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腎細(xì)胞癌伴下腔靜脈癌栓術(shù)中癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素分析

2018-09-25 10:39賴鵬林宗明郭劍明
中外醫(yī)學(xué)研究 2018年18期
關(guān)鍵詞:肺栓塞危險(xiǎn)因素

賴鵬 林宗明 郭劍明

【摘要】 目的:在腎細(xì)胞癌伴有下腔靜脈癌栓患者中,通過術(shù)前放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器的方法,來確定癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,以期術(shù)前評(píng)估癌栓脫落的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。方法:回顧性分析2004年1月-2014年6月筆者所在醫(yī)院收治的62例腎細(xì)胞癌伴有Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)下腔靜脈癌栓的臨床資料,術(shù)前明確患者的癌栓水平、癌栓是否與無瘤血栓相混雜、是否存在深靜脈血栓、是否有近期肺栓塞史、原發(fā)腫瘤的大小,術(shù)前均放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器,行腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取癌栓術(shù),術(shù)后下腔靜脈造影,根據(jù)癌栓捕獲與否分為癌栓脫落陽性組和陰性組,分析兩組間上述影響癌栓脫落的因素。結(jié)果:62例患者中,43例無癌栓脫落歸為陰性組,19例顯示癌栓脫落歸為陽性組,癌栓脫落陰性組與陽性組比較,癌栓水平級(jí)別更低、癌栓構(gòu)成更單一,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組的腫瘤大小、肺栓塞史及深靜脈血栓史情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);經(jīng)多因素Logistic回歸分析,癌栓水平和癌栓構(gòu)成是影響癌栓脫落的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓和混合性癌栓是術(shù)中癌栓脫落的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)于此類患者,可術(shù)前放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器,預(yù)防術(shù)中癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致的肺栓塞。

【關(guān)鍵詞】 腎細(xì)胞癌; 下腔靜脈癌栓; 臨時(shí)濾器; 肺栓塞; 危險(xiǎn)因素

doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2018.18.006 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 A 文章編號(hào) 1674-6805(2018)18-00-03

Analysis of Risk Factors for Tumor Embolus Detachment in Renal Cell Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus/LAI Peng,LIN Zongming,GUO Jianming,et al.//Chinese and Foreign Medical Research,2018,16(18):-16

【Abstract】 Objective:In patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus,preoperative placement of the inferior vena cava temporary filter method to determine the risk factors for tumor embolus detachment,in order to assess the risk of tumor thrombectomy before surgery.Method:From January 2004 to June 2014,the clinical data of 62 cases of renal cell carcinoma with grade Ⅰ to Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus were analyzed retrospectively.Preoperatively,the level of the tumor thrombus,whether the tumor thrombus and tumor thrombosis were mixed,whether there was a deep vein thrombosis,whether there was a recent history of pulmonary embolism,and the size of the primary tumor were determined.Preoperatively,temporary filters of the inferior vena cava were placed,and radical nephrectomy plus inferior vena cava thrombectomy were performed.The inferior vena cava angiography was performed after surgery.According to whether the tumor embolus was captured or not,patients were divided into positive and negative tumor-felling groups.The factors affecting the above mentioned factors affecting the shedding of tumor embolus were analyzed.Result:In the 62 patients,43 cases had no tumor embolus falling as the negative group,19 cased showed that the tumor embolus had fallen as the positive group.Compared the positive group,the level of tumor embolus was lower and the tumor embolus was more uniform,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the diameter of primary tumor and history of pulmonary embolism in the two groups between the two groups(P>0.05).After multivariate Logistic regression analysis,the level of tumor embolus and the formation of tumor embolus were independent risk factors for the loss of tumor thrombus(P<0.05).Conclusion:Grade Ⅲ tumor embolus and mixed tumor embolus are independent risk factors for tumor embolus detachment during surgery.For these patients,temporary filters for the inferior vena cava can be placed before surgery to prevent pulmonary embolism due to detachment of the tumor embolus during surgery.

【Key words】 Carcinoma renal cell; Inferior vena cava thrombosis; Temporary filter; Embolism; Risk factor

First-authors address:Xiamen Branch Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University,Xiamen 361000,China

目前,對(duì)于沒有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的伴有下腔靜脈癌栓的腎細(xì)胞癌患者,腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取栓術(shù)是唯一可能治愈的方法,但下腔靜脈切開取栓術(shù)是一項(xiàng)具有較大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的手術(shù),其中最嚴(yán)重的就是由于術(shù)中癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致的大面積心肺栓塞,雖然發(fā)生率較低,為2%~4%,但一旦發(fā)生,則死亡率高達(dá)75%[1-4]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)前預(yù)防性的置入下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器可預(yù)防癌栓脫落造成的肺栓塞,但放置下腔靜脈濾器存在一些并發(fā)癥,因此,是否術(shù)前放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器一直存在爭議[2-3]。從多個(gè)中心報(bào)道的癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致肺栓塞的病例分析看來,下腔靜脈癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致肺栓塞可能受多種因素影響,如癌栓向頭端延伸水平、癌栓的組織學(xué)構(gòu)成、術(shù)前肺栓塞病史、原發(fā)腫瘤的大小等[3,5-7]。但是,之前的文獻(xiàn)沒有系統(tǒng)的研究過下腔靜脈癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,不利于術(shù)前評(píng)估手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。筆者對(duì)2004年1月-2014年6月收治的62例患者行腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取栓術(shù),術(shù)前均常規(guī)放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器,現(xiàn)通過回顧性研究濾器捕獲癌栓的情況,來確定癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,以期術(shù)前評(píng)估癌栓脫落的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),挑選高危病例放置臨時(shí)濾器,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1 資料與方法

1.1 一般資料

回顧性分析2004年1月-2014年6月收治的62例腎細(xì)胞癌伴有Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí)下腔靜脈癌栓患者的臨床資料。年齡32~78歲,平均(56.5±12.9)歲;男48例,女14例。術(shù)前檢查無明顯異常,均無無法控制基礎(chǔ)疾病。均行腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取癌栓術(shù)。本研究經(jīng)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患者均簽署知情同意。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備 常規(guī)CT或MRI及深靜脈彩超檢查,以明確癌栓的延伸水平,癌栓按延伸水平分為Ⅰ~Ⅲ級(jí):Ⅰ級(jí),癌栓超過腎靜脈上沿2 cm以內(nèi),Ⅱ級(jí),癌栓在肝靜脈開口之下;Ⅲ級(jí),癌栓在肝靜脈水平或以上,但未超過膈水平。排除瘤栓超過膈水平或累及右心房的病例;癌栓是否與無瘤血栓相混雜,尤其是癌栓頭端;是否存在深靜脈血栓,是否有近期肺栓塞史。記錄原發(fā)腫瘤的大小,以最大徑為準(zhǔn),分別記7 cm以下,7~10 cm及10 cm以上3類。

1.2.2 濾器的放置及手術(shù) (1)術(shù)前當(dāng)天優(yōu)先經(jīng)頸內(nèi)或鎖骨下靜脈放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器55例,7例不成功患者則選取股靜脈途徑逆行放置。(2)所有患者均行腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取癌栓術(shù),具體方法如下:全麻,患者取平臥位患側(cè)抬高約30°;肋緣下切口,患側(cè)至腋前線,對(duì)側(cè)延長至約鎖骨中線,Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓患者部分需從切口最高點(diǎn)向上延長至劍突,以顯露膈肌及游離下腔靜脈;游離腎臟及腫瘤并完整切除,殘端血管暫時(shí)結(jié)扎,盡量清掃腎門旁腫大淋巴結(jié),游離出腎靜脈殘端;游離下腔靜脈,下至腎靜脈開口之下約3 cm處,于下腔靜脈邊緣游離出對(duì)側(cè)腎靜脈,向上游離下腔靜脈直至超過癌栓頭端,Ⅰ級(jí)癌栓患者只需要向膈而拉開肝臟,就能游離出足夠的下腔靜脈;Ⅱ級(jí)及Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓患者需要切斷肝圓韌帶,左、右三角韌帶,矢狀韌帶及冠狀韌帶,游離并向左下牽拉肝臟,才能充分顯露肝后下腔靜脈及肝靜脈;Ⅱ級(jí)癌栓可以在肝靜脈以下阻斷下腔靜脈,Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓則需切斷肝短靜脈,并打開近膈腳處下腔靜脈鞘,才能較充分游離足夠長的下腔靜脈,可以用拇、示指向下輕柔地?cái)D壓癌栓至肝靜脈以下平面,以避免阻斷肝臟血流,若不成功,則需同時(shí)阻斷肝十二指腸韌帶的血流;依次阻斷近端下腔靜脈、遠(yuǎn)端下腔靜脈、肝十二指腸韌帶(僅在Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓且未能將癌栓擠至肝靜脈開口以下)、對(duì)側(cè)腎靜脈;于患者腎靜脈開口處環(huán)形切開下腔靜脈并向上延長,至近癌栓頭端處,完整剝除癌栓,肝素生理鹽水沖洗,連續(xù)縫合下腔靜脈;依前次序逆向開放血流后,再次清掃腹主動(dòng)脈和下腔靜脈旁淋巴結(jié),重新結(jié)扎殘端腎動(dòng)脈。

1.2.3 術(shù)后處理 術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)取出濾器,之前造影明確有無捕獲癌栓,若癌栓較?。?lt;1 cm),則連癌栓一起取出濾器,對(duì)于捕獲癌栓較大而難以取出者,則長期留置濾器,輔以抗凝治療。術(shù)后1個(gè)月隨訪胸部X線片、腹部B超、肝腎功能,之后每3個(gè)月隨訪1次,每6個(gè)月復(fù)查腹部CT,2年以后每6個(gè)月隨訪1次。胸部X線片發(fā)現(xiàn)異常時(shí)行胸部CT掃描。

1.3 觀察指標(biāo)

按濾器捕獲癌栓與否,把患者歸入癌栓脫落陽性組和陰性組,統(tǒng)計(jì)兩組患者的癌栓水平、腫瘤大小、肺栓塞史、深靜脈血栓史及癌栓構(gòu)成情況。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理

采用SPSS 19.0軟件對(duì)所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料以(x±s)表示;計(jì)數(shù)資料以率(%)表示,采用字2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher確切概率法,對(duì)單因素分析結(jié)果有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的因素進(jìn)行Logistic多因素回歸分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 手術(shù)及癌栓脫落情況

62例患者均手術(shù)順利,術(shù)中、術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)有癥狀的肺栓塞。術(shù)后下腔靜脈造影顯示43例無癌栓脫落歸為陰性組,19例顯示癌栓脫落歸為陽性組,其中16例為小癌栓,與濾器一同取出,另3例大于1 cm,永久保留濾器,并抗凝治療。癌栓脫落陰性組與陽性組比較,癌栓水平級(jí)別更低、癌栓構(gòu)成更單一,比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組的腫瘤大小、肺栓塞史記深靜脈血栓史情況比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。

2.2 影響癌栓脫落的多因素Logistic回歸分析

在各因素中,經(jīng)多因素Logistic回歸分析,癌栓水平和癌栓構(gòu)成是影響癌栓脫落的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.05),見表2。

3 討論

癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致的大面積心肺栓塞是腎根治性切除加下腔靜脈切開取栓術(shù)最嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),為了預(yù)防癌栓脫落造成的肺栓塞,術(shù)前預(yù)防性的置入下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器是一種切實(shí)可行的方法,但放置下腔靜脈濾器也具有一些并發(fā)癥,如濾器相關(guān)的下腔靜脈血栓形成(2.8%)、下腔靜脈穿透、濾器漂移(1.3%)、導(dǎo)管相關(guān)的感染(7.7%),下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器可能會(huì)和癌栓混雜在一起,增加手術(shù)難度,因此,是否術(shù)前放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器一直存在爭議[2-3]。根據(jù)既往的多個(gè)中心文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,癌栓延伸水平、癌栓的組織構(gòu)成、肺栓塞病史及原發(fā)腫瘤的大小等都可能是下腔靜脈癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致肺栓塞的影響因素[3,5-7]。但是,之前的文獻(xiàn)沒有系統(tǒng)的研究過下腔靜脈癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,不利于術(shù)前評(píng)估手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和之后的文獻(xiàn)交流。因此,筆者術(shù)前常規(guī)放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器,通過研究濾器捕獲癌栓的情況,來確定癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,以期術(shù)前評(píng)估癌栓脫落的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),挑選高危病例放置臨時(shí)濾器,并有利于文獻(xiàn)交流。

目前最常用的癌栓外科分期系統(tǒng)為Neves系統(tǒng),按癌栓向頭端延伸水平分為0~Ⅳ期:0期為癌栓限于腎靜脈內(nèi),Ⅰ期為癌栓突入下腔靜脈小于2 cm,Ⅱ期為癌栓大于2 cm而低于肝靜脈水平,Ⅲ期為癌栓肝靜脈之上而膈水平以下,Ⅳ期為癌栓膈水平以上。在下腔靜脈切開取栓術(shù)的圍手術(shù)期,癌栓外科分期是影響手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率最重要的因素,0~Ⅳ期的圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率分別為:12%、18%、20%、26%和47%,尤其是Ⅳ期,其圍手術(shù)期死亡率最高報(bào)道為40%,而且下腔靜脈也沒有足夠的空間放置臨時(shí)濾器[6,8-10],因此,筆者的研究不包括Ⅳ期患者。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),癌栓脫落與癌栓水平相關(guān),這可能與癌栓水平越高,手術(shù)中需要游離的組織范圍越大,甚至需要游離肝臟才能阻斷下腔靜脈有關(guān),這一結(jié)果也和0~Ⅳ期圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相符。

下腔靜脈癌栓的構(gòu)成并不一致,現(xiàn)有研究表明,腎癌的下腔靜脈癌栓可分為疏松型和致密型,而且癌栓的構(gòu)成與預(yù)后密切相關(guān),疏松型癌栓的預(yù)后較差,產(chǎn)生這種差異的可能解釋是疏松型癌栓是由非癌血栓和癌栓混雜形成,其中的腫瘤細(xì)胞易脫落、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移性能力更強(qiáng)[11-13]。另外,下腔靜脈混合型癌栓往往頭端帶有非癌血栓,癌栓可能較易脫落,這在增強(qiáng)CT或MRI圖像上易于鑒別。本研究也顯示,18例混合型癌栓中,10例發(fā)生癌栓脫落,這表明,混合型癌栓組織結(jié)構(gòu)疏松,手術(shù)中容易破碎脫落,造成栓塞。因此,對(duì)于伴有非癌血栓的混合型癌栓,術(shù)前放置下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器是比較適宜的。

國外研究表明,術(shù)中癌栓脫落發(fā)生栓塞的時(shí)間多在游離腎臟時(shí),而原發(fā)腫瘤的大小、分期與手術(shù)難度和手術(shù)時(shí)間直接相關(guān),直徑較大的腫瘤或者發(fā)生周圍組織浸潤的腫瘤往往手術(shù)時(shí)間較長,游離腎蒂血管和下腔靜脈的難度也較大,增加了術(shù)中控制下腔靜脈和對(duì)側(cè)腎靜脈的難度[9,11,14-15]。再者中晚期腎癌患者處于高凝狀態(tài),若術(shù)前患者存在肺栓塞、深靜脈血栓病史,則術(shù)中發(fā)生栓塞的可能會(huì)大大提高。但是本研究顯示,以上因素在兩組間差別無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,也可能是研究樣本較小,未能顯示這幾個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素的差別。

本研究表明,Ⅲ級(jí)癌栓和混合性癌栓,為術(shù)中癌栓脫落的危險(xiǎn)因素,對(duì)于存在這些危險(xiǎn)因素的患者,可通過術(shù)前放置臨時(shí)濾器來避免癌栓脫落導(dǎo)致肺栓塞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但本研究的病例數(shù)較少,難以量化分析各危險(xiǎn)因素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)度,需要進(jìn)一步的較大樣本研究,來評(píng)估各因素的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)度,從而準(zhǔn)確的選擇高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)病例來置入下腔靜脈臨時(shí)濾器,這既可以有效預(yù)防肺栓塞的發(fā)生,又可以減少不必要的下腔靜脈濾器置入。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1] Parra J,Drouin S J,Hupertan V,et al.Oncological outcomes in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and vena cava thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma with venous extension: a single-centre experience[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2011,37(5):422-428.

[2]張建平,朱煜,林宗明,等.腎癌伴膈下型癌栓的手術(shù)治療[J].中華泌尿外科雜志,2013(5):329-332.

[3] Gorin M A,Garcia-Roig M,Shirodkar S P,et al.Modified surgical technique for the management of renal cell carcinoma with level Ⅰ or Ⅱ tumor thrombus[J].Urology,2012,79(2):478-481.

[4] Ali A S,Vasdev N,Shanmuganathan S,et al.The surgical management and prognosis of renal cell cancer with IVC tumor thrombus:15-years of experience using a multi-specialty approach at a single UK referral center[J].Urol Oncol,2013,31(7):1298-1304.

[5] Fukazawa K,Gologrosky E,Naguit K,et al.Invasive Renal Cell Carcinoma with Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus:Cardiac Anesthesia in Liver Transplant Settings[J].J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2014,28(3):640-646.

[6] Gost N G,Delacroix S E Jr,Sleeper J P,et al.The impact of targeted molecular therapies on the level of renal cell carcinoma vena caval tumor thrombus[J].European Urology,2011,59(6):912-918.

[7] Parekh D J,Cookson M S,Chapman W,et al.Renal cell carcinoma with renal vein and inferior vena caval involvement:clinicopathological features, surgical techniques and outcomes[J].J Urol,2005,173(6):1897-1903.

[8] Gasey R G,Raheem O A,Elmusharaf E,et al.Renal cell carcinoma with IVC and atrial thrombus:a single centres 10 year surgical experience[J].Surgeon,2013,11(6):295-299.

[9] Miyake H,Terakawa T,F(xiàn)urukawa J,et al.Prognostic significance of tumor extension into venous system in patients undergoing surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2012,38(7):630-636.

[10] Wellons E,Rosenthal D,Schoborg T,et al.Renal cell carcinoma invading the inferior vena cava:use of a “temporary” vena cava filter to prevent tumor emboli during nephrectomy[J].Urology,2004,63(2):380-387.

[11] Bertini R,Roscigno M,F(xiàn)reschi M,et al.Impact of Venous Tumour Thrombus Consistency (Solid vs Friable) on Cancer-specific Survival in Patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma[J].European Urology,2011,60(2):358-365.

[12] Miyahara T,Miyata T,Shigematsu K,et al.Clinical outcome and complications of temporary inferior vena cava filter placement[J].J Vasc Surg,2006,44(3):620-625.

[13] Blute M L,Boorjian S A,Leibovich B C,et al.Results of inferior vena caval interruption by Greenfield filter,ligation or resection during radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy[J].J Urol,2007,178(2):440-448.

[14] Ciancio G,Gonzalez J,Samirodkar S P.Liver Transplantation Techniques for the Surgical Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus in the Inferior Vena Cava: Step-by-Step Description[J].Eur Urol,2011,59(3):401-406.

[15] Lambert E H,Pierorazio P M,Shabsigh A,et al.Prognostic risk stratification and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma with vascular tumor thrombus[J].Urology,2007,69(6):1054-1058.

(收稿日期:2018-05-23)

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