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美國大學(xué)招生丑聞

2019-05-30 17:02ByMashaGessen
英語學(xué)習(xí) 2019年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:美國大學(xué)大學(xué)學(xué)生

By Masha Gessen

The college-admissions scandal—in which fifty people have been indicted for scheming to get the children of wealthy parents into top schools—makes for perfect cocktail chatter. It involves a couple of celebrities among those who, prosecutors allege, bribed and cheated their kids way into college.1 It includes bizarre details, like the Photoshopping of photographs of said childrens faces onto the bodies of outstanding young athletes. It bears savoring and retelling,because it says something intuitively obvious but barely articulated about American society: Its entire education system is a scam, perpetrated by a few upon the many.2

近日,美國爆出史上最大的高校招生舞弊案,多名商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖和娛樂明星為了讓子女進(jìn)入精英大學(xué),不惜賄賂SAT/ACT考試管理人員或大學(xué)體育教練,金額高達(dá)650萬美元,牽涉到耶魯(Yale)、斯坦福(Stanford)、南加大(USC)等多所美國名校。然而,在這場浮出水面的舞弊案之下,我們看到的是美國長久以來不公平的招生體系。更可悲的是,這一體系正逐漸制度化,普通民眾早已見怪不怪了。

Its not just that higher education is literally prohibitively expensive (and at the end of it most college graduates still dont know how to use the word “l(fā)iterally” correctly,3 as I am here). Its not just that admission to an élite college—more than the education a student receives there—provides the foundation of future wealth by creating or reinforcing social connections. Its not just that every college in the country, including public schools, makes decisions about infrastructure, curriculum development, hiring, and its very existence on the basis of fund-raising and money-making logic. Its not just that the process of getting into college grows more stressful—and, consequently, more expensive—with every passing year. Its not just that the process itself is fundamentally rigged4 and everyone knows this. Its all of it.

There is an adage5 of journalism that holds that every story should be written as if by a foreign correspondent. I generally like this idea: Coverage of many issues could benefit from an informed view. I now find myself imagining applying it to the college-scandal story.

I would, of course, begin by explaining that fifty people in six states are accused of conspiring to game the collegeadmissions system.6 They spent hundreds of thousands of dollars each to have other people take standardized tests in place of their children, to insure that the administration of the test itself would be fixed7, and to bribe coaches and falsify their childrens athletic records. Here, the story would get complicated. A reader in any country can understand the concept of a standardized test—in some countries, in fact, standardized tests have been a tool to fight corruption in admissions. But what does athletic ability have to do with college, especially a college considered academically challenging?

Soon, I would find myself explaining the exotic customs of American college admissions. As the parent of two young adults—one recently went through the application process and the other is in its beginning stages—I have accumulated some experience explaining the system to my friends in other countries. (A Canadian academics recent incredulous response:8 “In Canada, people just go to university!”) I would have to explain the concept of legacy admissions:The positively pre-modern concept that the right to an élite education is heritable. I would have to explain that colleges depend heavily on financial donors, whom they cultivate through generations. I would have to explain the growing part of softer criteria like extracurriculars—the race to be not only better-educated than your peers but also better at being a good person in the world—as if education and an initiation into adult civic life were not what college itself is for. I would have to note that its essential for parents to be able to afford to pay for their childrens extracurriculars and sponsor their volunteerism.

I would have to explain all that before I even got to the standardized tests. Then I would note that an SAT/ACT tutor in New York City charges between three hundred and four hundred and fifty dollars an hour.9 I would note that, to make parents feel better about parting with that sort of money, many programs guarantee a precise bump in test scores for their students: about a hundred and eighty points, out of a possible total of sixteen hundred, for the SAT; about four, out of thirtysix, for the ACT. I would note that gaming the test legally is such a well-established practice that children whose parents cant afford thousands of dollars in test-prep fees will score more than ten per cent lower than those who get tutored.

Granted10, the test results arent everything. Every college will tell you that it takes a “holistic11 approach” to admissions. There are essays, for which there is also coaching, and editing, and a formula; the hourly rate for these services can exceed that of the test tutors. There is also additional college counselling, because a guidance counsellor even at the best public school cant give an aspiring college student the kind of individual attention, or the kinds of connection, that money can buy. And then there are the connections that money buys indirectly: the parents friends who teach, or who work in admissions, or who have generous tips on what colleges are looking for in an essay or an applicants list of extracurriculars. One of those things is interest in the particular college—an immeasurable quality, to be sure, but colleges like to see that an applicant has visited the campus. Yes, in most of the world, young people go to university in the city where they grew up, but in the United States, I would explain, most young people aspire to “go away” to college, and that means that even a pre-application tour is a costly and time-consuming proposition12. I might mention that the dormitory system, a major source of revenue for the colleges, is also a giant expense for the families, but, these days, even colleges that used to be known as commuter schools13 require first- and often second-year students to live in the dorms, even if their families live in the same city. This is but an incomplete list of reasons that many low-income students dont even try to apply to selective14 colleges. The wealthy compete with the even wealthier.

I would explain that many American colleges have made a concerted effort to admit students from more varied backgrounds, but have failed even to keep up with the changing demographics of the country.15 The top colleges and universities continue, overwhelmingly, to educate the wealthy and white. The proportional representation of African-Americans and Latinos in the population of top colleges has been dropping, with a few exceptions, which are, in turn, determined largely by wealth: Only the wealthiest colleges can admit a lot of students whose parents cant afford tuition. And if they want to keep these students, they have to invest in revamping16 their curricula and training faculty and allocating additional teaching and counselling resources to help students for whom the culture ofélite colleges is alien and alienating.

Explaining why these additional resources would be necessary would in turn require an explanation of how education is funded in this country, how school districts are drawn, how middle-class parents invest in a house in the right neighborhood, where public schools will give their kids a chance at a decent college. The best public primary schools, I would explain, enable graduates to compete with kids who went to expensive private schools. For the socially and economically hopeful17, I would explain, raising a child in America is an eighteen-year process of investing in the collegeadmissions system.

All this, I would hope, would serve to elucidate18 how a corruption scheme like the college-admissions conspiracy could come to be. But it would also raise the question: Why are these ridiculous crooks the only people who might be punished for perpetuating—by gaming—a bizarre, Byzantine, and profoundly unmeritocratic education system?19 Why is such a clearly and unabashedly20 immoral system legal at all?

在美國大學(xué)招生丑聞中,有50人被指控通過走后門,把富裕家庭的孩子送入了頂級高校。這成了人們茶余飯后的絕佳談資。檢察官宣稱,這些人中有一些是社會名流,為了讓孩子上好大學(xué),不惜行賄和舞弊。這次丑聞還披露了不少詭異的細(xì)節(jié),包括被處理過的圖片——臉是涉事孩子的臉,身體卻是優(yōu)秀的年輕運(yùn)動員的。這件事值得反復(fù)推敲和說道,因?yàn)樗f出了人人都有所察覺卻說不出來的美國社會真相。那就是:美國的整個教育體系都是一場由少數(shù)人操控大多數(shù)人的騙局。

這起丑聞讓我們看到的,遠(yuǎn)不止高等教育那高得實(shí)在讓人負(fù)擔(dān)不起的學(xué)費(fèi)(很多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生到最后都搞不清“l(fā)iterally”這個詞該怎么用,難得像我現(xiàn)在這樣用對)。我們還看到,進(jìn)入精英大學(xué)不僅是為了讓一個學(xué)生獲得教育,更是為了創(chuàng)造或強(qiáng)化社會聯(lián)系,從而為未來的財富打下基礎(chǔ)。我們還看到,美國每所大學(xué),包括公立大學(xué),在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、課程設(shè)置、人員聘用,及其自身存在方面作出的所有決定,都是建立在籌款和賺錢的邏輯之上的。我們還看到,入學(xué)一年比一年難,也一年比一年貴。我們還看到,申請流程從根本上被人操縱,而這也早已人盡皆知。這起丑聞讓我們看到了所有這一切。

搞新聞的有這么一個說法:記者每報道一則新聞,都應(yīng)該把自己當(dāng)作一個局外人。我大致贊同這個說法:在許多問題的報道上,信息越全越好。現(xiàn)在我假想自己在用這條準(zhǔn)則報道高校招生丑聞。

最開頭,我肯定會說,來自六個州的50個人被指控密謀在大學(xué)招生環(huán)節(jié)舞弊。他們每個人都花了幾十萬美元,找人在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試中給自己的孩子替考,確??梢圆倏乜荚嚤O(jiān)管流程,并賄賂教練偽造孩子的體育成績。到這里,問題就變得復(fù)雜了。任何一個國家的讀者,肯定都知道什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試——事實(shí)上,在一些國家,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試被當(dāng)作抵制招生腐敗的手段。但是體育成績與上大學(xué),尤其是學(xué)術(shù)上要求很高的大學(xué),又有什么關(guān)系呢?

緊接著,我就得開始解釋美國大學(xué)一些奇特的招生規(guī)則。作為兩個孩子的家長——他們一個剛走完申請流程,一個剛開始申請—— 這段時間我總結(jié)了一些經(jīng)驗(yàn),用來給我的外國朋友們介紹美國的這一體系。(加拿大的一位老師近來對此表示懷疑:“在加拿大,上大學(xué)沒什么門檻!”)我得和他們解釋校友子女優(yōu)先錄取的政策,而精英教育可以代代相傳的這種觀念分明早已過時。我還得解釋說,美國的大學(xué)嚴(yán)重依賴于捐款,并因此形成了一批世代校友。除此之外我還要解釋說,包括課外活動在內(nèi)的一些軟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也越來越多——你不僅要比同齡人有更多的知識,還要為世界作過更大的貢獻(xiàn)。然而實(shí)際上,傳授知識、為學(xué)生進(jìn)入社會作準(zhǔn)備,這本身就是大學(xué)的職責(zé)。我必須要說的是,出資讓孩子們參與課外活動,以及贊助志愿服務(wù),對家長來說這是最基本的要求。

只有把這些都講清楚了,我才能再談標(biāo)準(zhǔn)考試。然后我還得告訴他們,在紐約,一個SAT/ACT的輔導(dǎo)老師,每小時要收300到450美元。我得說明,這么多錢,為了讓家長花得心安,很多項(xiàng)目會保證學(xué)生有明確數(shù)值的提分:滿分1600分的SAT,大概可以提180分;滿分36分的ACT,大概可以提4分。我要說的是,這種合法的提分方式由來已久。因此家里負(fù)擔(dān)不起這類考前培訓(xùn)費(fèi)用的孩子,平均成績要比受過培訓(xùn)的低10%還多。

當(dāng)然,考試成績不是全部。每所學(xué)校都會跟你說,他們在招生時會進(jìn)行“全面考查”。課程論文也很重要,可以請專人指導(dǎo)和修改,自有一套方法可循。這種服務(wù)的價格,按小時算下來,比考試輔導(dǎo)還要貴。除此以外還有額外花錢的招生咨詢,因?yàn)榧幢闶亲詈玫墓W(xué)校的輔導(dǎo)員,能給那些有志向的學(xué)生的特殊關(guān)照,或者能利用的關(guān)系,也比不上砸錢管用。有些關(guān)系也可以間接靠砸錢獲得,比如考生父母有朋友在學(xué)校教書或在招生辦工作,或者能對學(xué)校在論文和申請人的課外活動中看重哪些方面提出許多建議。其中一點(diǎn)就是要展現(xiàn)出對目標(biāo)學(xué)校的興趣——巨大的興趣——但學(xué)校還是希望考生已經(jīng)參觀過他們的校園。是的,在大多數(shù)國家,學(xué)生們都會在自己長大的城市上大學(xué),但是我想說,在美國,多數(shù)年輕人想要“走遠(yuǎn)”一點(diǎn)兒,這也意味著申請前參觀校園要花費(fèi)更多的金錢和時間。另外我可能要說,學(xué)生宿舍作為大學(xué)收益的主要來源,收費(fèi)自然也不低。但現(xiàn)在,很多原本以走讀生為主的學(xué)校,也開始要求一二年級的學(xué)生住宿舍了,即便有的學(xué)生家就在本地。低收入家庭的學(xué)生不敢嘗試申請好大學(xué)的原因還遠(yuǎn)不止這些。這些學(xué)校,基本上是有錢人跟更有錢的人去競爭。

我要說明的是,美國很多大學(xué)都一致聲稱要招收來自不同背景的學(xué)生,但是對國內(nèi)正在變化的人口比例卻并不敏感。一直以來,頂尖的大學(xué)錄取的學(xué)生基本都是富人和白人,非裔和拉美裔學(xué)生的比例逐年下降。即便有例外,也要?dú)w功于資本:只有最有錢的學(xué)校,才敢招收許多付不起學(xué)費(fèi)的孩子。而如果想留住這些學(xué)生,學(xué)校還得斥資調(diào)整課程設(shè)置,對教職工進(jìn)行培訓(xùn),并配置額外的教學(xué)和咨詢資源,從而幫助這些對精英校園文化感到陌生、覺得自己格格不入的學(xué)生。

既然要解釋以上所講的各種額外資源的重要性,那么相應(yīng)地就要解釋在美國,教育是怎樣接受資助的,學(xué)區(qū)是怎樣劃分的,中產(chǎn)階級家庭怎樣在最合適的社區(qū)投資房產(chǎn),從而讓該區(qū)的公立學(xué)校為孩子上名校提供助力。我想說,最好的公立小學(xué)培養(yǎng)出的學(xué)生,才有能力跟昂貴的私立學(xué)校的學(xué)生去競爭。在我看來,對那些在社會地位和經(jīng)濟(jì)上都有野心的家庭來說,在美國養(yǎng)一個孩子,意味著在其出生后的18年間,家長都要為其進(jìn)好大學(xué)而投資。

我希望,通過以上種種,可以說明美國大學(xué)招生何以黑幕重重。但這又帶來另一個問題:幕后黑手固然可惡,但這種進(jìn)行暗箱操作、奇特怪異、多陰謀詭計且不看重真實(shí)能力的教育制度得以持續(xù),難道僅僅是這些人之過嗎?這樣一個明顯不道德的制度,又為何會合法存在呢?

1. prosecutor: 檢察官,公訴人;allege: 宣稱,指控;bribe: 賄賂。

2. scam: 欺詐,騙局;perpetrate: 施行,從事(有害、違法或欺詐的行為)。

3. literally: 確實(shí)地,名副其實(shí)地(在口語中,literally被濫用,只表示強(qiáng)調(diào),喪失了“名副其實(shí)地”這個含義,所以作者說很多人大學(xué)畢業(yè)都不會正確使用這個詞);prohibitively:(費(fèi)用)高得負(fù)擔(dān)不起地。

4. rig: 操縱,做手腳。

5. adage: 諺語,格言。

6. conspire: 密謀,圖謀;game the system:鉆規(guī)則(法律)的空子牟利。

7. fix: 用不正當(dāng)?shù)氖侄尾倏v(選舉、比賽等的)結(jié)果。

8. academic: 大學(xué)教師,(大學(xué)里的)學(xué)者;incredulous: 不愿相信的,表示懷疑的。

9.SAT:(美國)學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測驗(yàn)(Scholastic Aptitude Test,是高中生升入大學(xué)前的資格考試);ACT:美國大學(xué)測驗(yàn)(American College Test,是美國一些大學(xué)的入學(xué)考試)。

10. granted: (表示肯定屬實(shí),然后再作另一番論述)不錯,的確。

11. holistic: 整體的,全面的。

12. proposition: 事情。

13. commuter school: 指大部分學(xué)生不住在校園,需要每日通勤的學(xué)校。

14. selective:(學(xué)校挑選學(xué)生)有選擇性的,嚴(yán)格篩選的。

15. concerted: 一致的,協(xié)調(diào)好的;demographics: 人口統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)。

16. revamp: 修改,改進(jìn)。

17. hopeful: n. 希望獲得成功的人,雄心勃勃的人。

18. elucidate: 闡明,解釋。

19. crook: 騙子,無賴;Byzantine: 類似古拜占庭政治情況的(特點(diǎn)是多陰謀詭計),錯綜復(fù)雜的;unmeritocratic: 非精英管理的(“精英管理制度”的英文為meritocracy,指依據(jù)人的能力和成績而非社會階層來評定人的體制)。

20. unabashedly: 不害臊地,不怕羞地。

閱讀感評

∷秋葉 評

嚴(yán)格地說,美國等西方發(fā)達(dá)國家并不存在像我國“一分定生死”或者“千軍萬馬過獨(dú)木橋”這樣近乎殘酷的高考競爭制度。他們實(shí)施的是一種更加注重綜合考查學(xué)生能力與潛力的學(xué)生直接面向特定高校的申請制度,高??梢宰灾髦贫ㄆ淙雽W(xué)條件。當(dāng)然,各校的入學(xué)條件會有一定的共性,如對于SAT(Scholastic Aptitude Test,學(xué)業(yè)能力傾向測驗(yàn))或ACT(American College Test,美國大學(xué)測驗(yàn))考分一般都有個基本線要求(學(xué)生一年內(nèi)可以有多次考試機(jī)會,取其中的理想考分)。不過,分?jǐn)?shù)并非完全決定性的因素,學(xué)校往往還要看該生的其他能力與素質(zhì),如是否有體育特長,是否熱心于志愿服務(wù)等公益事業(yè)(即文中所稱的softer criteria like extracurriculars),等等。美國是世界上高等教育最發(fā)達(dá)的國家,各級各類大學(xué)總共超過四千所。然而,頂尖(highly selective)與重點(diǎn)(top 100)高校同樣是稀缺資源,每年入學(xué)的競爭程度絲毫不亞于我國的“985”與“211”稱號大學(xué)。

教育機(jī)會的公平正義(fairness and justice)是每個公民孜孜以求的理想與目標(biāo),因?yàn)榻邮芙逃臋C(jī)會在很大程度上決定了一個人的未來。因此,每個國家都應(yīng)該有一整套精細(xì)的制度來保證這種機(jī)會的公平性與合理性,不讓人民因財富、階層、種族、宗教與政治信仰不同而受到區(qū)別對待。美國人對于種族與貧富差異有著天然的敏感性,這也反映在其對于考試內(nèi)容方面的改革與修正上面。例如:SAT在文化歧視方面曾飽受爭議,其中最有名的一個例子就是“oarsman-regatta”題目。這是一道單詞類比題,題目給出一對單詞,要求考生在選項(xiàng)的五對單詞中選出兩個單詞間邏輯關(guān)系與例題一致的一組。這個題目的題干給出的是runner-marathon(跑步的人—馬拉松),而答案選項(xiàng)的兩個詞oarsman-regatta(劃槳者—帆船賽)則與一項(xiàng)在富人階層流行的體育運(yùn)動有關(guān)。想要正確回答此題,學(xué)生必須懂得帆船賽的規(guī)則和詞匯,這被視為明顯的文化歧視。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,53%的白人學(xué)生正確回答了此題,而回答正確的黑人考生比例僅有22%。這個事件也促使主辦該考試的美國大學(xué)理事會(College Board)在2005年SAT改革中將單詞類比題換成了批判性閱讀(critical reading)。

美國是個有著兩百多年民主與法制傳統(tǒng)的國家,其法律具有權(quán)威性,權(quán)力能夠得到有效的監(jiān)督與制約。不過,這也不能杜絕嚴(yán)重違反教育公平正義的事件的發(fā)生。最近頻頻曝光的美國名校招生受賄丑聞,其“貓膩”之拙劣程度完全不亞于世界其他地方。例如,采用“換頭術(shù)”將申請者的頭像PS到網(wǎng)上搜來的運(yùn)動員照片的身上,通過巨額賄賂高校體育教練對考生的體育成績進(jìn)行造假,花錢(有的還不惜通過招生顧問公司)雇“槍手”代考,等等。這些挖空心思的造假舞弊行為的動機(jī)無非是增加考生進(jìn)入一些熱門高校的機(jī)會。筆者不久前還讀到了一則頗有戲劇性的消息,題為《耶魯前教練承認(rèn)招生受賄》。該消息揭示了一起環(huán)環(huán)相扣的耶魯大學(xué)招生丑聞:一位因證券欺詐在波士頓接受調(diào)查的企業(yè)高管告訴FBI(美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局),耶魯大學(xué)女足主教練魯?shù)稀っ防椎纤继岢觯瑢⑺呐畠簝?nèi)定為耶魯女足新隊員以換取45萬美元的報酬。之后FBI展開調(diào)查,在梅雷迪思和這位高管會面的酒店房間設(shè)下圈套。梅雷迪思在被抓了個“現(xiàn)行”后揭露了范圍更廣的賄賂計劃,他配合FBI將一些有行賄計劃的家長引向一名招生顧問。這些有錢的家長賄賂招生顧問,以更改自己孩子的考試成績。這名招生顧問后來也同意與FBI調(diào)查人員合作,并記錄下他與家長們的對話。被控行賄的家長中包括女演員費(fèi)莉西蒂·赫夫曼和洛麗·洛克林等。

原文作者除了列舉以上造假舞弊等涉嫌違法犯罪的奇葩手段外,還把批判的矛頭直指一些更為“軟性”、貌似合法合規(guī)的做法。例如,精英教育可繼承的“校友子女優(yōu)先錄取權(quán)”(legacy admissions),大學(xué)捐贈者入學(xué)特權(quán)(financial donors)以及體育、藝術(shù)特長生甚至表現(xiàn)優(yōu)秀的志愿者優(yōu)先錄?。╡xtracurriculars/volunteerism)等。作者認(rèn)為這些特權(quán)與大學(xué)以學(xué)術(shù)為先的理念完全不相符。同時,作者還指出,美國大學(xué)現(xiàn)行的招生制度其實(shí)是讓家長在拼財力、拼關(guān)系。其結(jié)果是那些得到精英教育的人絕大多數(shù)都是富人和白人。于是,作者直接把美國的教育制度斥為“奇特怪異、多陰謀詭計且不看重真實(shí)能力的(bizarre, Byzantine, and profoundly unmeritocratic)不道德”的教育制度。有著數(shù)年輝煌發(fā)展傳統(tǒng)并在“二戰(zhàn)”后首次實(shí)現(xiàn)了高等教育大眾化的美國,在作者眼里已墮落到了這步田地,真是讓筆者始料未及,當(dāng)然這也在一定程度上反映了美國人未雨綢繆的憂患意識!

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