◎文/楊雪松 Text by Yang Xuesong
在本溪剪紙產(chǎn)業(yè)園,劉桂芝擁有自己的工作室,這位69歲的退休教師,是遼寧省非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)本溪滿族剪紙的傳承人。你看她,手執(zhí)一把金色剪刀,身披火紅的圍巾,在鋪滿彩紙的桌旁聚精會神地剪著……柔和的陽光透過窗欞照在她慈祥的臉上,沒過多久,幾十個顏色大小不同、服飾表情迥異、栩栩如生的 “滿族格格”立體剪紙就“站”滿了桌子。這時(shí),圍觀的人群忍不住發(fā)出驚嘆聲。
這樣的場景,是劉桂芝平日里工作的常態(tài)。寒來暑往,她熱情接待著慕名而來的訪者,更對求學(xué)者傾囊傳授技藝。有時(shí)候,她信守諾言,走進(jìn)校園給孩子們義務(wù)上課;有時(shí)候,她不畏奔波,只身踏上旅途去外地開會交流。當(dāng)耳順、古稀之年的人們常常發(fā)出“夕陽無限好,只是近黃昏”的嘆息時(shí),她卻憑著對傳統(tǒng)文化的摯愛,用一雙靈巧的雙手,剪裁出自己的花樣幸福、花樣人生。
劉桂芝從小跟著姥姥學(xué)剪紙,至今她還記得姥姥用鉛筆畫紙樣的情形:蘸一下口水,再畫上一筆。等畫好了,舉在燈光下仔細(xì)端詳時(shí),額上的皺紋才舒展開來……那個時(shí)候,姥姥剪的都是老花樣子,墻花篇幅較大,帶有故事情節(jié),許多滿族史詩都是墻花的表現(xiàn)題材;姥姥還剪小動物,家里的糧倉、水缸都貼上魚的剪紙。姥姥說過,糧倉上貼魚,象征家有余糧;水缸上貼魚,比喻如魚得水……長時(shí)間的熏陶,使她幼小的心靈埋下了剪紙藝術(shù)的種子,與剪紙結(jié)下了一生的緣分。
上了小學(xué),劉桂芝不滿足只剪小動物,開始剪花卉和盆景;上了中專,她嘗試剪人物,手捧著《白毛女》《紅色娘子軍》等樣板戲的劇照,用鉛筆拓出底稿,用舊書代替臘盤, 手拿削鉛筆的小斜刀,一刀一刀地刻。畢業(yè)后,劉桂芝當(dāng)了老師,別人的業(yè)余時(shí)間都在織毛衣,而她卻忘不了心愛的剪紙,每年工會活動,她表演的節(jié)目也是剪紙。
幾十載辛勤的園丁生涯彈指而過,2004年劉桂芝退休了,終于可以把全部精力用到剪紙上面。在老伴的支持下,她購買民間藝術(shù)類、民俗類書籍,如饑似渴地充實(shí)自己。又四處尋找民間藝人,拜訪了本溪88歲的滿族剪紙藝人趙淑賢,到廈門、泉州、蔚縣拜訪剪紙名家,隨沈陽師范大學(xué)去北鎮(zhèn)拜訪國家級剪紙傳承人汪繡霞老人,交流切磋,提高技藝。就這樣,她慢慢做到了剪與刀并用,將傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代技法相融合,根據(jù)民間傳統(tǒng)的吉祥符號進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作。
令劉桂芝沒想到的是,自己成了獲獎專業(yè)戶:2005年,《富貴有余》在省“中光大杯”民間剪紙展中獲金獎;2007年,《娃娃樂》在首屆中陽剪紙藝術(shù)節(jié)獲佳作獎,《蝶戀花》在第二屆國際(武漢)剪紙藝術(shù)博覽會剪紙大賽獲優(yōu)秀獎;2008年,《石榴娃》在中國(溫州)剪紙藝術(shù)大賽獲銅獎,《舞》在第三屆國際(北京)剪紙藝術(shù)博覽會“東北風(fēng)”少數(shù)民族剪紙大賽獲銀獎;2009年,《歡慶》參加中國“魚文化”剪紙藝術(shù)大賽獲銅獎,《富貴如意》參加“魅力莊河”全國剪紙大賽獲銅獎;2011年,《東北三大怪》在遼寧省滿族剪紙大賽中獲銀獎……
連連獲獎的劉桂芝,在當(dāng)?shù)孛麣庠絹碓酱蟆@夏甏髮W(xué)、社區(qū)街道、中小學(xué)校、醫(yī)院、殘聯(lián)都紛紛找她去講課,遼寧省商務(wù)廳、遼寧省電業(yè)局也打來電話請她講課。作為“本溪滿族剪紙”的傳承人,她不忘肩上沉甸甸的責(zé)任,所以“來者不拒”。無論是頭疼腦熱還是刮風(fēng)下雪,無論是到大單位還是小課堂,她都滿懷熱忱赴邀,把一身絕技傾囊而授。慢慢地,上至八十歲的老人,下至幾歲的娃娃,她結(jié)交的剪紙朋友已有數(shù)千人之多。
一年四季,劉桂芝工作室的來訪者絡(luò)繹不絕,常令她應(yīng)接不暇。每次,她都不厭其煩地給來者講解墻上的剪紙:“這幅是《三多圖》,圖案由石榴、佛手和壽桃三種果實(shí)組合而成。佛手的‘佛’與‘?!C音,有幸福的寓意。桃子代表多壽,傳說王母娘娘有蟠桃,吃了可以長生不老。石榴是多籽,象征著多子多孫,人丁興旺?!彼种v起了《東北三大怪》:“第一怪,窗戶油紙糊在外;第二怪,姑娘叼著大煙袋;第三怪,養(yǎng)個孩子吊起來。這些內(nèi)容表現(xiàn)了滿族人特有的生活習(xí)俗……”聽得人們不住點(diǎn)頭,稱贊這真是老祖宗留下的絕活兒,又好看,又讓人長學(xué)問。
緊接著,劉桂芝又說起歷史來:建州女真于1467年遷徙至長白山南麓的遼東地區(qū)后,與多民族融和,逐漸掌握了剪紙藝術(shù)。特別是后金時(shí)期女真人造紙的普及,為滿族民間剪紙的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造了重要條件。多少年來,這種古老的鄉(xiāng)土藝術(shù)在華夏大地流傳。二月二婦女剪龍、貼龍,端午節(jié)剪“虎除五毒”,婚嫁迎娶貼“喜”字,祝壽時(shí)剪“壽桃葫蘆”……巧手人拿起剪刀,運(yùn)用鏤空、套嵌、拼連、透疊、成片等獨(dú)特技法,剪出嬤嬤人和動物的“窗花”,來表達(dá)美好的愿望和對神靈的崇拜。
回想過去,剪紙作為老民俗,眼看著就要被快節(jié)奏的現(xiàn)代生活所淘汰,特別是被年輕人所不聞不問??山鼛啄辏S著傳統(tǒng)文化熱的興起,這種情況發(fā)生了可喜的“逆轉(zhuǎn)”。如今,常常有年輕人到剪紙園來,遼寧科技學(xué)院的學(xué)生們還把滿族剪紙作為主要元素,在國家級創(chuàng)業(yè)大賽中獲了獎;來自亞、非、歐、北美洲的百名留學(xué)生也來參觀,體驗(yàn)中國紅的美麗和魅力……
東北民俗:大姑娘叼煙袋
東北民俗:大缸小缸漬酸菜
“我是趕上了好時(shí)代?,F(xiàn)在國家對傳統(tǒng)手工藝特別重視,有振興政策,有扶持舉措,還安排我們參加各類展銷活動,鼓勵我們走產(chǎn)業(yè)化的道路?!眲⒐鹬ヮH有感慨。5年前,她得到政府的鼓勵和支持,開始帶領(lǐng)兒媳和徒弟們闖市場。她們再也不是過去坐在炕頭剪窗花的“剪紙娘娘”,而是走出家門,到民間藝術(shù)博覽會和貿(mào)易洽談會開闊眼界,又去河北等地學(xué)習(xí)激光機(jī)刻紙技術(shù)的“女工匠”。她們研發(fā)制作了本溪的名人田連元、馮大中、張良、蘇紅等人的頭像剪紙;還為遼寧男籃隊(duì)員制作了頭像剪紙,并現(xiàn)場贈送給了本人;結(jié)合書法藝術(shù)研制了剪紙《蘭亭序》,贈送給臺灣友人;剪紙折疊冊《心經(jīng)》經(jīng)過幾次改版和完善,在廈門國際文博會上獲得了特殊獎。
現(xiàn)在,劉桂芝給工作室起了“頤桂堂”的名字,并打算注冊商標(biāo)。她和徒弟們累計(jì)開發(fā)出200余種產(chǎn)品,把市場擴(kuò)大到了全國。前不久,有一位沈陽的女士專程來買剪紙,要把它帶給在美國的女兒。為迎接2022年北京張家口冬奧會,電視劇《窗花》劇組專程到本溪剪紙園,選擇劉桂芝的多幅作品用作道具,還在剪紙博物館和工作室里拍攝了兩場戲。
當(dāng)然,闖市場不能迷失于市場,滿族剪紙的創(chuàng)新研發(fā)最終還要回歸民族特色。所以,劉桂芝和徒弟們埋下頭來,專心創(chuàng)作了《大缸小缸漬酸菜》《坐?!贰渡浼贰抖宿D(zhuǎn)》《嘎啦哈姑娘》《揭蓋頭》《抓周》等滿族風(fēng)俗剪紙,最近又研發(fā)了四幅滿族服飾作品。而滿族歷史故事題材的《義犬救主》《烏鴉救罕王》則在在中國(深圳)第十三屆文化博覽會獲得銀獎,在中華杯剪紙大賽獲金獎。由于在傳承剪紙文化中成績突出,劉桂芝還被遼寧省剪紙學(xué)會授予特殊貢獻(xiàn)獎。
(本文圖片由頤桂堂剪紙坊提供)
(責(zé)編 /博彥)
滿族兒童服飾 ——虎頭帽
滿族兒童服飾 ——花襖
滿族兒童服飾 ——圍兜
Liu Guizhi: Cutting a Flower of Happiness with Her Scissors
L iu Guizhi has her own studio in the Industrial Park for Paper-cutting in Benxi, Liaoning province. The 69-year-old retired teacher is the inheritor of Benxi Mandarin paper-cutting, an intangible cultural heritage of Liaoning province. Liu learned the art from her grandma when she was a little child. During the years when she was an elementary school pupil, Liu began to cut fl owers and potted landscapes from paper.Her skills developed fast in the years when she studied at a vocational school, where she began to create human fi gures with her scissors.After graduation, she became a teacher, but she didn’t separate herself from her beloved paper-cutting. Each year, as a part of union activity, she would entertain her colleagues by performing her scissors art. In 2004, Liu retired. Supported by her husband, she bought books and spent her time on paper-cutting. She looked for artisans, no matter where they are,and traded experiences with them. Now she can use both scissors and knives to produce traditional auspicious symbols by combining old techniques with modern skills.
Liu Guizhi is becoming more and more popular. She was invited to teach for a senior people’s university, a local community,elementary and middle schools, hospitals, and the association for disabled people. She even received invitations from Liaoning Trade Department and Liaoning Electric Power Bureau to deliver speeches on paper-cutting. As the Maderian paper-cutting inheritor, she never forgets the heavy duty on her shoulder. No matter what happens, headache or fever, wind or snow, and no matter who her audience is, she would go there and teach them her skills without reservation. In recent years, she has made thousands of friends,from eighty-year-old admirers to children who have just learned to use scissors.
Five years ago, encouraged and supported by the local government, Liu,her son-in-law,and her students brought their paper-cuttings to the market. Instead of sitting on the Kang to cut for window decorations, as the older generation did, they have walked out of the door for a bigger world. For her outstanding achievements,Liu Guizhi was given a special contibution award by Liaoning Paper-cutting Association.(Trans. by G. Q.)