經(jīng)狀態(tài)者(6例);年齡<18歲或>90歲(8例);最終719例患者符合條件(惡性188例,良性531例)。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者及其家屬術(shù)前已簽署知情同意書。

2016年NCCN指南[18]特別列出了少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤(less common ovarian histopathologies,LCOHs),其包括預(yù)后較好的低級(jí)別漿液性腺癌/子宮內(nèi)膜樣腺癌、黏液性腺癌、透明細(xì)胞癌、交界性腫瘤、惡性性索-間質(zhì)腫瘤、惡性生殖細(xì)胞腫瘤及預(yù)后很差的罕見(jiàn)癌肉瘤(惡性苗勒混合瘤)。本研究未納入惡性苗勒混合瘤,因此根據(jù)預(yù)后的差別將719例患者分為非少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤(non-less common ovarian histopathologies,Non-LCOHs)、LOCHs和卵巢良性腫瘤(benign ovarian tumors,BOTs)三組。

1.2 方法

患者相關(guān)信息收集及ROMA、CPH-I計(jì)算方法同前期研究[16],分期參照最新FIGO分期進(jìn)行。CA125、HE4的臨界值參照文獻(xiàn)[9],ROMA、CPH-I則分別采用文獻(xiàn)[10]和[15]的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。繪制ROC曲線,比較四種不同預(yù)測(cè)模型的AUC、靈敏度、特異度。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料以中位數(shù)(M),四分位數(shù)間距Q(P25,P75)表示,兩兩比較則采用Mann-Whitney U,多重比較采用Kruskal-Wallis單因素方差分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。ROC曲線比較四種不同方法的診斷效能。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 各組患者基本臨床病理特征

各組年齡分布、已絕經(jīng)女性比例排序?yàn)椋篘on-LCOHs組>LCOHs組>BOTs組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。Non-LCOHs組晚期人群比例高,LCOHs組早期人群比例高,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表1。

2.2 各組CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I分布情況

各組CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I排序?yàn)椋篘on-LCOHs組>LCOHs組>BOTs組,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。

2.3 不同預(yù)測(cè)模型診斷效能比較

在鑒別Non-LCOHs和BOTs時(shí),ROMA、CPH-I、HE4的AUC均大于CA125;CPH-I、ROMA靈敏度分列第一、二位。在鑒別LCOHs和BOTs時(shí),亦觀察到CA125的AUC均小于前三者;ROMA、CA125靈敏度大于CPH-I、HE4。見(jiàn)表3、圖1~2。

注:AUC1:Non-LCOHs vs. BOTs的曲線下面積;AUC2:LCOHs vs. BOTs的曲線下面積;Sn1:Non-LCOHs vs. BOTs的靈敏度;Sn2:LCOHs vs. BOTs的靈敏度;Sp:特異度;Non-LCOHs:非少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤;LOCHs:少見(jiàn)組織病理學(xué)類型卵巢惡性腫瘤;BOTs:卵巢良性腫瘤;CA125:糖類抗原125;HE4:人附睪上皮分泌蛋白4;ROMA:卵巢惡性腫瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型;CPH-I:哥本哈根指數(shù)

3 討論

研究[19]表明,年齡是卵巢癌非常重要的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素之一,絕經(jīng)后較未絕經(jīng)發(fā)生率增加。本研究中,年齡和已絕經(jīng)女性比例均為Non-LCOHs組患者最大,良性組最小,LCOHs組次之。當(dāng)年齡較大或已絕經(jīng)女性發(fā)現(xiàn)盆腔占位時(shí),要高度警惕惡性可能,及時(shí)就診。而本研究選用的聯(lián)合模型ROMA[12]和CPH-I[15],前者納入了月經(jīng)狀態(tài),后者選取了年齡,均在不同人群中被證實(shí)具有良好價(jià)值。

卵巢癌診斷時(shí)多為晚期,是造成婦科惡性腫瘤患者死亡的首要原因[1,3]。Non-LCOHs組以Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期為主,LCOHs組Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期比例較高,這是后者預(yù)后要好于前者的重要原因之一。因此,提高早期診斷率,對(duì)于改善患者預(yù)后意義重大。

CA125和HE4客觀、簡(jiǎn)便,應(yīng)用最為廣泛,但兩者均有其局限性。CA125在晚期卵巢癌中靈敏度較高,但在早期患者中表現(xiàn)一般,并且特異性較差[3-4]。而新近興起的HE4,在漿液性腺癌、子宮內(nèi)膜樣腺癌中表達(dá)水平較高,在黏液性腺癌、透明細(xì)胞癌等病理類型中相對(duì)較低[5-8]。在本研究中,晚期患者居多的Non-LCOHs組,CA125和HE4表達(dá)水平高,靈敏度均較好,而以早期病例為主的LCOHs組,CA125和HE4表達(dá)水平雖高于BOTs組,但與Non-LCOHs組相比相對(duì)較低,因此二者的靈敏度也遠(yuǎn)低于其在Non-LCOHs中的水平。

為提高診斷效能,Moore等[12]建立了ROMA指數(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)其靈敏度和特異度分別為86.0%、74.7%,準(zhǔn)確率達(dá)93.8%。Fujiwara等[11]對(duì)比分析了CA125、HE4、ROMA鑒別Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC和BOTs的效能,當(dāng)設(shè)定特異度為75.0%時(shí),靈敏度分別為51.1%、78.8%、84.8%和92.1%、92.1%、97.4%,提示ROMA在預(yù)測(cè)不同類型EOC中均占優(yōu)勢(shì),本研究結(jié)果提示其在預(yù)測(cè)Non-LCOHs和LCOHs時(shí)均優(yōu)于CA125和HE4,但CA125的靈敏度大于HE4,可能是由于部分病例合并有CA125非特異性升高的婦科良性疾病。本研究組前期研究[19]中剔除了該類患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)HE4的靈敏度均要高于CA125。

絕經(jīng)定義不一致給研究結(jié)果的對(duì)比造成一定的困難,而年齡則是穩(wěn)定且容易獲取的變量。Karlsen等[15]納入了246例EOC、809例卵巢良性疾病患者,根據(jù)CA125、HE4和年齡提出CPH-I并進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,發(fā)現(xiàn)CA125、HE4、ROMA、CPH-I的AUC分別為0.894、0.911、0.920、0.925。而本研究中HE4、ROMA、CPH-I三者預(yù)測(cè)Non-LCOHs或LCOHs的總體診斷效能相當(dāng),均優(yōu)于CA125,與上述研究結(jié)論基本一致。該研究[15]中CPH-I的靈敏度和特異度分別為82.0%和88.4%(我國(guó)香港、臺(tái)灣地區(qū)人群該值分別為95.2%和75.7%),均低于我們前期研究[16]結(jié)果(91.0%和96.3%)。Karlsen等[15]設(shè)定特異度為95.0%時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)CPH-I靈敏度稍大于ROMA,當(dāng)特異度降至75.0%時(shí),二者靈敏度基本相當(dāng)。本研究結(jié)果提示,CPH-I預(yù)測(cè)Non-LCOHs的靈敏度稍優(yōu)于ROMA,兩者均優(yōu)于CA125和HE4,在特異度占優(yōu)的前提下,前者篩出預(yù)后較差的Non-LCOHs患者能力亦較突出,且更為簡(jiǎn)便、實(shí)用,但在預(yù)后較好的LCOHs中的后者的靈敏度要高一些。

鑒于Karlsen等[15]納入的惡性腫瘤僅有EOC,Yoshida等[17]在此基礎(chǔ)上,增加原發(fā)性非EOC、轉(zhuǎn)移性卵巢癌、交界性腫瘤,發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論是預(yù)測(cè)所有類型卵巢癌還是僅EOC,CPH-I和ROMA總體診斷性能相當(dāng),靈敏度方面CPH-I稍優(yōu)于ROMA,證實(shí)了Karlsen等[15]及本研究結(jié)果。此外Yoshida等[17]還發(fā)現(xiàn)ROMA和CPH-I在EOC中的AUC和靈敏度均高于其在全部卵巢癌中的水平。結(jié)合Fujiwara等[11]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CA125、HE4、ROMA預(yù)測(cè)I型EOC中的效能遠(yuǎn)遜于其預(yù)測(cè)Ⅱ型EOC中的效能,提示LCOHs患者可能是影響ROMA和CPH-I效能的主要因素。本研究亦發(fā)現(xiàn)ROMA和CPH-I在LCOHs中的效能遠(yuǎn)低于其在Non-LCOHs中的效能。但考慮到兩者預(yù)測(cè)不良預(yù)后Non-LCOHs患者的靈敏度均比較高,而LCOHs患者有著較為良好的預(yù)后,ROMA和CPH-I仍然具有較高的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

綜上所述,HE4、ROMA、CPH-I應(yīng)用于卵巢腫瘤良惡性的鑒別診斷均有較高價(jià)值,尤其CPH-I既能及時(shí)識(shí)別出預(yù)后較差的卵巢癌患者,又具備較高的特異性。但不同預(yù)測(cè)模型在預(yù)后較好的LCOHs患者中漏診率較高,還需更多大樣本、前瞻性研究的不斷探索。

[參考文獻(xiàn)]

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