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射頻消融術(shù)后陣發(fā)性房顫患者心率減速力對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)的影響及臨床意義

2019-02-21 02:37張蕓蕓周建國(guó)
中國(guó)現(xiàn)代醫(yī)生 2019年35期
關(guān)鍵詞:射頻消融術(shù)

張蕓蕓 周建國(guó)

[摘要] 目的 探討射頻消融術(shù)后陣發(fā)性房顫患者心率減速力(DC)對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)的影響及臨床意義。 方法 選取2013年1月~2016年11月在心內(nèi)科行左房環(huán)肺靜脈消融術(shù)(CPVI)治療陣發(fā)性房顫(PAF)的患者80例,分別在術(shù)前、術(shù)后3 d、3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月定期隨訪,行24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查,根據(jù)術(shù)后3個(gè)月的隨訪結(jié)果將患者分為未復(fù)發(fā)組(56例)及復(fù)發(fā)組(24例)。記錄各時(shí)期復(fù)發(fā)組與未復(fù)發(fā)組患者的心率減速力、心率加速力(AC)和心率變異(HRV),并比較分析。 結(jié)果 (1)術(shù)后即刻患者與術(shù)前比較HRV、DC值、AC值絕對(duì)值均明顯降低(P<0.01);(2)與術(shù)前相比,無(wú)論復(fù)發(fā)組還是未復(fù)發(fā)組術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值均下降(P<0.05),而在復(fù)發(fā)組,與術(shù)后即刻相比,術(shù)后3個(gè)月DC值升高(P<0.05)。未復(fù)發(fā)組,術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值保持在較低水平,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;(3)DC>4.5 ms患者的復(fù)發(fā)率53.5%(15/28)高于DC≤4.5 ms的17.3%(9/52),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。 結(jié)論 CPVI術(shù)后即刻未復(fù)發(fā)組與復(fù)發(fā)組DC值均降低,提示迷走神經(jīng)功能降低;術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)組迷走神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)較快,未復(fù)發(fā)組迷走神經(jīng)保持在較低水平;術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月DC值>4.5 ms患者復(fù)發(fā)率增高。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 陣發(fā)性心房顫動(dòng);射頻消融術(shù);心率減速力;心臟自主神經(jīng)

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R541.75? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2019)35-0011-04

Effect of heart rate deceleration on recurrence in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation and its clinical significance

ZHANG Yunyun1? ?ZHOU Jianguo2

1.Department of Electrocardiogram, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang? ?222004, China; 2.Department of Radiology, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang? ?222004, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of heart rate deceleration (DC) on recurrence in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency ablation and its clinical significance. Methods Eighty patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) who underwent left atrial circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVI) in the Department of Cardiology from January 2013 to November 2016 were enrolled. Regular follow-ups were conducted before surgery and 3 days, 3 months and 6 months after surgery. During the follow-ups, 24 h dynamic electrocardiography was performed. Patients were divided into the non-recurrent group (56 patients) and the recurrent group (24 patients) according to the follow-up results of 3 months after surgery. Heart rate deceleration, heart rate acceleration (AC) and heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded and compared between the recurrent and non-recurrent groups in each period. Results (1) The absolute values of HRV, DC and AC were significantly lower in patients immediately after surgery than those in patients before surgery (P<0.01). (2) The DC values after surgery were decreased in both the recurrent group and the non-recurrent group, compared with those before surgery (P<0.05). In the recurrent group, the DC values 3 months after surgery were higher than those immediately after surgery (P<0.05). In the non-recurrent group, the DC values remained at a lower level at each period after surgery, with no statistically significant differences. (3) The recurrence rate of patients with DC>4.5 ms was higher than that of patients with DC≤4.5 ms, which was 53.5% (15/28) and 17.3% (9/52), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). Conclusion Immediately after CPVI, the DC values of both the non-recurrent group and the recurrent group decreased, suggesting a decrease of vagus nerve function. The vagus nerve function recovers rapidly in the recurrent group 3~6 months after surgery. The vagus nerve function remained at a lower level in the non-recurrent group. The recurrence rate of patients with DC>4.5 ms increases 3~6 months after surgery.

[Key words] Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; Radiofrequency ablation; Heart rate deceleration; Cardiac autonomic nerve

心房顫動(dòng)(Atrial fibrillation,AF)是心律失常的常見(jiàn)病之一[1-2],目前臨床治療方法主要包括控制心室率、竇性心律以及導(dǎo)管射頻消融。左房環(huán)肺靜脈射頻消融術(shù)(Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation,CPVI)是目前AF消融的主流術(shù)式之一[3-4],CPVI術(shù)消融部位為肺靜脈-左房(PV-LA)相接處,重合于心房神經(jīng)集中的地方,這種手術(shù)方式可能對(duì)心臟自主神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響[5]。心臟的自主神經(jīng)有迷走神經(jīng)與交感神經(jīng),心率減速力(DC)及心率加速力(AC)能夠分別定量迷走與交感神經(jīng)的張力。既往研究采用反映心臟自主神經(jīng)的心率變異(HRV)等指標(biāo),其方法無(wú)法定量分析[6]。而用DC值研究陣發(fā)性房顫(Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation,PAF)患者射頻消融術(shù)后自主神經(jīng)變化的文獻(xiàn)較少,本研究通過(guò)比較行CPVI術(shù)治療PAF患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后各時(shí)期復(fù)發(fā)與未復(fù)發(fā)患者的DC值變化,探討射頻消融術(shù)后陣發(fā)性房顫患者心率減速力對(duì)復(fù)發(fā)的影響及臨床意義。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

選取2013年1月~2016年11月于心內(nèi)科行射頻消融術(shù)治療陣發(fā)性房顫的患者,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡18~80歲;(2)符合2014年歐洲心臟病學(xué)會(huì)陣發(fā)性房顫診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7];(3)非結(jié)構(gòu)性陣發(fā)性房顫且經(jīng)兩種以上抗心律失常藥物治療后效果欠佳。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)安裝心臟起搏器者;(2)6個(gè)月內(nèi)有心肌梗死或開(kāi)胸手術(shù)史者;(3)甲狀腺機(jī)能障礙者。入組患者80例,其中男44例、女36例,平均(58.07±11.28)歲。根據(jù)隨訪患者消融術(shù)后3個(gè)月的結(jié)果將患者分為未復(fù)發(fā)組(56例)及復(fù)發(fā)組(24例)。兩組患者的年齡、性別、房顫病程、合并基礎(chǔ)疾?。ǜ哐獕骸⒐谛牟。?、DC值、AC值、心超指標(biāo)比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見(jiàn)表1。本研究均經(jīng)患者及家屬知情同意,院倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過(guò)。

1.2 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備

所有患者的抗心律失常藥物均在術(shù)前停用,行24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖及超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。肺靜脈和左心房的結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)心臟CT掃描確定,除外左心耳及左房血栓,在術(shù)前48 h內(nèi)行食道超聲心動(dòng)圖檢查。

1.3 術(shù)后處理及隨訪

患者術(shù)后給予達(dá)比加群抗凝,可達(dá)龍維持竇性心律,質(zhì)子泵抑制劑奧美拉唑20 mg qd抑酸,如有不適反應(yīng)立即記錄常規(guī)心電圖。手術(shù)3 d后做動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查。于術(shù)后3個(gè)月及6個(gè)月評(píng)估手術(shù)療效及有無(wú)并發(fā)癥,定期復(fù)查心臟超聲、24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖及常規(guī)心電圖。

1.4 DC及HRV指標(biāo)

在術(shù)前、術(shù)后3天、3個(gè)月和6個(gè)月全部患者均行動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖檢查,通過(guò)動(dòng)態(tài)心電分析系統(tǒng)把記錄回放,去除干擾、偽差,計(jì)算DC值、AC值和HRV值[8]。HRV時(shí)域指標(biāo)為SDNN、rMSSD,頻域指標(biāo)為低頻成分和高頻成分的比值(LF/HF)。

1.5 術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)定義

房顫射頻消融術(shù)后3個(gè)月為手術(shù)損傷期,故本研究將術(shù)后3個(gè)月患者出現(xiàn)心動(dòng)過(guò)速的癥狀,或24 h動(dòng)態(tài)心電圖中出現(xiàn)房顫、房撲或房速超過(guò)30 s作為術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件包進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)符合正態(tài)發(fā)布,以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用兩獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);ANOVA方差分析用于多組間比較;采用乘積極限法(Kaplan-Meier法)分析DC值對(duì)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率的影響。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 術(shù)后即刻DC、AC及HRV與射頻消融術(shù)前比較

80例患者中有24例于術(shù)后3個(gè)月出現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā),比率為30%?;颊咝g(shù)后即刻與術(shù)前比較DC值、AC絕對(duì)值及HRV均顯著降低(P<0.01),平均心率升高(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)表2。

2.2 復(fù)發(fā)組術(shù)前、術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值和AC值與未復(fù)發(fā)組比較

與術(shù)后3個(gè)月未復(fù)發(fā)組相比,復(fù)發(fā)組DC值和AC絕對(duì)值升高(P<0.05);與術(shù)前相比,無(wú)論復(fù)發(fā)組還是未復(fù)發(fā)組術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值和AC絕對(duì)值均降低(P<0.05)。而在復(fù)發(fā)組,與術(shù)后即刻相比,術(shù)后3個(gè)月DC值和AC絕對(duì)值升高(P<0.05)。在未復(fù)發(fā)組,術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值和AC絕對(duì)值保持在較低水平,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。

2.3 不同DC值對(duì)術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率的影響

DC≤4.5 ms提示迷走神經(jīng)張力降低,將術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月患者分為DC≤4.5 ms者和DC>4.5 ms者。根據(jù)Kaplan-Meier復(fù)發(fā)分析結(jié)果顯示:DC>4.5 ms患者的復(fù)發(fā)率為53.5%(15/28),明顯高于DC≤4.5 ms的17.3%(9/52),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

3 討論

AF的發(fā)生與心臟自主神經(jīng)有關(guān)[9],患者一旦發(fā)生AF,心房的組織重構(gòu)可促使其自身的維持和復(fù)發(fā)。AF臨床治療方法較多,導(dǎo)管消融治療的主要機(jī)制是破壞房顫的啟動(dòng)基質(zhì)及自主神經(jīng)對(duì)心臟的調(diào)控,通過(guò)電隔離肺靜脈使心房達(dá)到去迷走效應(yīng)。因此,迷走神經(jīng)的損傷有利于提高肺靜脈誘導(dǎo)房顫消融的療效[10]。

目前,通過(guò)DC值評(píng)價(jià)迷走神經(jīng)的功能備受關(guān)注,既往研究表明DC值可不受外界因素影響,實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)自主神經(jīng)作用的直接檢測(cè)[11]。Patterson等[12]研究認(rèn)為交感與副交感神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)可共同導(dǎo)致肺靜脈的快速放電,消融術(shù)中尚無(wú)法單獨(dú)去除迷走神經(jīng)支配。雖然DC與AC都能定量測(cè)定迷走神經(jīng)及交感神經(jīng),但DC測(cè)定結(jié)果與臨床循證醫(yī)學(xué)的結(jié)果更為符合[13],并且迷走神經(jīng)張力的改變能促使房顫復(fù)發(fā),即使刺激正常心臟的迷走神經(jīng)也能使心房有效不應(yīng)期縮短[14],故術(shù)后迷走神經(jīng)張力的變化推薦應(yīng)用DC值進(jìn)行分析。Bauer等[15]通過(guò)臨床研究隨訪心肌梗死患者,提議以2.5 ms和4.5 ms作為分界線,分為低危值、中危值及高危值。DC≤4.5 ms提示迷走神經(jīng)張力降低,本研究將術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月患者分為DC≤4.5 ms者和DC>4.5 ms者。與術(shù)前相比,術(shù)后即刻無(wú)論復(fù)發(fā)組還是未復(fù)發(fā)組患者DC值、AC絕對(duì)值均降低,提示術(shù)后迷走-交感神經(jīng)的調(diào)節(jié)功能均下降。發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后3個(gè)月及6個(gè)月的患者未復(fù)發(fā)者與復(fù)發(fā)者DC值均呈上升趨勢(shì);在復(fù)發(fā)組,與術(shù)后即刻相比,術(shù)后3個(gè)月DC值升高(P<0.05);而在未復(fù)發(fā)組,術(shù)后各時(shí)段DC值保持在較低水平,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),表明由肺靜脈誘導(dǎo)的房顫消融術(shù)后的療效可能與迷走神經(jīng)持續(xù)損傷有關(guān);與術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月DC≤4.5 ms患者相比,DC>4.5 ms患者的復(fù)發(fā)率較高。既往研究表明術(shù)后迷走神經(jīng)損傷不是永久性的,存在自我修復(fù)功能[16],本研究結(jié)果與其類(lèi)似。

綜上所述,CPVI術(shù)后即刻未復(fù)發(fā)組與復(fù)發(fā)組DC值均降低,提示迷走神經(jīng)功能降低;術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月復(fù)發(fā)組迷走神經(jīng)功能恢復(fù)較快,未復(fù)發(fā)組迷走神經(jīng)保持在較低水平;術(shù)后3~6個(gè)月DC值>4.5 ms患者復(fù)發(fā)率增高。本研究樣本量不足,可能使統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生偏倚,有待加大樣本量進(jìn)一步深入研究。

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(收稿日期:2019-09-30)

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