肖玉根,程若川,陳曉意,杜國能,檀誼洪,王昆,涂星強(qiáng)
(1.南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南海醫(yī)院 甲乳外科, 廣東 佛山528200;2.昆明醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 甲狀腺疾病診治中心,云南 昆明 650032)
喉返神經(jīng) (recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN) 損傷是甲狀腺手術(shù)最常見的并發(fā)癥之一,導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)聲嘶、呼吸困難甚至危及生命安全[1]。術(shù)中如何確保喉返神經(jīng)的解剖及功能的完整性一直都是甲狀腺外科醫(yī)師探討的重點(diǎn)。神經(jīng)監(jiān)測技術(shù)(intraoperative neuromonitoring,IONM)是應(yīng)用電生理技術(shù)監(jiān)測神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能的完整性,能快速定位喉返神經(jīng),極大減少神經(jīng)損傷[2-5]。筆者采用自主研發(fā)的新型適配器(中國專利號:ZL201620324498.I)連接監(jiān) 測主機(jī),可適配術(shù)中各種常規(guī)金屬器械對喉返神經(jīng)進(jìn)行持續(xù)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測,收到滿意的臨床應(yīng)用效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
選取2016年2月—2017年3月南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬南海醫(yī)院甲乳外科(311例)和昆明醫(yī)學(xué)院第一附屬醫(yī)院 甲狀腺疾病診治中心( 18例)共329例甲狀腺(旁腺)患者,入組病例至少符合以下任一標(biāo)準(zhǔn): ⑴ 甲狀腺良性腫物,最大徑>4 cm,且位于腺體背側(cè);⑵ 甲狀腺腫物懷疑或明確惡變;⑶ 胸骨后甲狀腺腫,巨大甲狀腺腫物者或考慮喉返神經(jīng)有移位者;⑷ 甲狀旁腺腫物;⑸ 術(shù)中需探查雙側(cè)喉返神經(jīng)[6]。其中,男141例,女188例;年齡26~65歲,(40.2±2.4)歲;年齡<45歲者199例,≥45歲者130例;且均為初次手術(shù)。其中甲狀腺癌125例,胸骨后甲狀腺腫及巨大甲狀腺腫44例,結(jié)節(jié)性甲狀腺腫147例,甲狀旁腺腫物13例。甲狀腺癌中67例行腺葉加峽部切除及同側(cè)VI區(qū)清掃術(shù),45例行雙側(cè)腺葉切除及一側(cè)VI區(qū)清掃術(shù),13例行雙側(cè)腺葉切除及一側(cè)側(cè)區(qū)清掃術(shù);191例甲狀腺良性腫物中89例因雙側(cè)滿布結(jié)節(jié)行雙側(cè)甲狀腺腺葉切除或近全切除術(shù),其余患者行單側(cè)腺葉切除或近全切除術(shù);13例甲狀旁腺腫物中8例行甲狀旁腺全切除加前臂種植術(shù),5例行單個(gè)甲狀旁腺腫物切除術(shù)。術(shù)前均行喉鏡檢查聲帶,術(shù)中均使用喉返神經(jīng)監(jiān)測系統(tǒng),術(shù)中持續(xù)監(jiān)測喉返神經(jīng)共484條,術(shù)后均行喉鏡檢查聲帶(表1)。
表1 329例患者的一般資料
監(jiān)測儀器采用美國美敦力( Medtronic)公司生產(chǎn)的NIM-Response 3.0系統(tǒng)[7],包括監(jiān)測儀主機(jī)、監(jiān)測圖像顯示屏、帶有NIM氣管插管式電極的加強(qiáng)型導(dǎo)管和接地傳導(dǎo)回路電極針。我科自主研發(fā)的新型適配器原理為采用電路集成盒替代機(jī)器自帶的探針連接主機(jī),電路集成盒設(shè)有多個(gè)接口連接多條電路導(dǎo)線,電路導(dǎo)線的另一端連接金屬夾子,用以連接各類金屬的手術(shù)器械(圖1)。
NIM-Response 3.0系統(tǒng)的準(zhǔn)備方法同說明書,用我科自主研發(fā)的新型適配器連接多條探測導(dǎo)線適配不同器械術(shù)中備用。術(shù)中取頸前低領(lǐng)橫弧形切口,逐層切開顯露甲狀腺,分離甲狀腺外側(cè)暴露頸總動(dòng)脈,將連接新型適配器的電路導(dǎo)線夾子端固定于血管鑷(刺激電流3.0 mA)探測頸總動(dòng)脈外側(cè)的迷走神經(jīng)(無須暴露迷走神經(jīng)),同法于甲狀腺下極應(yīng)用“十字法”探測喉返神經(jīng),在喉返神經(jīng)解剖過程中根據(jù)操作需求,術(shù)者和助手用包括血管鉗、血管鑷等在內(nèi)的各種手術(shù)器械(刺激電流1.0~2.0 mA)均可適配探測喉返神經(jīng),根據(jù)術(shù)者的操作習(xí)慣連續(xù)探測、暴露并保護(hù)喉返神經(jīng),安全切除甲狀腺腺葉或甲狀旁腺。
圖1 新型適配器(黑色)及連接
記錄探測與解剖喉返神經(jīng)的時(shí)間、術(shù)中肌電信號丟失點(diǎn)和術(shù)后聲帶檢查結(jié)果,計(jì)算術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)識(shí)別率及暫時(shí)性損傷率。手術(shù)前后行喉鏡檢查聲帶,如術(shù)前聲帶活動(dòng)正常,術(shù)后聲音嘶啞,喉鏡見聲帶麻痹者為喉返神經(jīng)損傷。術(shù)后觀察發(fā)音情況和復(fù)查喉鏡,6個(gè)月內(nèi)恢復(fù)者為暫時(shí)性喉返神經(jīng)損傷,否則為永久性損傷。
329例患者共找到喉返神經(jīng)共484條,術(shù)中用不同操作器械均可測得喉返神經(jīng)電信號,其中411條喉返神經(jīng)全程顯露,73條喉返神經(jīng)部分顯露。8例術(shù)中出現(xiàn)肌電信號丟失,均能及時(shí)找出原因并予以相應(yīng)處理。其中6例考慮由術(shù)中追加肌松劑引起,待肌松劑半衰期過后肌電信號恢復(fù)。另外2例考慮由術(shù)中牽拉和熱灼傷喉返神經(jīng)造成,術(shù)中予以地塞米松浸潤神經(jīng),術(shù)后喉鏡見同側(cè)聲帶麻痹。患者2周后聲音恢復(fù)正常,1個(gè)月后復(fù)查喉鏡雙側(cè)聲帶活動(dòng)正常。喉返神經(jīng)解剖時(shí)間為(4.0±1.5)min,術(shù)中神經(jīng)損傷識(shí)別率為100%,喉返神經(jīng)暫時(shí)性損傷率為0.41%(表2)。
表2 329例患者術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)監(jiān)測情況
喉返神經(jīng)損傷是甲狀腺手術(shù)常見而嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥之一,單側(cè)損傷術(shù)后出現(xiàn)聲音嘶啞,雙側(cè)損傷導(dǎo)致失音、呼吸困難甚至窒息,需行氣管切開且長期帶管,嚴(yán)重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,易引發(fā)醫(yī)療糾紛。喉返神經(jīng)損傷受多種因素的影響,包括甲狀腺疾病的病理類型、甲狀腺手術(shù)的次數(shù)[8]、手術(shù)切除范圍、喉返神經(jīng)的解剖變異[9]以及外科醫(yī)生的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)與手術(shù)技巧等原因。最常見的損傷原因有[10]:⑴ 牽拉、吸引、壓迫和結(jié)扎等損傷;⑵ 電刀與超聲刀的熱損傷;⑶ 最嚴(yán)重的是術(shù)中切斷神經(jīng)。國內(nèi)孫輝團(tuán)隊(duì)[11-12]對術(shù)中神經(jīng)監(jiān)測進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的研究和實(shí)踐,證明了術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)監(jiān)測(IONM)在甲狀腺手術(shù)中的積極作用,諸如定位和鑒別喉返神經(jīng)、查找損傷點(diǎn)等。經(jīng)國外大量文獻(xiàn)[13-17]報(bào)道,規(guī)范化應(yīng)用IONM可輔助外科醫(yī)師在術(shù)中應(yīng)對復(fù)雜解剖結(jié)構(gòu),巧妙規(guī)避喉返神經(jīng)危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域,對確定喉返神經(jīng)損傷部位具有特異性。IONM技術(shù)還可以在肉眼操作下,提供具有參考價(jià)值的量化指標(biāo),讓外科醫(yī)生對神經(jīng)功能的預(yù)判有據(jù)可依。
目前,應(yīng)用IONM 技術(shù)監(jiān)測喉返神經(jīng)功能主要有兩種方法[18-19]:⑴ 直接法:利用常規(guī)探針,在喉返神經(jīng)損傷高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)部位如甲狀腺下極及入喉處短時(shí)間連續(xù)釋放電刺激,同步進(jìn)行手術(shù)操作,觀察報(bào)警聲音及肌電圖改變;⑵ 間接法:利用迷走神經(jīng)連續(xù)刺激電極,按一定的頻次連續(xù)刺激迷走神經(jīng)間接判斷喉返神經(jīng)功能,同時(shí)不影響手術(shù)操作。
筆者在臨床應(yīng)用中發(fā)現(xiàn)直接監(jiān)測法存在以下不足之處:⑴ 術(shù)者需反復(fù)將手中的操作器械與探針進(jìn)行交換來識(shí)別神經(jīng),不夠便利且耽誤操作時(shí)間;⑵ 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的R1和R2之間存在一定的監(jiān)測空窗期,如果發(fā)生RLN損傷無法得知出現(xiàn)在哪個(gè)步驟。而間接法需要專門的監(jiān)測設(shè)備。鑒于此,自主研發(fā)的新型適配器將連接探針的電路導(dǎo)線,改變?yōu)榭蛇B接各類手術(shù)器械的帶金屬夾子電路導(dǎo)線。應(yīng)用體會(huì)其使用優(yōu)勢在于:⑴ 優(yōu)化探查RLN的步驟,術(shù)者無需頻繁更換探針耽誤時(shí)間,同時(shí)助手手中連接適配器的手術(shù)器械也可協(xié)助進(jìn)行監(jiān)測;⑵ 可在解剖RLN的操作過程中同時(shí)對神經(jīng)進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測,避免監(jiān)測空窗期,在操作時(shí)同步神經(jīng)監(jiān)測與保護(hù)動(dòng)作能即刻發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷予以補(bǔ)救,能增加術(shù)者的操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。作為第一代產(chǎn)品我們該項(xiàng)發(fā)明目前尚存在不足:⑴ 手術(shù)器械缺乏絕緣層,操作時(shí)同時(shí)觸及其他組織可出現(xiàn)干擾情況,對此我們將進(jìn)行器械的絕緣處理;⑵ 神經(jīng)持續(xù)監(jiān)測適配器尚不能連接于常規(guī)電刀。
本組發(fā)生的RLN損傷2例原因分別為:1例神經(jīng)拉鉤牽拉傷,1例超聲刀熱損傷。損傷后可立即發(fā)現(xiàn)刺激RLN的損傷點(diǎn)近端電信號消失,予以地塞米松局部浸泡及術(shù)后靜脈注射地塞米松,均在近期內(nèi)得到緩解。這對術(shù)者的操作技巧及經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累有很大益處,同時(shí)明確損傷原因,可及時(shí)采取相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)救措施。
筆者新研發(fā)的適配器應(yīng)用于RLN功能持續(xù)監(jiān)測技術(shù),術(shù)中可以連接各類器械快速有效地尋找并顯露喉返神經(jīng),對術(shù)者提升操作技巧及經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累有很大益處,特別是在甲狀腺外科培養(yǎng)??漆t(yī)生的過程中發(fā)揮極大的作用,值得推廣應(yīng)用。
[1]Caragacianu D,Kamani D,Randolph GW.Intraoperative monitoring:normative range associated with normal postoperative glottic function[J].Laryngoscope,2013,123(12):3026–3031.doi: 10.1002/lary.24195.
[2]中國醫(yī)師協(xié)會(huì)外科醫(yī)師分會(huì)甲狀腺外科醫(yī)師委員會(huì).甲狀腺及甲狀旁腺手術(shù)中神經(jīng)電生理監(jiān)測臨床指南(中國版)[J].中國實(shí)用外科雜志,2013,33(6):470–474.The Thyroid Surgeons Committee of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Department of Surgeons Clinical Guidelines for intraoperative neuroelectrophysiological detection during thyroid and parathyroid surgery (Chinese edition)[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery,2013,33(6):470–474.
[3]姚永庭.顯露喉返神經(jīng)在高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甲狀腺手術(shù)中對喉返神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用[J].中國普通外科雜志,2015,24(5):756–759.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005–6947.2015.05.029.Yao YT.Protective effect of exposure of recurrent laryngeal nerve to avoid its injury in high-risk thyroid surgery[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2015,24(5):756–759.doi:10.3978/j.issn.1005–6947.2015.05.029.
[4]Anuwong A,Lavazza M,Kim HY,et al.Recurrent laryngeal nerve management in thyroid surgery: consequences of routine visualization,application of intermittent,standardized and continuous nerve monitoring[J].Updates Surg,2016,68(4):331–341.
[5]Zheng H,Jiang L,Wang X,et al.Application experience of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroidectomy[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(12):22359–22364.
[6]李鐸偉,車向明,劉俊松,等.分化型甲狀腺癌手術(shù)方式選擇的Meta分析[J].中國普通外科雜志,2012,21(5):526–531.Li DW,Che XM,Liu JS,et al.Choice of surgical procedure for differentiated thyroid cancer: a Meta- analysis[J].Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2012,21(5):526–531.
[7]Durán Poveda MC,Dionigi G,Sitges-Serra A,et al.Intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy:A standardized approach part 2[J].World J Endocr Surg,2012,4:33–40.
[8]石嵐,程波,屈新才,等.甲狀腺手術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)損傷原因及預(yù)防[J].中國實(shí)用外科雜志,2007,27(11):897–899.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1005–2208.2007.11.019.Shi L,Cheng B,Qu XC,et al.Reasons and preventions for damage of recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery,2007,27(11):897–899.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1005–2208.2007.11.019.
[9]柳麓崙,王培松,王碩,等.非返性喉返神經(jīng)解剖特征及術(shù)中保護(hù)策略(附22例報(bào)告)[J].中國實(shí)用外科雜志,2016,36(8):901–903.Liu LL,Wang PS,Wang S,et al.Anatomy characteristics and intraoperative protection of non recurrent laryngeal nerve: 22 cases experience sharing[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery,2016,36(8):901–903.
[10]吳孟超,吳再德.黃家駟外科學(xué)[M].北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2008:1132.Wu MC,Wu ZD.Huang Jiasi Surgery[M].Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House,2008:1132.
[11]劉曉莉,孫輝.甲狀腺手術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)監(jiān)測技術(shù)的優(yōu)化與解讀[J].中國醫(yī)學(xué)文摘: 耳鼻咽喉科學(xué),2010,25(3):152–154.Liu XL,Sun H.Optimization and clarification of recurrent laryngeal nerve detection technique during thyroid surgery[J].Chinese Medical Digest:Otolaryngology,2010,25(3):152–154.
[12]孫輝,劉曉莉,張大奇,等.甲狀腺手術(shù)中喉返神經(jīng)保護(hù)及監(jiān)測的臨床應(yīng)用[J].中國普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2010,17(8):768–771.Sun H,Liu XL,Zhang DQ,et al.Clinical Application of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Protection and Monitoring During Thyroidectomy[J].Chinese Journal of Bases and Clinics in General Surgery,2010,17(8):768–771.
[13]Kandil E,Mohamed SE,Deniwar A,et al.Electrophysiologic identification and monitoring of the external branch of superior laryngeal nerve during thyroidectomy[J].Laryngoscope,2015,125(8):1996–2000.doi: 10.1002/lary.25139.
[14]Randolph GW,Dralle H,International Intraoperative Monitoring Study Group,et al.Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement [J].Laryngoscope,2011,121,121(Suppl 1):S1–16.doi: 10.1002/lary.21119.
[15]Dralle H,Lorenz K.Intraoperative neuromonitoring of thyroid gland operations: Surgical standards and aspects of expert assessment[J].Chirurg,2010,81(7):612–619.doi: 10.1007/s00104–009–1882-x.
[16]Lin HS,Terris DJ.An update on the status of nerve monitoring for thyroid/parathyroid surgery[J].Curr Opin Oncol,2017,29(1):14–19.
[17]魏濤,李志輝,朱精強(qiáng).喉返神經(jīng)探測儀實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測在再次甲狀腺手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用[J].中國普外基礎(chǔ)與臨床雜志,2010,17(8):772–774.Wei T,Li ZH,Zhu JQ,et al.Real-Time Monitoring of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve During Thyroid Reoperation[J].Chinese Journal of Bases and Clinics in General Surgery,2010,17(8):772–774.
[18]劉曉莉,孫輝.喉返神經(jīng)監(jiān)測技術(shù)原理與臨床應(yīng)用[J].中國實(shí)用外科雜志,2012,32(5):409–411.Liu XL,Sun H.Principles and clinical application of recurrent laryngeal nerve detection [J].Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery,2012,32(5):409–411.
[19]吳偉,田文,張艷君,等.持續(xù)術(shù)中神經(jīng)監(jiān)測技術(shù)在甲狀腺手術(shù)喉返神經(jīng)保護(hù)中的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀[J].解放軍醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2016,37(12):1312–1314.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095–5227.2016.12.025.Wu W,Tian W,Zhang YJ,et al.Application of continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring in recurrent laryngeal nerve protection during thyroidectomy[J].Academic Journal of Chinese Pla Medical School,2016,37(12):1312–1314.doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095–5227.2016.12.025.