閆冰冰
[摘要] 近年來(lái)受多方面因素影響,各類惡性腫瘤疾病發(fā)病率均呈現(xiàn)不斷上升趨勢(shì),對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量及生命健康均造成嚴(yán)重威脅。惡性腫瘤疾病的發(fā)生已確定與多種分子改變有關(guān),表觀遺傳學(xué)改變與機(jī)體多種腫瘤疾病的出現(xiàn)存在著密切聯(lián)系,腫瘤抑制基因的DNA甲基化是惡性腫瘤發(fā)病過(guò)程中常見(jiàn)的表觀遺傳學(xué)現(xiàn)象,與腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展均具有一定的相關(guān)性。以往,臨床已明確DNA甲基化屬于基因表現(xiàn)遺傳調(diào)控的重要方式之一,但就DNA異常甲基化在惡性腫瘤發(fā)生中的具體作用的相關(guān)報(bào)道較少,該文主要就DNA異常甲基化在惡性腫瘤發(fā)生中的作用及其在卵巢癌中的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行分析,從而為卵巢癌等惡性腫瘤的早期診斷、治療及病情進(jìn)展程度的鑒別提供方法參考。
[關(guān)鍵詞] DNA甲基化;惡性腫瘤;卵巢癌;抑制基因;蛋白質(zhì)
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1674-0742(2019)04(b)-0196-03
[Abstract] In recent years, due to various factors, the incidence of various malignant tumor diseases has been on the rise, which poses a serious threat to the quality of life and health of patients. The occurrence of malignant tumor diseases has been determined to be related to a variety of molecular changes. Epigenetic changes are closely related to the emergence of various tumor diseases in the body. DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes is a common appearance in the pathogenesis of malignant tumors. Genetic phenomena have a certain correlation with tumorigenesis and development. In the past, it has been well established that DNA methylation is one of the important ways of genetic regulation of gene expression. However, there are few reports on the specific role of DNA aberrant methylation in malignant tumorigenesis. The role of malignant tumors and its research progress in ovarian cancer are analyzed, which provides a reference for the early diagnosis, treatment and differentiation of malignant tumors such as ovarian cancer.
[Key words] DNA methylation; Malignant tumor; Ovarian cancer; Inhibitory gene; Protein
通常而言,惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生受內(nèi)外界多因素的控制,且患者患病后依舊需要經(jīng)歷多個(gè)疾病進(jìn)展階段,其中多種基因功能異??赡苤苯訁⑴c了患者惡性腫瘤疾病的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展[1]。以往有學(xué)者在研究中提出,導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤患者基因功能異常的主要原因包括:基因突變、基因缺失、基因過(guò)表達(dá)以及基因表型改變等[2]。DNA異常甲基化及組蛋白乙酰化狀態(tài)異常均屬于基因表型改變,惡性腫瘤疾病患者在發(fā)病初期,其DNA甲基化狀態(tài)就會(huì)逐漸出現(xiàn)異常,后再通過(guò)多種途徑促使惡性腫瘤疾病的進(jìn)展[3],因而筆者認(rèn)為DNA甲基化狀態(tài)的異常是導(dǎo)致癌癥發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵因素,同時(shí)也是抑癌基因失活的主要原因。
1 ?表觀遺傳學(xué)與DNA甲基化概述
1.1 ?表觀遺傳學(xué)概述
惡性腫瘤疾病在發(fā)生及發(fā)展過(guò)程中通常表現(xiàn)為遺傳學(xué)改變,但近年來(lái)諸多研究報(bào)告均有指出,表觀遺傳學(xué)與惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展同樣具有一定聯(lián)系[4-5]。細(xì)胞在進(jìn)行分裂行為時(shí),在不改變相關(guān)基因DNA序列的同時(shí),其基因表達(dá)發(fā)生明顯改變,上述情況被稱為表觀遺傳學(xué)。表觀遺傳學(xué)對(duì)基因的調(diào)控能力較強(qiáng),其對(duì)基因組有明顯的選擇性,促使了基因的有利表達(dá),其可通過(guò)激活、抑制個(gè)別基因的表達(dá)從而選擇有利于基因組的信息,DNA甲基化就屬于常見(jiàn)的表觀遺傳學(xué)現(xiàn)象。
1.2 ?DNA甲基化概述
DNA甲基化通常在甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的催化下進(jìn)行,通過(guò)S-腺苷蛋氨酸將甲基基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移到部分堿基上。在脊椎動(dòng)物中,DNA甲基化通常發(fā)生在胞嘧啶上,而CpG位點(diǎn)通常分散在DNA中,并與其他CpG位點(diǎn)發(fā)生聚集反應(yīng),統(tǒng)稱為CpG島[6]。正常組織中的CpG島通常不存在甲基化現(xiàn)象,而腫瘤疾病患者腫瘤組織易出現(xiàn)不同程度甲基化,因而DNA異常甲基化的發(fā)生可能對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)繁殖有具有較大程度的影響。
2 ?DNA異常甲基化與惡性腫瘤