陳婉琳,江?鋒,陳新忠,封?英,繆家駿,焦翠翠,陳?杭
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脈搏波形態(tài)學(xué)研究及其在子癇前期的應(yīng)用
陳婉琳1, 2, 3,江?鋒1, 2, 3,陳新忠3, 4,封?英4,繆家駿1, 2, 3,焦翠翠4,陳?杭1, 2, 3
(1. 浙江大學(xué)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程與儀器科學(xué)學(xué)院,杭州 310027;2. 生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,杭州 310027;3. 浙江省心腦血管檢測(cè)技術(shù)與藥效評(píng)價(jià)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,杭州 310027;4. 浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院,杭州 310027)
子癇前期是妊娠20周后出現(xiàn)的特有疾病,會(huì)導(dǎo)致血液系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)等的異常改變,嚴(yán)重危害孕產(chǎn)婦和圍生兒的健康.針對(duì)實(shí)際臨床中存在的子癇前期檢測(cè)方法復(fù)雜、不便于日常監(jiān)護(hù)的問(wèn)題,提出了基于光電容積脈搏波提取相關(guān)特征參數(shù)的方法.根據(jù)脈搏波下降支的形態(tài)特征及生理意義,提取出了新的特征參數(shù)——光電容積斜率指數(shù)(PSI),通過(guò)逐段分析下降支斜率來(lái)體現(xiàn)外周血管阻力、血管壁彈性等生理信息的細(xì)節(jié)變化.基于臨床采集的50例孕婦(23名為子癇前期患者,27名為正常孕婦)的光電容積脈搏波數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)PSI指數(shù)區(qū)分子癇前期患者與正常孕婦的有效性進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證.結(jié)果表明,真陽(yáng)性20例,假陽(yáng)性1例,真陰性26例,假陰性3例,靈敏性和特異性分別達(dá)到87.0%和96.3%,準(zhǔn)確性達(dá)到92.0%.PSI指數(shù)為子癇前期的無(wú)創(chuàng)診斷研究提供了理論依據(jù)和新的研究方法,對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)子癇前期的早期篩查、保障孕婦和胎兒的健康有著重要意義.
光電容積脈搏波;子癇前期;光電容積斜率指數(shù);形態(tài)學(xué)
子癇前期是一種在妊娠20周后出現(xiàn)的疾病,通常表現(xiàn)為高血壓、尿蛋白,并可能伴有水腫、頭痛和腹部疼痛等[1],是導(dǎo)致孕產(chǎn)婦和圍生兒死亡的主要原因[2].在臨床中,子癇前期的診斷主要通過(guò)血壓和尿蛋白的檢測(cè),該方法檢測(cè)操作繁瑣、無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè),不利于孕婦的日常監(jiān)護(hù).子癇前期會(huì)導(dǎo)致全身小動(dòng)脈痙攣、外周血管阻力增加、血管順應(yīng)性下降、心輸出量減少等,這些病理生理變化會(huì)改變脈搏波的波形高度、波形斜率等形態(tài)特征.因此,從形態(tài)學(xué)角度,光電容積脈搏波與子癇前期之間存在著相關(guān)性.
目前,已有一些光電容積脈搏波形態(tài)學(xué)與子癇前期相關(guān)的研究.Euliano等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脈搏波波峰-重搏波波峰時(shí)長(zhǎng)等參數(shù)在子癇前期患者和正常孕婦中差異明顯;文獻(xiàn)[4-5]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過(guò)脈搏波傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間變異性、波峰幅值等參數(shù)可預(yù)測(cè)高血壓.但由于研究中存在數(shù)據(jù)量不足、適用范圍有限等問(wèn)題,這些參數(shù)仍未用在臨床中.本課題組在光電容積脈搏波形態(tài)學(xué)研究方面已有一定的基礎(chǔ),提取出了一些新的特征參數(shù),如脈搏波傳導(dǎo)時(shí)間變異性、下降支衰減常數(shù)(QRC)、下降支面積比(ARD)、上升支面積比(ARA)、全周期面積比(ART)、搏動(dòng)間期(PBI)等已應(yīng)用于低血壓預(yù)測(cè)[6]、心血管系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)評(píng)估[7-8]、傷害感受監(jiān)測(cè)[9-11]、麻醉深度監(jiān)測(cè)[12-13]等臨床研究中,取得了一定的成果.
本文就光電容積脈搏波的形態(tài)學(xué)進(jìn)行深入研究和探討,提取出新的特征參數(shù)——光電容積斜率指數(shù),該參數(shù)可有效區(qū)分子癇前期患者和正常孕婦.
光電容積脈搏波(photoplethysmography,PPG)波形由上升支和下降支兩部分組成,如圖1所示.上升支表示心室快速射血期血液流過(guò)指端微血管床的流量變化情況.相比于上升支,下降支則相對(duì)更加復(fù)雜,段表示心室舒張,血液容積下降.段稱(chēng)為重搏波,表示“血液返流”.
脈搏波的形態(tài)特征反映了外周血管阻力大小、心輸出量大小等狀態(tài).點(diǎn)的斜率表示血容量變化的快慢,外周阻力增大時(shí),下降支前段的斜率較小,下降支后段的斜率較大;點(diǎn)、連接線的斜率表示下降支整體血流量變化快慢的平均水平.本研究將以下降支作為主要研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)行特征參數(shù)的提?。?/p>
圖1? 光電容積脈搏波
實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)由浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院提供,醫(yī)護(hù)人員通過(guò)GE監(jiān)護(hù)儀B650對(duì)50名孕婦進(jìn)行了光電容積脈搏波的采集,其中23名患有子癇前期的孕婦設(shè)為實(shí)驗(yàn)組,27名正常孕婦設(shè)為對(duì)照組.處理的原始信號(hào)是從監(jiān)護(hù)儀中導(dǎo)出的csv文件數(shù)據(jù),采樣頻率為100Hz.如圖2為GE監(jiān)護(hù)儀B650導(dǎo)出的其中一例原始脈搏波數(shù)據(jù),橫坐標(biāo)為采樣時(shí)間,縱坐標(biāo)為脈搏波相對(duì)高度.
圖2 ?GE監(jiān)護(hù)儀導(dǎo)出的脈搏波
波峰和波谷是提取的兩個(gè)主要特征點(diǎn).
波峰是一個(gè)脈搏波周期中的最高點(diǎn).對(duì)于最大值的檢索分為兩個(gè)部分,首先根據(jù)一階導(dǎo)數(shù)找到極大值,其次判斷該極大值在某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)是最大值.實(shí)驗(yàn)中通過(guò)“搜索窗”函數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)某個(gè)范圍內(nèi)最大值的檢索.“搜索窗”是以極大值點(diǎn)為中點(diǎn)的具有一定寬度的“窗”,窗函數(shù)返回的是窗內(nèi)最大值的橫坐標(biāo).
由于單個(gè)脈搏波周期為0.5~1.0s,為保證每個(gè)極大值能與其附近至少半個(gè)周期范圍內(nèi)的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較,實(shí)驗(yàn)將搜索窗的寬度定義為0.6s,即檢索極大值前后各0.3s范圍內(nèi)的最大值,并返回該最大的橫坐標(biāo).當(dāng)最大值的橫坐標(biāo)等于極大值的橫坐標(biāo)時(shí),則說(shuō)明該極大值為該周期脈搏波的波峰,否則該極大值為重搏波點(diǎn).
完成所有波峰的檢測(cè)后,波谷即為相鄰兩個(gè)波峰之間的最小值.
如圖3所示,以一個(gè)心動(dòng)周期為例,將波谷和波谷′連接,記連接兩個(gè)波谷的線段的斜率為′,記該周期中各點(diǎn)修正后的值為2,2和′滿足公式
圖3 ?基線漂移示意
將去除基線漂移的脈搏波起始點(diǎn)歸零,得到處理后的脈搏波波形,記為,用于之后新的特征參數(shù)?提?。?/p>
光電容積斜率指數(shù)(PSI)旨在通過(guò)逐段分析脈搏波下降支的斜率,體現(xiàn)脈搏波形態(tài)變化更多的細(xì)節(jié).將光電容積脈搏波下降支分為橫坐標(biāo)相等的10段.由于脈搏波采樣率有限,若等分處的橫坐標(biāo)不存在數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn),則向下取最近的點(diǎn)作為代替.這樣的取點(diǎn)方法會(huì)對(duì)特征參數(shù)計(jì)算產(chǎn)生一定的誤差,實(shí)驗(yàn)前期已進(jìn)行評(píng)估分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)該誤差對(duì)于最終子癇前期與正常孕婦的分類(lèi)結(jié)果并無(wú)影響,如圖4所示.
圖4? 光電容積斜率指數(shù)示意
式中:為點(diǎn)0、10連線的斜率;0和0、10和10分別為點(diǎn)1、10的橫縱坐標(biāo);x、x為點(diǎn)P、P的橫坐標(biāo),s;Y、Y為點(diǎn)P、P的縱坐標(biāo).PSI通過(guò)除以值對(duì)脈搏波斜率進(jìn)行了歸一化處理.
圖5是斜率曲線,綠色曲線表示根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)斜率公式計(jì)算得到的斜率,紅色曲線表示歸一化后的斜率PSI.從圖中可以明顯看出歸一化后的斜率值PSI更加穩(wěn)定,降低了個(gè)體差異帶來(lái)的誤差.
圖5 ?斜率曲線
通過(guò)光電容積斜率指數(shù),進(jìn)行區(qū)分子癇前期患者與正常孕婦的研究.基于先前的分析,本文選擇了PSI1(7)進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究,如圖6是實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組的PSI1(7)分布曲線,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的PSI1(7)分布在1.2~1.4之間,對(duì)照組的PSI1(7)分布在1.0~1.3之間,可明顯觀察到實(shí)驗(yàn)組的平均值大于對(duì)照組的平均值.
圖6 ?實(shí)驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組PSI1(7)分布
表1為PSI1(7)的分析參數(shù)的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果.PSI1(7)的Mann-Whitney檢驗(yàn)值小于0.05,說(shuō)明實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.PSI1(7)與子癇前期的相關(guān)系數(shù)s為0.780,即兩者存在較高的相關(guān)性.
對(duì)PSI1(7)的均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差做進(jìn)一步分析,如圖7所示.圖中實(shí)驗(yàn)組的平均值明顯大于對(duì)照組,與前面分析結(jié)果相符.同時(shí),相比于子癇前期,正常孕婦數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差相對(duì)更大,分布更加離散.
表1 ?PSI1(7)的分析參數(shù)
Tab.1? Analysis parameters of the PSI1(7)
圖7? PSI1(7)的平均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的關(guān)系
將PSI1(7)的分析結(jié)果與醫(yī)院診斷結(jié)果進(jìn)行對(duì)照.50例數(shù)據(jù)中,真陽(yáng)性20例,假陽(yáng)性1例,真陰性26例,假陰性3例,即靈敏性為87.0%,特異性為96.3%,準(zhǔn)確性為92.0%.可見(jiàn),通過(guò)光電容積斜率指數(shù)PSI1(7)可有效地區(qū)分子癇前期患者與正常孕婦.
(1) 通過(guò)光電容積脈搏波的形態(tài)學(xué)分析,根據(jù)下降支的斜率特征提取出了新的特征參數(shù)——光電容積斜率指數(shù),用以表征血管壁彈性和外周血管阻力等生理狀況.
(2) 實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,通過(guò)光電容積斜率指數(shù)可有效地區(qū)分子癇前期患者和正常孕婦,為子癇前期的無(wú)創(chuàng)診斷研究提供了有力的理論依據(jù)和新的研究方法.
(3) 由于子癇前期脈搏波缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),文中所涉及的臨床數(shù)據(jù)均是本次研究期間在合作醫(yī)院實(shí)際采集得到,實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本數(shù)據(jù)量較少.隨著研究的推進(jìn),數(shù)據(jù)將不斷補(bǔ)充,繼而增強(qiáng)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的可靠性,提高子癇前期與正常孕婦分類(lèi)的正確率.
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Morphology of Photoplethysmography and Its Application in Preeclampsia
Chen Wanlin1, 2, 3,Jiang Feng1, 2, 3,Chen Xinzhong3, 4,F(xiàn)eng Ying4,Miao Jiajun1, 2, 3,Jiao Cuicui4,Chen Hang1, 2, 3
(1. College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China;2. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China;3. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China;4. Women’s Hospital,School of Medicine,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China)
Preeclampsia(PE)is a disorder that may develop after 20 weeks of pregnancy,which could increase the risk of poor outcomes for both the mothers and the fetuses.Specifically,it could lead to abnormal changes in the hematologic,digestive,and nervous systems.As the diagnostic method of PE used in clinical practice is quite complex,there is an urge demand that a more convenient method should be proposed.In this thesis,a novel parameter extracted from the photoplethysmography (PPG) was proposed to improve the situation above.The new characteristic parameter,photoplethysmography slope index(PSI),was conducted from both the morphological features and the physiological significances of PPG.By analyzing the slope of a segmented descending curve,the diversity of the PPG was evaluated,which contained detailed physiological information including perivascular resistance and vascular wall elasticity.The ability of PSI to distinguish PE from normotensive pregnancies was also assessed in this thesis.The PSI was contrasted,which were calculated from the PPG data of 50 pregnancies (27 without and 23 with PE).The results revealed that there were 20 true positives,1 false positive,26 true negatives,and 3 false negatives.The receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that the PSI could predict PE with a sensitivity of 87.0%,a specificity of 96.3%,and an accuracy of 92.0%.The PSI provided a new noninvasive method for PE diagnosis.It was suggested that PSI might be of significance for early PE screening and for the health of the mothers and fetuses.
photoplethysmography(PPG);preeclampsia(PE);photoplethysmography slope index(PSI);mor-phology
TK448.21
A
0493-2137(2019)08-0857-05
10.11784/tdxbz201807036
2018-07-26;
2019-01-11.
陳婉琳(1994—??),女,博士研究生,chenwanlin@zju.edu.cn.
陳?杭,ch-sun@263.net.
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(81870868).
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81870868).
(責(zé)任編輯:孫立華)