張倩 張珂 布文博 方方
[摘要]目的:探討并分析皮膚鏡下日光性角化病的表現(xiàn),評價其臨床應(yīng)用價值。方法:選擇筆者醫(yī)院2017年1月-2018年1月臨床擬診為日光性角化病的患者作為研究對象,共120例,所有患者都行皮膚鏡及病理檢查。以病理結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),計算皮膚鏡診斷日光性角化病的敏感度、特異度等。結(jié)果:以病理結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),計算皮膚鏡診斷日光性角化病的敏感度是97.2%,特異度是83.3%,陽性預(yù)測值是98.1%,陰性預(yù)測值是76.9%。結(jié)論:皮膚鏡可作為診斷日光性角化病的重要輔助手段,可避免不必要的創(chuàng)傷性組織活檢。
[關(guān)鍵詞]皮膚鏡;日光性角化?。辉\斷;病理檢查
[中圖分類號]R751 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A [文章編號]1008-6455(2018)09-0013-02
The Value of Dermascopy in the Diagnosis of Actinic Keratosis
ZHANG Qian,ZHANG Ke,BU Wen-bo,F(xiàn)ANG Fang
(Department of Skin Surgery,Institute of Dermatology,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College,Nanjing 210042,Jiangsu,China)
Abstract: Objective To discuss and analyze the dermascopic manifestation of actinic keratosis, and to evaluate the value of dermascopy in clinical application. Methods A total of 120 patients diagnosed actinic keratosis according to clinical manifestation were recuited in our department from January 2017 to January 2018. These patients underwent dermascopic and histopathological examination. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of dermacopy for the diagnosis of AK were calculated. Histopathological examination was used as the gold standard. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of dermacopy for the diagnosis of AK was 97.2%,83.3%,98.1% and 76.9%, respectively. Conclusion Dermascopy can be applied as a assistant method to diagnose actinic keratosis, avoiding unnecessary traumatic tissue biopsy.
Key words: dermascopy; actinic keratosis; diagnosis; histopathological examination
日光性角化病,也稱為光線性角化?。ˋctinic keratosis,AK),與長期慢性的紫外線暴露有關(guān),好發(fā)于頭面部等曝光部位,且常多發(fā)[1]。臨床皮損多發(fā)表現(xiàn)多樣時,為了明確診斷,需要多處活檢,診斷等待耗時長,費用高,活檢部位有感染和瘢痕形成的可能,且患者大部分為老年人,需要承擔(dān)活檢手術(shù)本身的風(fēng)險。目前非侵襲性的影像診斷方法如皮膚鏡、共聚焦顯微鏡等可用于協(xié)助診斷AK[2],本文進(jìn)一步評價了手持式偏振光皮膚鏡在診斷AK中的應(yīng)用價值。
1 資料和方法
1.1 臨床資料:選擇2017年1月-2018年1月就診于筆者醫(yī)院,臨床初步診斷為日光性角化病的120例患者為研究對象。其中男85例,女性35例;年齡53~90歲,平均(66.7±8.0)歲;發(fā)生部位:頭部25例,面部89例,手部6例。
1.2 方法:對臨床初步診斷為日光性角化病的120例患者行皮膚鏡檢查(fotofinder,德國,20倍,偏振光,連接iphone6S)及組織病理檢查。
1.3 評價指標(biāo):臨床診斷參考:曝光部位出現(xiàn)紅斑鱗屑(見圖1)。皮膚鏡診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①紅背景下的網(wǎng)格狀結(jié)構(gòu);②鱗屑(均質(zhì)區(qū)域或黃白或棕色結(jié)構(gòu));③線狀波浪狀血管;④毛囊開口。診斷需符合兩條及以上[3](見圖2)。
2 結(jié)果
本組共120例患者,皮膚鏡檢查結(jié)果符合AK的有107例;經(jīng)過病理檢查確診為AK的有108例,12例不是日光性角化病,其中7例是脂溢性角化病,2例是鱗狀細(xì)胞癌,2例是扁平苔蘚樣角化病,1例是日光性黑子。以病理檢查結(jié)果為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],皮膚鏡診斷日光性角化病的敏感度是97.2%,特異度是83.3%;假陽性比例是16.7%,假陰性比例是2.8%;陽性預(yù)測值是98.1%,陰性預(yù)測值是76.9%;陽性似然比是5.82,陰性似然比是0.03。
3 討論
日光性角化病,目前大部分觀點認(rèn)為是一種好發(fā)于老年人的癌前病變,但也有觀點認(rèn)為該病與鮑恩病或原位黑素瘤有相似的惡性程度。每個AK皮損發(fā)展為侵襲性鱗癌的可能性為0.075%~0.096%,但AK皮損常多發(fā),對于皮損平均數(shù)量為7.7個的AK患者個體,累計10年皮膚鱗癌的發(fā)病率為10.2%[5]。因此,該病需要早期診斷早期治療。病理檢查是診斷該病的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但需要進(jìn)行創(chuàng)傷性的手術(shù)組織活檢方能進(jìn)行。
日光性角化病惡性程度低,發(fā)展緩慢,其皮損常多發(fā),且多發(fā)性皮損惡性變的幾率或進(jìn)程并非有規(guī)律,所以即使采用組織活檢,也難以涵蓋所有皮損(部分亞臨床皮損無法發(fā)現(xiàn)[6]),診斷遺漏難免存在。皮膚鏡為非侵襲性的影像診斷方法,更加適合多發(fā)性皮損檢測[7],以及難以進(jìn)行或接受多點組織活檢的老年患者。但同樣也不能保證100%的診斷率。不過針對臨床上遺漏或可疑的皮損,通常后續(xù)可采用非創(chuàng)傷性的5氨基酮戊酸-光動力療法(ALA-PDT)[8-9],可以保證最好的臨床效果。
皮膚鏡不只是用于評估病變的簡單放大鏡,它能夠消除皮膚表面反射光,觀察到表皮、表皮真皮交界處和真皮淺層內(nèi)色素性結(jié)構(gòu)及淺層血管叢血管的大小和形態(tài),顯示出肉眼無法看見的形態(tài)學(xué)特征[10]。隨著偏振光皮膚鏡的開始使用,皮膚鏡無需接觸皮膚即可觀察,消除了外力對血管受壓的影響,使AK皮膚鏡的特征更加清晰[11]。本研究應(yīng)用手持式偏振光皮膚鏡觀察AK,評估皮膚鏡診斷AK的敏感度是97.2%,特異度是83.3%,結(jié)果提示在避免有創(chuàng)性手術(shù)組織活檢的要求上,皮膚鏡可作為一種實時、多點、多次、無創(chuàng)的方法輔助診斷AK,避免不必要的組織活檢,可最大程度減少皮膚的創(chuàng)傷,使AK得到早期發(fā)現(xiàn),早期治療。但進(jìn)行皮膚鏡診斷的準(zhǔn)確性依賴于檢查者的經(jīng)驗,進(jìn)行皮膚鏡檢查的醫(yī)生不僅應(yīng)接受皮膚鏡的相關(guān)課程的培訓(xùn),同時應(yīng)接受過正規(guī)的皮膚病學(xué)及皮膚腫瘤學(xué)的培訓(xùn)[12]。皮膚鏡可用于鑒別日光性角化病和臨床表現(xiàn)類似的惡性雀斑樣痣[13],也可用于觀察藥物治療日光性角化病的療效[14]。在皮損明顯肥厚,出現(xiàn)角化性的腫塊及潰瘍,且皮膚鏡表現(xiàn)見發(fā)夾結(jié)構(gòu)和不規(guī)則血管,提示鱗癌表現(xiàn)時,仍需要積極進(jìn)行活檢以除外惡變[2,15]。這有助于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)鱗癌病變,早期治療,可有效避免皮膚腫瘤對患者的損容性危害。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1]Fartasch M,Diepgen TL,Schmitt J,et al.The relationship between occupational sun exposure and non-melanoma skin cancer: clinical basics, epidemiology, occupational disease evaluation, and prevention[J].Dtsch Arztebl Int,2012,109(43):715-720.
[2]Casari A,Chester J,Pellacani G.Actinic keratosis and non-invasive diagnostic techniques: an update[J].Biomedicines,2018,6(1):8.
[3]Huerta-Brogeras M,Olmos O,Borbujo J,et al.Validation of dermoscopy as a real-time noninvasive diagnostic imaging technique
for actinic keratosis[J].Arch Dermatol,2012,148(10):1159-1164.
[4]Ibrahim O,Gastman B,Zhang A.Advances in diagnosis and treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer[J].Ann Plast Surg,2014,73(5):615-619.
[5]Lebwohl M.Actinic keratosis: epidemiology and progression to squamous cell carcinoma[J].Br J Dermatol,2003,149(66):31-33.
[6]Malvehy J.A new vision of actinic keratosis beyond visible clinical lesions[J].J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,2015,29(l):3-8.
[7]Wolner ZJ,Yelamos O,Liopyris K,et al.Enhancing skin cancer diagnosis with dermoscopy[J].Dermatol Clin,2017,35(4):417-437.
[8]Patel G,Armstrong AW,Eisen DB.Efficacy of photodynamic therapy vs other interventions in randomized clinical trials for the treatment of actinic keratoses: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA Dermatol,2014,150(12):1281-1288.
[9]Chetty P,Choi F,Mitchell T.Primary care review of actinic keratosis and its therapeutic options: a global pe respective[J].Dermatol Ther(Heidelb),2015,5(1):19-35.
[10]孟如松.趙廣.皮膚鏡圖像分析技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)與臨床應(yīng)用[J].臨床皮膚科雜志,2008,37(4):264-267.
[11]Giavedoni P,Puig S,Carrera C.Noninvasive imaging for nonmelanoma skin cancer[J].Semin Cutan Med Surg,2016,35(1):31-41.
[12]De Giorgi V,Grazzini M,Rossari S,et al.Adding dermatoscopy to naked eye examination of equivocal melanocytic skin lesions: effect on intention to excise by general dermatologists[J].Clin Exp Dermatol,2011,36(3):255-259.
[13]Lallas A,Tschandl P,Kyrqidis A,et al.Dermoscopic clues to differentiate facial lentigo maligna from pigmented actinic keratosis[J].Br J Dermatol,2016,174(5):1079-1085.
[14]Longo C,Borsari S,Benati E,et al.Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy for monitoring the treatment of actinic keratosis with ingenol mebutate gel: report of two cases[J].Dermatol Ther(Heidelb),2016,6(1):81-87.
[15]Ruini C,Witkowski AM,Cesinaro A.From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma: Evidence of morphologic and biologic progression[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2015,72(l):S8-S10.
[收稿日期]2018-04-08 [修回日期]2018-07-19
編輯/朱婉蓉