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低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系的建立及生物學(xué)特征分析

2019-04-28 10:29車曉芳師霄楠鄭春雷楊子長(zhǎng)張曉潔曲秀娟劉云鵬

車曉芳 師霄楠 鄭春雷 楊子長(zhǎng) 張曉潔 曲秀娟 劉云鵬

[摘要] 目的 建立低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系,并分析其生物學(xué)特征,為胃癌低氧微環(huán)境研究提供良好的模型。 方法 通過(guò)逐漸降低氧氣濃度建立耐受2%O2的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系MGC803/hypo和BGC823/hypo。采用倒置顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài);采用Transwell小室檢測(cè)細(xì)胞遷移能力;采用MTT法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖能力;采用免疫印跡法檢測(cè)其蛋白表達(dá);比較其與親本胃癌細(xì)胞系的生物學(xué)特征差異。 結(jié)果 與親本胃癌細(xì)胞系比較,低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系呈梭形改變,且排列松散,培養(yǎng)液顏色易變黃,遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng)(P < 0.05),增殖能力減弱(P > 0.05);低氧相關(guān)指標(biāo)HIF-2α明顯上調(diào),糖酵解相關(guān)指標(biāo)Glut1顯著上調(diào),上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)相關(guān)指標(biāo)ZO-1下調(diào),vimentin上調(diào);轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)指標(biāo)MUC1、integrin α5、integrin β1上調(diào)。 結(jié)論 本研究建立了可耐受2%O2濃度的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系MGC803/hypo和BGC823/hypo,其轉(zhuǎn)移能力明顯增強(qiáng),增殖能力相對(duì)減弱,這為探索低氧微環(huán)境促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制建立了良好的模型。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 胃癌細(xì)胞系;低氧耐性;生物學(xué)特征;轉(zhuǎn)移能力;增殖能力

[中圖分類號(hào)] R735.2? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)02(b)-0014-05

[Abstract] Objective To establish a hypoxic-resistant gastric cancer cell line and analyze its biological characteristics to provide a good model for the study of hypoxic microenvironment in gastric cancer. Methods The hypoxic-resistant gastric cancer cell lines MGC803/hypo and BGC823/hypo, which were tolerant to 2% O2, were established by gradually decreasing the oxygen concentration. The morphology of the cells was observed by inverted microscope. The cell metastasis ability was detected by Transwell chamber. The cell proliferation ability was detected by MTT assay. The protein expression was detected by Western blot. The biological characteristics of the gastric cancer cell lines were compared with those of their parents. Results Compared with the parental gastric cancer cell line, the hypoxic-resistant gastric cancer cell line showed spindle-shaped changes and loosely arranged. The color of the culture medium was easy to turn yellow, the migration ability was significantly enhanced (P < 0.05), and the proliferation ability was weakened (P > 0.05). Hypoxia-related index HIF-2α was significantly up-regulated, Glut1 was up-regulated in glycolytic index, ZO-1 was down-regulated in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), vimentin was up-regulated, and metastasis-related indicators MUC1, integrin α5, and integrin β1 were up-regulated. Conclusion This study established hypoxic-resistant gastric cancer cell lines MGC803/hypo and BGC823/hypo which can tolerate 2% O2 concentration. The Metastasis ability is obviously enhanced and the proliferative ability is relatively weakened. This provides a good model for exploring the mechanism of hypoxic microenvironment promoting tumor metastasis.

[Key words] Gastric cancer cell line; Hypoxia-resistance; Biological characteristics; Metastasis ability; Proliferation ability

我國(guó)胃癌發(fā)病率在各類腫瘤中位居第二位,每年因胃癌死亡的人數(shù)約20余萬(wàn)[1],約占世界胃癌死亡人數(shù)的一半。75%的胃癌患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)已是晚期,其預(yù)后極差。轉(zhuǎn)移是導(dǎo)致胃癌患者死亡的主要原因之一,而低氧微環(huán)境在腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的促進(jìn)作用。然而,目前大多數(shù)腫瘤低氧微環(huán)境的相關(guān)研究中,其腫瘤細(xì)胞通常暴露于0.1%~1%的O2條件下培養(yǎng)24~72 h[2]。這種短期、急性低氧處理并不能完全反映腫瘤內(nèi)部的真實(shí)情況,且常規(guī)培養(yǎng)的腫瘤細(xì)胞在體外低氧條件下僅能存活幾天,嚴(yán)重限制了腫瘤低氧微環(huán)境的深入研究。為更真實(shí)地模擬腫瘤低氧微環(huán)境,本研究利用逐漸降低O2濃度的方法建立低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系,并比較親本胃癌細(xì)胞和低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的基本生物學(xué)特性異同。以期為胃癌低氧微環(huán)境研究提供良好的模型。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試劑

RPMI1640、DMEM培養(yǎng)基(均購(gòu)自Gibco公司)、胎牛血清(購(gòu)自Biological Industries公司)HIF-1α、HIF-2α、Glut1、ZO-1、vimentin、MUC1、integrinα5、integrinβ1、β-actin抗體(購(gòu)自Santa Cruz公司或Cell Signaling Technology公司)、羊抗鼠和羊抗兔辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的二抗(購(gòu)自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司)、ECL檢測(cè)試劑盒(購(gòu)自PIERCE公司)。

1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)

人胃癌細(xì)胞系MGC803和BGC823購(gòu)自國(guó)家細(xì)胞資源庫(kù),37℃、5%CO2條件下培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清(FBS)、青鏈霉素各100 U/mL的RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液中,2~3 d傳代1次,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的胃癌細(xì)胞用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。

1.3 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系的建立

通過(guò)逐步降低O2濃度的方法建立低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系MGC803/hypo和BGC823/hypo(圖1)。親本胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803和BGC823依次培養(yǎng)于10%、5%O2濃度條件下,篩選活細(xì)胞繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)1個(gè)月;最后將O2濃度降低至2%,篩選活細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)2個(gè)月,至完全適應(yīng)2%O2低氧狀態(tài)。已建立的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系MGC803/hypo和BGC823/hypo在37℃、5%CO2和2%O2條件下常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含10%FBS、青鏈霉素各100 U/mL的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中。

1.4 細(xì)胞形態(tài)觀察

在倒置顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)并拍照。

1.5 細(xì)胞遷移實(shí)驗(yàn)

取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的胃癌細(xì)胞,制備成1×105個(gè)/mL的細(xì)胞懸液。細(xì)胞遷移(Transwell)小室的下室加入500 μL含2.5% FBS的培養(yǎng)液,上室加入200 μL細(xì)胞懸液,繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)24 h后,取出小室,吉姆薩(Giemsa)染色40 min,顯微鏡下觀察并計(jì)數(shù)遷移至小室下層的細(xì)胞個(gè)數(shù)。實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。

1.6 MTT法測(cè)定細(xì)胞增殖能力

取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的胃癌細(xì)胞,制備成1×105個(gè)/mL的細(xì)胞懸液。調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度3000個(gè)/孔,接種于96孔板中,分別培養(yǎng)24、48、72、96 h,其后每孔加入20 μL濃度為5 mg/mL的MTT溶液,培養(yǎng)4 h,吸凈上清,每孔加入200 μL二甲基亞砜(DMSO),震蕩10 min,采用酶標(biāo)儀于570 nm處測(cè)定其吸光值。

1.7 蛋白質(zhì)免疫印跡測(cè)定蛋白表達(dá)

利用細(xì)胞裂解液將胃癌細(xì)胞裂解,其后進(jìn)行蛋白定量。取20 μg蛋白樣本,采用十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)進(jìn)行電泳分離;轉(zhuǎn)至聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)膜后,室溫封閉1 h;一抗孵育4°C過(guò)夜;TBST洗4次,每次10 min;二抗室溫孵育1 h,TBST洗4次,增強(qiáng)化學(xué)發(fā)光法(ECL)顯色。

1.8 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

所有數(shù)據(jù)均為3次獨(dú)立實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。采用SPSS 16.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的形態(tài)改變

倒置顯微鏡觀察下低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞和親本胃癌細(xì)胞的形態(tài)。與親本胃癌細(xì)胞系比較,低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系呈梭形改變、且排列松散,提示低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生了上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)樣改變(圖2)。

2.2 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液改變

培養(yǎng)皿中分別接種相同數(shù)量的親本胃癌細(xì)胞和低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)3 d后觀察培養(yǎng)液顏色,可見(jiàn)低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)液更易變黃,呈酸性,提示低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞糖酵解能力增強(qiáng)。見(jiàn)圖3(封三)。

2.3 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力改變

Trnaswell小室法比較親本胃癌細(xì)胞和低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的遷移能力改變,發(fā)現(xiàn)與親本胃癌細(xì)胞比較,穿過(guò)Transwell小室的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增加,提示低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞遷移能力明顯增強(qiáng)(圖4)。

2.4 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖能力變化

低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的增殖速率比親本胃癌細(xì)胞慢,但差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖5。

2.5 低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞的蛋白表達(dá)改變

與親本胃癌細(xì)胞比較,低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞中HIF-2α明顯升高,提示長(zhǎng)期低氧條件下,HIF-2α可能對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄起著重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用;Glut1明顯上調(diào),提示長(zhǎng)期低氧增加了胃癌細(xì)胞的糖攝取和糖酵解能力(圖6A)。上皮表型標(biāo)志物ZO-1下調(diào),而間質(zhì)表型標(biāo)志物vimentin明顯上調(diào),進(jìn)一步證明低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生了EMT樣改變;與轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)的MUC1、integrin α5、integrin β1的表達(dá)明顯增加,提示長(zhǎng)期低氧誘導(dǎo)的MUC1、integrin α5、integrin β1等促進(jìn)了低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移(圖6B);另外,G1期相關(guān)蛋白cyclinD1和cyclinE在低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞中明顯下調(diào),而cyclinA和cyclinB1無(wú)明顯變化,提示長(zhǎng)期低氧條件下cyclinD1和cyclinE下調(diào)可能通過(guò)減慢G1期導(dǎo)致胃癌細(xì)胞增殖能力減弱(圖6C)。

3 討論

腫瘤微環(huán)境在腫瘤發(fā)生進(jìn)展中發(fā)揮著不可忽視的作用[3],而缺氧是包括胃癌在內(nèi)的實(shí)體瘤微環(huán)境的關(guān)鍵特征之一[4]。隨著腫瘤細(xì)胞的快速增殖,腫瘤局部耗氧量增加,使腫瘤細(xì)胞處于乏氧狀態(tài)。雖然代償性血管新生可部分恢復(fù)腫瘤細(xì)胞氧供,但由于新生血管結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常,不能滿足腫瘤進(jìn)一步生長(zhǎng)所需,使其再次處于乏氧狀態(tài)[5-6]。如此反復(fù),腫瘤細(xì)胞在高度乏氧和中度乏氧狀態(tài)間波動(dòng),直到適應(yīng)這種循環(huán)性低氧微環(huán)境。因此,本研究中通過(guò)逐步降低O2濃度建立的可耐受2%O2濃度的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞MGC803/hypo和BGC823/hypo,更能真實(shí)反映腫瘤的低氧微環(huán)境,更有助于深入探討低氧微環(huán)境促進(jìn)胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制。

既往研究[7]認(rèn)為,HIF-1α是細(xì)胞適應(yīng)低氧環(huán)境的主要轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。在正常氧氣濃度下,細(xì)胞中HIF-1α與E3泛素連接酶(VHL)結(jié)合后導(dǎo)致泛素化降解,故其在細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)水平很低;而在低氧情況下,HIF-1α因不能與VHL結(jié)合導(dǎo)致降解受抑而穩(wěn)定表達(dá),入核后與HIF-1β形成復(fù)合物,并結(jié)合至靶基因的缺氧反應(yīng)元件(HRE),促進(jìn)靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖、轉(zhuǎn)移和血管生成等過(guò)程[8-11]。然而,在長(zhǎng)期缺氧條件下,通常HIF-1α并不增高,而是HIF-2α蛋白穩(wěn)定表達(dá)[12]。HIF-2α調(diào)控的靶基因除部分與HIF-1α相同外,有其特異性靶基因,且大部分靶基因尚不明確。因此,HIF-1α可能主要參與癌癥的早期階段,而HIF-2α主要參與晚期階段[13]。在本研究中,與親本胃癌細(xì)胞比較,低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞HIF-2α明顯上調(diào),而非HIF-1α,提示長(zhǎng)期低氧時(shí)HIF-2α發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用。HIF-2α如何參與低氧微環(huán)境促進(jìn)胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移還需深入研究。

與親本胃癌細(xì)胞比較,本研究中低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移能力明顯增強(qiáng),且發(fā)生了EMT樣的改變。缺氧時(shí)HIF-1可通過(guò)上調(diào)EMT轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail[14]、TWIST[15]、ZEB[16]和SLUG[17]等的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生。EMT是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的關(guān)鍵過(guò)程。此外,本研究中低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞增殖減慢,且cyclinE和cyclinD1表達(dá)明顯降低,提示長(zhǎng)期低氧可能通過(guò)降低細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控蛋白表達(dá)抑制增殖。缺氧可以抑制多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖[18-19],HIF-1α可通過(guò)影響MYC的活性誘導(dǎo)p21和p27基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[20],HIF-1α和HIF-2α都直接結(jié)合細(xì)胞分裂周期蛋白6(Cdc6)而導(dǎo)致DNA復(fù)制減少,抑制細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程[18]。另外,低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞中Glut1、MUC1、integrin α5和integrin β1均明顯上調(diào),提示低氧微環(huán)境促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,除EMT外,糖酵解、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)重塑等因素也參與其中。長(zhǎng)期低氧促進(jìn)胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移的具體機(jī)制還有待于進(jìn)一步深入研究。

綜上所述,本研究建立的低氧耐性胃癌細(xì)胞系代謝更快、轉(zhuǎn)移能力更強(qiáng)、更具間質(zhì)表型,可更加真實(shí)地反映體內(nèi)腫瘤低氧微環(huán)境,為以后低氧微環(huán)境促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移的研究提供了重要的模型。

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(收稿日期:2018-07-09? 本文編輯:王? ?蕾)

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