劉 霞,齊鳳杰,杜曉媛
(錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,遼寧 錦州 121000)
肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocelluar carcinoma,HCC)是全球最常見的惡性腫瘤之一,具有病死率高、容易復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的特點(diǎn),在腫瘤相關(guān)死亡率中排第3位[1]。目前已知,侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是HCC病死率高的最重要原因之一[2],但臨床上缺乏有效的方法抑制HCC的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[3],因此對(duì)HCC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制研究十分必要。侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤的重要特征,也是惡性腫瘤患者預(yù)后不佳的重要原因,抗侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移治療一直被認(rèn)為是提高惡性腫瘤治療效果的一種重要手段[4]。RAF激酶家族在惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生、進(jìn)展和耐藥性形成過程中具有重要作用,其主要由人體內(nèi)鼠類肉瘤濾過性病毒同源癌基因3611mRNA(ARAF)、原癌基因絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶(BRAF)和原癌基因絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶(CRAF)組成[5]。研究[6]表明:CRAF通過RAF/MEK/ERK信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)惡性腫瘤的增殖和耐藥,但對(duì)惡性腫瘤的遷移和侵襲研究較少?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移過程中起關(guān)鍵作用的蛋白水解酶[7]。研究[8]表明:MMPs的關(guān)鍵成員MMP-2和MMP-9可以促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞降解細(xì)胞外基質(zhì),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究以HCC SMMC7721細(xì)胞作為研究對(duì)象,采用shRNA技術(shù)沉默SMMC7721細(xì)胞中CRAF的表達(dá),探討CRAF對(duì)肝癌細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲的作用。
1.1 細(xì)胞、主要試劑和儀器 人HCC SMMC7721、HepG2和QGY7703細(xì)胞購于中國科學(xué)院上海細(xì)胞庫。DMEM培養(yǎng)液和胎牛血清購于美國Gibco公司,兔抗人CRAF、MMP-2和MMP-9單克隆抗體購于英國Abcam公司,Lipofectamine2000購于美國Life公司,shCRAF#1、shCRAF#2和對(duì)照載體購于上海吉?jiǎng)P公司,Matrigel凝膠購于美國BD公司。酶標(biāo)儀和SDS-PAGE蛋白電泳儀購于美國Bio-Rad公司,低溫高速離心機(jī)購于美國Thermo公司。
1.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和轉(zhuǎn)染 將人HCC SMMC7721、HepG2和QGY7703細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于含10% FBS和1% 青霉素/ 鏈霉素的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,培養(yǎng)條件為37℃、5% CO2。每2~3 d更換培養(yǎng)液1次。轉(zhuǎn)染按美國Invitrogen公司的實(shí)驗(yàn)指南進(jìn)行。將細(xì)胞接種于6孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,當(dāng)細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到90%時(shí)開始轉(zhuǎn)染,轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h采用Western blotting法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染效率。質(zhì)粒用量為4 μg,轉(zhuǎn)染試劑體積為12 μL。shCRAF#1序列為CGGAGATGTTGCAGTAAAGAT,shCRAF#2序列為GAGACATGAAATCCAACAATA。將SMMC7721細(xì)胞分為對(duì)照組和沉默組,分別對(duì)沉默組轉(zhuǎn)染shCRAF#1和shCRAF#2(shCRAF#1轉(zhuǎn)染組和shCRAF#2轉(zhuǎn)染組)。
1.3 Western blotting法檢測各組細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)水平及其沉默效果 細(xì)胞收樣后,RIPA緩沖液裂解細(xì)胞,BCA定量。采用10% SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,電泳結(jié)束后轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,1%BSA室溫封閉1 h,加入CRAF兔抗人單克隆抗體(1∶1 000稀釋),4℃孵育過夜。TBST漂洗3次,每次10 min。漂洗結(jié)束后加入HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗,室溫孵育1 h后,采用TBST漂洗3次,以ECL發(fā)光液于凝膠成像系統(tǒng)中檢測顯影情況。得到CRAF條帶,采用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灰度分析。
1.4 細(xì)胞劃痕法檢測細(xì)胞創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù) 取對(duì)數(shù)生長期SMMC-7721細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞密度為2×105mL-1,鋪于12孔板,每組設(shè)3個(gè)復(fù)孔。24 h內(nèi)細(xì)胞長至70%后進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染,細(xì)胞匯合成單層細(xì)胞進(jìn)行劃痕操作。采用20 μL槍頭貼著經(jīng)消毒處理的直尺于每孔中間輕劃1道痕跡, PBS洗滌3次,加入1 mL無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng),分別于0和24 h顯微鏡下觀察各組細(xì)胞愈合情況,測量創(chuàng)口寬度,記為W0和W24,并計(jì)算創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù)。創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù)=(W0-W24)/W0。
1.5 Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù) 轉(zhuǎn)染后12 h將細(xì)胞用胰酶消化后置于無血清DMEM培養(yǎng)液制成細(xì)胞懸液,接種至Matrigel凝膠包被的Transwell培養(yǎng)板的上層,每孔1×104個(gè),體積200 μL。在Transwell培養(yǎng)板的下層加入完全培養(yǎng)液。36 h后取出,4%多聚甲醛固定10 min,采用結(jié)晶紫染色20 min,顯微鏡高倍視野下照相。隨機(jī)選取3個(gè)高倍視野,計(jì)數(shù)穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)。
1.6 Western blotting法檢測各組細(xì)胞中CRAF、MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平 細(xì)胞收樣后,RIPA緩沖液裂解細(xì)胞,BCA定量。采用10% SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳,電泳結(jié)束后轉(zhuǎn)至PVDF膜,1%BSA室溫封閉1 h,加入CRAF、MMP-2和MMP-9兔抗人單克隆抗體(1∶1 000稀釋),4℃孵育過夜。TBST漂洗3次,每次10 min。漂洗結(jié)束后加入HRP標(biāo)記的羊抗兔二抗,室溫孵育1 h后,采用TBST漂洗3次,以ECL發(fā)光液于凝膠成像系統(tǒng)中檢測顯影,分別得到CRAF、MMP-2和MMP-9條帶,采用凝膠成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行灰度分析。
2.1 肝癌細(xì)胞的選擇 采用Western blotting法檢測HepG2、QGY-7703和SMMC7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)情況結(jié)果顯示:CRAF在這3種細(xì)胞中均表達(dá),其中SMMC7721細(xì)胞中表達(dá)水平最高(圖1),因此選定SMMC7721細(xì)胞用于后續(xù)研究。
Lane 1: HepG2 cells;Lane 2: QGY-7703 cells;Lane 3: SMMC-7721 cells.
圖1 Western blotting法檢測HepG2、QGY-7703和SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)電泳圖
Fig.1 Electrophoregram of expressions of CRAF in HepG2,QGY-7703,and SMMC7721 cells detected by Western blotting method
2.2 各組SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)水平 與對(duì)照組(0.90±0.11)比較,shCRAF#1轉(zhuǎn)染組和shCRAF#2轉(zhuǎn)染組SMMC7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)水平(0.63±0.22和0.55±0.27)明顯降低(P<0.05)。見圖2。
Lane 1: Control group;Lane 2: ShCRAF#1 transfection group;Lane 3: ShCRAF#2 transfection group.
圖2 Western blotting法檢測各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá)電泳圖
Fig.2 Electrophoregram of expressions of CRAF in SMMC7721 cells in various groups detected by Western blotting method
2.3 各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞的創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù) 細(xì)胞劃痕檢測結(jié)果顯示:與對(duì)照組比較,轉(zhuǎn)染shCRAF#1和shCRAF#2組SMMC7721細(xì)胞的創(chuàng)口愈合速度明顯降低(圖3,見插頁四)。對(duì)照組細(xì)胞的創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù)為(0.50±0.03),shCRAF#1和shCRAF#2轉(zhuǎn)染組細(xì)胞的創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù)分別為(0.31±0.02)和(0.32±0.03),組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖4。
*P<0.05 vs control group.
圖4 細(xì)胞劃痕法檢測各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞的創(chuàng)口愈合指數(shù)
Fig.4 Wound closure indexes of SMMC7721 cells in various groups detected by wound healing analysis
2.4 各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù) 與對(duì)照組比較,shCRAF#1轉(zhuǎn)染和shCRAF#2轉(zhuǎn)染組SMMC7721細(xì)胞穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯降低,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖5(插頁四)和圖6。
*P<0.05 vs control group.
圖6 Transwell 實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞穿膜細(xì)胞數(shù)
Fig.6 Number of transmembrane cells of SMMC7721 cells in various groups detected by Transwell assay
2.5 各組SMMC7721細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平 與對(duì)照組(1.13±0.02和1.00±0.07)比較,shCRAF#1轉(zhuǎn)染組(0.51±0.03和0.49±0.11)和shCRAF#2轉(zhuǎn)染組(0.46±0.05和0.47±0.05)SMMC7721細(xì)胞中MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平明顯降低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見圖7。
Lane 1:Control group;Lane 2: ShCRAF#1 transfection group;Lane 3: ShCRAF#2 transfection group.
圖7 Western blotting法檢測各組SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中MMP-2 和MMP-9表達(dá)電泳圖
Fig.7 Electrophoregram of expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in SMMC7721 cells in various groups detected by Western blotting method
侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤的重要生物學(xué)特征,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、嚴(yán)格受控的過程。HCC細(xì)胞具有極強(qiáng)的侵襲能力,易于通過血液、淋巴系統(tǒng)發(fā)生侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,是HCC患者預(yù)后不佳的重要原因[9]。盡管抗侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移是肝癌治療的重要手段,可以提高HCC治療的效果,但目前臨床上缺乏有效的抑制侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的方法[10],主要是因?yàn)閷?duì)HCC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)制認(rèn)識(shí)不夠深刻。
CRAF是RAF激酶家族的重要成員[11-13],可通過激活下游的MEK/ERK信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞增殖[14-16],但其對(duì)HCC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是否具有調(diào)節(jié)作用目前報(bào)道較少。本研究檢測CRAF在人HCC HepG2、QGY7703和SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中表達(dá)結(jié)果顯示:盡管CRAF在這3種人HCC細(xì)胞中均有表達(dá),但其在SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中表達(dá)水平較高。本研究采用shRNA技術(shù)下調(diào)SMMC-7721細(xì)胞中CRAF表達(dá),探討其對(duì)SMMC7721細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力影響的結(jié)果顯示:下調(diào)CRAF可以有效抑制細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移,提示沉默CRAF可以有效抑制HCC的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。
MMP-2和MMP-9是MMPs家族中降解Ⅳ型膠原的主要酶[17-18],參與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)和基底膜降解過程,在腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中發(fā)揮重要作用[19-20]。MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平是衡量腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移能力的重要指標(biāo)[21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示:在SMMC7721細(xì)胞中沉默CRAF可以降低MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平。
綜上所述,沉默CRAF可以有效地抑制HCC細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,而這種抑制作用通過降低MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)水平實(shí)現(xiàn)。CRAF可以作為抗HCC侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的有效靶點(diǎn),本研究結(jié)果為臨床上抑制HCC的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移提供新的線索。
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吉林大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)2018年3期