王凡 鄧心燕 姚銘輝 田甜 劉影 王慧 王佳 董小耘
[摘要] 目的 研究天花粉蛋白(TCS)對人宮頸癌細(xì)胞(HeLa細(xì)胞)誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用及機(jī)制。 方法 低劑量(7 μmol/L)、中劑量(14 μmol/L)和高劑量(28 μmol/L)TCS處理HeLa細(xì)胞10~82 h后,觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)及細(xì)胞生長情況。同樣梯度劑量的TCS處理HeLa細(xì)胞24 h后,檢測細(xì)胞周期,凋亡變化,應(yīng)用蛋白免疫印跡法檢測細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 TSC處理后HeLa細(xì)胞形態(tài)皺縮,貼壁變差,增殖減少,呈劑量依賴性,低、中劑量TCS組隨時(shí)間延長,細(xì)胞數(shù)逐步減少(r = -0.9727、-0.9757,P < 0.05)。處理24 h后中、高劑量TCS組G0/G1期比例較空白對照組增加(P < 0.05),低、中、高劑量TCS組S期比例較空白對照組降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。低、中、高劑量TCS組HeLa細(xì)胞凋亡率較空白對照組增加(P < 0.05)。與空白對照組比較,低、中、高劑量TCS組Caspase-3、Caspase-9、聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)和磷酸化細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶(p-ERK)蛋白表達(dá)水平逐漸減少,與TCS呈現(xiàn)濃度依賴關(guān)系(r = -0.969,P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 TCS通過活化Caspase家族蛋白、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而抑制宮頸癌HeLa細(xì)胞增殖,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 天花粉蛋白;細(xì)胞凋亡;細(xì)胞周期;半胱天冬酶;宮頸癌細(xì)胞
[中圖分類號] R737.33? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-7210(2019)06(b)-0013-05
Effect of trichosanthin on proliferation and apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells and research on its mechanism
WANG Fan1,2? ?DENG Xinyan1,2? ?YAO Minghui1? ?TIAN Tian1? ?LIU Ying1? ?WANG Hui1? ?WANG Jia1? ?DONG Xiaoyun1,2
1.Medical College of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou? ?225000, China; 2.Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou? ?225000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect and mechanism of trichosanthin (TCS) on inducing apoptosis of human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Methods HeLa cells were treated with low (7 μmol/L), medium (14 μmol/L) and high (28 μmol/L) doses of TCS for 10-82 h, the cell morphology and inhibition of cell growth was observed. The cell cycle and apoptosis was detected and Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of apoptosis proteins of cervical cancer cells HeLa after treated with TCS for 24 h. Results HeLa cells of cervical cancer treated by TSC showed wrinkles and deformation, the growth of HeLa cells was inhibited. The number of cells in low and medium dose of TCS group decreased with time (r = -0.9727, -0.9757, P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the G0/G1 phase of HeLa cells in medium, high dose of TCS group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the S phase in low, medium, high dose of TCS group were decreased after TCS treated for 24 h, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of HeLa cells in the low, medium and high dose of TCS group was increased compared with that in the blank control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the protein expressions levels of Caspase-9, Caspase-3, polyadenosine diphosphate ribosome polymerase (PARP) and p-extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) in low, medium, high dose of TCS group were gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner after of TCS treatment (r = -0.969, P < 0.05). Conclusion TCS can induce apoptosis by activating the Caspase family of proteins to inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer HeLa cells to exert anti-tumor effects.
與空白對照組比較,低、中、高劑量TCS組Caspase-9、Caspase-3、PARP、p-ERK及ERK蛋白表達(dá)均降低(P < 0.05)。與低劑量TCS組比較,中劑量TCS組Caspase-9、Caspase-3、PARP及p-ERK蛋白表達(dá)均明顯降低(P < 0.05)。高劑量TCS組的Caspase-9、Caspase-3、PARP及p-ERK蛋白表達(dá)較低、中劑量TCS組降低(P < 0.05),而ERK表達(dá)量與低、中劑量TCS組比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。Caspase-9、Caspase-3、PARP和p-ERK蛋白表達(dá)水平與TCS濃度呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(r = -0.969,P < 0.05)。見圖5、表3。
3 討論
細(xì)胞凋亡在治療癌癥中有重要地位[7]。研究表明,TCS可誘導(dǎo)多種腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[8-9]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,經(jīng)TCS作用后的HeLa細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)了皺縮、間隙增大、細(xì)胞數(shù)減少等細(xì)胞凋亡的形態(tài)學(xué)改變。經(jīng)過TCS處理后的HeLa細(xì)胞凋亡率隨著濃度和時(shí)間的增加而逐漸升高。同時(shí),TCS也使HeLa細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)G0/G1期的比例增高,S期比例降低,提示G1期阻滯。S期為DNA合成期,TCS使細(xì)胞阻滯于G1期,細(xì)胞無法進(jìn)行DNA合成,繼而引起細(xì)胞凋亡。
蛋白酶降解細(xì)胞內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)從而參與細(xì)胞凋亡過程[10]。Caspase家族如Caspase-3和Caspase-9在細(xì)胞凋亡中起著關(guān)鍵作用[11-13]。正常情況下,Caspase-9以及Caspase-3以無活性的酶原形式存在于細(xì)胞內(nèi),細(xì)胞發(fā)生凋亡時(shí)線粒體可釋放促凋亡因子,進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì)促進(jìn)啟動(dòng)子Caspase-9的激活,后者反過來激活效應(yīng)Caspase,如Caspase-3[14]。Caspase-3也是多種凋亡途徑的共同下游效應(yīng)部分[15]?;罨呀夂蟮腃aspase-3可切割PARP,PARP為DNA修復(fù)酶,從而使PARP失去對DNA的修復(fù)功能[6]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,TCS使Caspase-9及Caspase-3不再以無活性的酶原形式存在于細(xì)胞內(nèi),Caspase-9以及Caspase-3活化后裂解PARP,DNA修復(fù)受阻,從而使發(fā)生細(xì)胞凋亡。
ERK信號通路激活與細(xì)胞生長、增殖有關(guān)[17-18],如早在1996年便發(fā)現(xiàn)可通過Ras/Raf/ERK途徑促凋亡功能[19]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著TCS濃度的升高,p-ERK表達(dá)依次降低,提示TCS可抑制細(xì)胞ERK磷酸化。黃益玲等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)TCS抑制PC3細(xì)胞增殖的機(jī)制可能為TCS能抑制ERK磷酸化,與本研究結(jié)果類似,ERK磷酸化減少可能與細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān),其分子機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,TCS通過活化Caspase家族蛋白,誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,進(jìn)而抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞增殖,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,但其具體分子機(jī)制仍需進(jìn)一步的研究。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]? Luo CL,Liu YQ,Wang P,et al. The effect of quercetin nanoparticle on cervical cancer progression by inducing apoptosis,autophagy and anti-proliferation via JAK2 suppression [J]. Biomed Pharmacother,2016,82(6):595-605.
[2]? 焦佩娟,應(yīng)小平.Caspase-3與腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡關(guān)系的中醫(yī)藥研究進(jìn)展[J].山東中醫(yī)雜志,2017,36(8):721-724.
[3]? Qiu M,Yang Z,Guo XH,et al. Trichosanthin attenuates vascular injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia following balloon catheter injury in rats [J]. J Toxicol Environ Health A,2017,80(22):1212-1221.
[4]? Lu YZ,Li PF,Li YZ,et al. Enhanced anti-tumor activity of trichosanthin after combination with a human-derived cell-penetrating peptide,and a possible mechanism of activity [J]. Fitoterapia,2016,112:183-190.
[5]? Zhu Y,Sun Y,Cai Y,et al. Trichosanthin reduces the viability of SU-DHL-2 cells via the activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways [J]. Mol Med Rep,2016, 13(1):403-411.
[6]? 鄧心燕,楊玉,胡仁豪,等.天花粉蛋白抑制胃癌細(xì)胞生長及其分子機(jī)制研究[J].中國中西醫(yī)結(jié)合雜志,2018,38(8):958-962.
[7]? Pileczki V,Cojocneanu-Petric R,Maralani M,et al. MicroRNAs as regulators of apoptosis mechanisms in cancer [J]. Clujul Med,2016,89(1):50-55.
[8]? 楊玉,張蕾,周海祥,等.天花粉蛋白抗腫瘤機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展[J].中醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào),2017,32(5):730-732.
[9]? Pradeep AR,Suke DK,Prasad MV,et al. Expression of key executioner of apoptosis caspase-3 in periodontal health and disease [J]. J Investig Clin Dent,2016,7(2):174-179.
[10]? Wei B,Huang Q,Huang S,et al. Trichosanthin-induced autophagy in gastric cancer cell MKN-45 is dependent on reactive oxygen species(ROS)and NF-κB/p53 pathway [J]. J Pharmacol Sci,2016,131(2):77-83.
[11]? Zhang N,Zhong J,Han S,et al. MicroRNA-378 alleviates cerebral ischemic injury by negatively regulating apoptosis executioner Caspase-3 [J]. Int J Mol Sci,2016, 17(9):1-13.
[12]? Rogers C,F(xiàn)ernandes-Alnemri T,Mayes L,et al. Cleavage of DFNA5 by caspase-3 during apoptosis mediates progression to secondary necrotic/pyroptotic cell death [J]. Nat Commun,2017,8:14128.
[13]? Kamber Kaya HE,Ditzel M,Meier P,et al. An inhibitory mono-ubiquitylation of the Drosophila initiator caspase Dronc functions in both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways [J]. PLoS Genet,2017,13(2):e1006438.
[14]? Julien O,Wells JA. Caspases and their substrates [J]. Cell Death Differ,2017,24(8):1380-1389.
[15]? 董雅潔,高維娟.bcl-2、bax、caspase-3在細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用及其關(guān)系[J].中國老年學(xué)雜志,2012,32(21):4828-4830.
[16]? Jorgensen I,Rayamajhi M,Miao EA. Programmed cell death as a defence against infection [J]. Nat Rev Immunol,2017,17(3):151-164.
[17]? Wang Y,Gao W,Shi X,et al. Chemotherapy drugs induce pyroptosis through caspase-3 cleavage of a gasdermin [J]. Nature,2017,547(7661):99-103.
[18]? 劉海彬.大鼠子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥的細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶信號通路參與機(jī)制及來曲唑的改善作用[J].中國計(jì)劃生育及婦科,2015,7(8):31-35.
[19]? Blagosklonny MV,Schulte T,Nguyen P,et al. Taxol‐induced apoptosis and phosphorylation of Bcl‐2 protein involves c‐Raf‐1 and represents a novel c‐Raf‐1 signal transduction pathway [J]. Cancer Res,1996,56(8):1851-1854.
[20]? 黃益玲,胡火軍,尤程程,等.天花粉蛋白通過下調(diào)p-ERK及Cyclin D1表達(dá)抑制PC3細(xì)胞增殖[J].中國老年學(xué)雜志,2015,35(15):4108-4109.