虞向陽(yáng) 謝宗源 陳建立
[摘要] 目的 探討優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝對(duì)腸系膜上靜脈血栓形成大鼠腸道組織中低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(HIF-1)與血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)表達(dá)的影響。 方法 將45只健康成年SD大鼠按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組、模型組及治療組,每組各15只。模型組動(dòng)物進(jìn)行造模試驗(yàn),經(jīng)皮下注射生理鹽水0.2 mL/100 g后常規(guī)飼養(yǎng);治療組動(dòng)物經(jīng)造模后,經(jīng)尾靜脈注射曲美他嗪(10 mg/kg);對(duì)照組則僅打開(kāi)腹腔,不阻斷血運(yùn),后經(jīng)皮下注射生理鹽水0.2 mL/100 g。每組均間隔12 h重復(fù)給予藥物干預(yù),直至術(shù)后72 h。觀察并比較三組大鼠一般狀態(tài)、腹腔情況、病理情況及HIF-1、VEGF、丙二醛(MDA)、肌酸激酶(CK)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)水平。結(jié)果 對(duì)照組一般狀況、腹腔情況、腸道組織病理學(xué)觀察均顯示正常,模型組腸道壞死,部分區(qū)域伴穿孔,治療組意識(shí)、活動(dòng)、腸壁血運(yùn)基本恢復(fù)正常,無(wú)瘀血水腫及壞死脫落。與對(duì)照組比較,模型組HIF-1、VEGF、MDA、CK升高明顯,ATP降低明顯;與模型組比較,治療組HIF-1、VEGF、MDA、CK降低明顯,ATP升高明顯,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 優(yōu)化能量代謝劑曲美他嗪可清除自由基對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞的損害,明顯降低VEGF、HIF-1水平,改善動(dòng)物腸道上靜脈血栓狀況,效果好。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝;腸系膜上靜脈血栓形成;低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1;血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子;三磷酸腺苷
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R572.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)03(c)-0013-05
[Abstract] Objective To study the effect of optimized myocardial energy metabolism on the expression of hypoxic induction factor-1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rats with superior mesenteric venous thrombosis. Methods Forty-five healthy adult SD rats were divided into control group, model group and treatment group by random number table. The model group animals were tested for the model, which were fed after subcutaneous injection of 0.2 mL/100 g of physiological saline solution. After the animals were formed, the tail vein was injected with Trimetazidine (10 mg/kg) in the treatment group. The control group was only opened the abdominal cavity, but was not block the blood transport, then injected the physiological saline with 0.2 mL/100 g. Each group was given a 12 h interval for drug intervention until 72 h after surgery. General state, abdominal cavity condition and pathological condition were observed, HIF-1, VEGF and malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined. Results The general situation, peritoneal condition and intestinal histopathological observation of control group were normal, while intestinal of the model group was necrosis, the part region was perforation, consciousness and activity of treatment group, blood transport of intestinal was basically normal, and there was no bleeding edema and no necrosis. Compared with the control group, the levels of HIF-1, VEGF, MDA and CK in the model group were significantly higher, ATP level was decreased, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the levels of HIF-1, VEGF, MDA and CK in the treatment group were decreased significantly, ATP level was higher, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion Optimize energy metabolizer Trimetazidine can remove free radical damage to myocardial cells, and can significantly reduce VEGF and hif-1 levels, improve the condition of venous thrombosis in animal intestines with good effect.
[Key words] Optimized myocardial energy metabolism; Superior mesenteric venous thrombosis; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1; Vascular endothelial growth factor; Adenosine triphosphate
腸系膜上靜脈血栓形成(superior mesenteric venous thrombosis,SMVT)作為MVT累及最為常見(jiàn)的一種血管源性急腹癥[1-2],近年來(lái)隨著多排螺旋CT技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展,其檢出率明顯提高,但廣大醫(yī)務(wù)工作者對(duì)SMVT仍還存在一些模糊認(rèn)識(shí),認(rèn)知較局限,對(duì)其治療仍主要根據(jù)病情癥狀體征的嚴(yán)重程度而定,但治療效果卻不盡如人意。
能量代謝是近年來(lái)研究的熱點(diǎn),優(yōu)化能量代謝劑曲美他嗪(Trimetazidine,TMZ)作為哌嗪類(lèi)衍生物的一種,在改善缺血、缺氧心肌細(xì)胞的能量代謝方面作用顯著,可對(duì)抗心肌缺血[3-8]。目前關(guān)于TMZ在冠心病治療中的應(yīng)用較多,但關(guān)于其在SMVT中的應(yīng)用國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)報(bào)道極少。再加之發(fā)病率低,合適動(dòng)物模型的建及其有效的治療方法的探討對(duì)于該疾病的研究較為重要。為此,本研究采用結(jié)扎法建立SMVT大鼠模型并采用TMZ進(jìn)行治療,以探討優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝對(duì)SMVT的干預(yù)效果,為進(jìn)一步研究該病提供基礎(chǔ)依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組
健康成年雄性SD大鼠,由華北理工大學(xué)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中心提供,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):SYXK(冀)2016-0040,體重220~240 g,適應(yīng)性飼養(yǎng)5 d,自由飲水飲食。45只大鼠按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組、模型組及治療組,每組各15只。本研究所用動(dòng)物均經(jīng)華北理工大學(xué)動(dòng)物倫理委員會(huì)審核并批準(zhǔn)。
1.2儀器及試藥
BX53熒光顯微鏡(奧林巴斯OLYMPUS生產(chǎn)),小動(dòng)物麻醉機(jī)及酶標(biāo)儀(美國(guó)matrx),七氟醚(江蘇恩華藥業(yè)股份有限公司),低氧誘導(dǎo)因子-1(hypoxia-inducible factor-1,HIF-1)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、丙二醛(malonic dialdehyde,MDA)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine-triphosphate,ATP)試劑盒均購(gòu)自南京建成公司。
1.3 方法
模型組動(dòng)物進(jìn)行造模試驗(yàn),經(jīng)皮下注射生理鹽水0.2 mL/100 g后常規(guī)飼養(yǎng);治療組動(dòng)物經(jīng)造模后,經(jīng)尾靜脈注射TMZ(10 mg/kg);對(duì)照組則僅打開(kāi)腹腔,不阻斷血運(yùn),后經(jīng)皮下注射生理鹽水0.2 mL/100 g。每組均間隔12 h重復(fù)給予藥物干預(yù),直至術(shù)后72 h 。
1.4 建立SMVT的動(dòng)物模型
實(shí)驗(yàn)前大鼠禁食禁水12 h,2%七氟醚吸入麻醉,取其仰臥位,并固定于手術(shù)臺(tái),術(shù)區(qū)備皮,消毒鋪巾,在大鼠下腹部做一長(zhǎng)2.5 cm的正中切口,找到盲腸,提出距回盲部5 cm處的小腸,充分暴露腸系膜。即用7-0無(wú)損傷尼龍線(xiàn)結(jié)扎近端小腸內(nèi)側(cè)緣4 cm處膜靜脈一級(jí)分支及兩端弓狀靜脈,腸道充血且為暗紅色為造模成功的標(biāo)志。觀察臟器有無(wú)損傷或出血,術(shù)畢以3-0絲線(xiàn)逐層關(guān)閉腹腔。術(shù)中注意保護(hù)暴露的腸管。實(shí)驗(yàn)操作完畢,將動(dòng)物單獨(dú)放于保溫箱中待蘇醒,術(shù)日禁食禁水,10%葡萄糖注射液皮下注射5 mL,術(shù)后第2天正常飲食。
1.5觀察指標(biāo)
一般狀態(tài)及腹腔情況觀察:一般狀態(tài)主要為活動(dòng)、大小便情況。術(shù)后12、24、72 h再次開(kāi)腹探查,觀察腸道有無(wú)粘連,有無(wú)側(cè)支血管形成,有無(wú)腸道瘀血及壞死發(fā)生,以及腸道蠕動(dòng)等情況。
病理情況觀察:術(shù)后12、24、72 h 2%七氟醚吸入麻醉,二次開(kāi)腹,中央切斷受累腸管,并用生理鹽水沖洗干凈,清除腸內(nèi)物,選擇自切斷處一端切取腸管1 cm,4%多聚甲醛溶液中浸泡固定,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,連續(xù)切片,厚度4 μm,HE染色,熒光顯微鏡下觀察病理變化。
HIF-1、VEGF及MDA、CK、ATP水平的測(cè)定:于術(shù)后72 h抽取尾靜脈血5 mL,于潔凈玻璃管內(nèi)離心,3000 r/min(r=10 cm),20 min后取上清液,采用ELISA法測(cè)定血清HIF-1、VEGF及MDA、CK、ATP水平,具體操作步驟參照試劑盒內(nèi)說(shuō)明書(shū)。
1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 18.0對(duì)所得實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異顯著。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各組動(dòng)物的一般狀態(tài)觀察
對(duì)照組正常生長(zhǎng),活動(dòng)自如,神態(tài)精神,皮毛光亮,飲食及大小便正常;模型組術(shù)后8 h出現(xiàn)便血,并逐漸加重,1只因栓塞嚴(yán)重而死亡;治療組大鼠術(shù)后2 h稍萎靡,但意識(shí)逐步恢復(fù),隨著時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),活動(dòng)逐步趨于正常。
2.2 腹腔情況觀察
對(duì)照組腸道組織均正常表現(xiàn),無(wú)水腫、無(wú)血性腹水,腸蠕動(dòng)完全正常。模型組:術(shù)后12 h大鼠腸系膜結(jié)扎區(qū)域腸道系膜發(fā)現(xiàn)暗紅色瘀血,腸壁水腫加重,血性腹水不斷增多;術(shù)后24 h腸道損害情況繼續(xù)加重,暗紅色腹水,腸壁高度水腫,腸蠕動(dòng)減弱,腸壁間嚴(yán)重粘連;術(shù)后72 h腹水暗紅色加深,腸道明顯壞死,部分腸壁已出現(xiàn)穿孔。治療組:術(shù)后12 h腸壁瘀血水腫減輕,腸道輕度痙攣,血性腹水減少;術(shù)后24 h腸壁及腸系膜水腫緩解明顯,腹水量顯著減少,顏色淡紅色,腹腔腸管無(wú)粘連;術(shù)后72 h腸壁血運(yùn)基本恢復(fù)正常,未發(fā)現(xiàn)水腫瘀血,腸蠕動(dòng)正常。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.3 腸道組織病理學(xué)觀察
對(duì)照組:術(shù)后腸壁全層及腸系膜均正常,無(wú)腸道平滑肌壞死及腸道黏膜壞死脫落。模型組:術(shù)后12 h腸壁及腸系膜瘀血擴(kuò)張,表現(xiàn)加重,腸道黏膜及腸道平滑肌大量脫落壞死;術(shù)后24 h腸道平滑肌壞死區(qū)域擴(kuò)大明顯;術(shù)后72 h腸道平滑肌全層壞死,部分區(qū)域出現(xiàn)穿孔。治療組:術(shù)后12 h術(shù)后腸壁及腸系膜廣泛瘀血表現(xiàn)減輕,腸道黏膜壞死脫落有所緩解,部分區(qū)域壞死腸道平滑肌改善;術(shù)后24 h腸道黏膜未出現(xiàn)壞死脫落,腸道平滑肌壞死范圍逐步縮小;術(shù)后72 h腸道及腸系膜瘀血改善,腸道黏膜及腸道平滑肌未再發(fā)生壞死脫落。見(jiàn)圖2。
2.4 各組大鼠腸道中HIF-1及VEGF表達(dá)比較
三組間HIF-1及VEGF比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。組間兩兩比較:與對(duì)照組比較,模型組HIF-1及VEGF升高明顯;與模型組比較,治療組HIF-1及VEGF降低明顯,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.5 各組大鼠腸道組織中MDA、CK、ATP水平比較
三組間MDA 、CK、ATP水平比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。組間兩兩比較:與對(duì)照組比較,模型組MDA、CK升高明顯,ATP降低明顯;與模型組比較,治療組MDA、CK降低明顯,ATP升高明顯,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。表2。
3 討論
SMVT的臨床表現(xiàn)一般是非特異性,易導(dǎo)致誤診。對(duì)于腹水并伴有血栓疾病史或家族史的患者,臨床上要高度懷疑SMVT,SMVT腹痛的程度與體征存在不相符的情況[9-11]。一般而言,SMVT腹痛常表現(xiàn)為臍周的絞痛,并存在惡心嘔吐、腹瀉等癥狀[12],其次15%的患者存在嘔血、便血,50%的患者存在便潛血[13-16],嚴(yán)重者常會(huì)危及生命。
心肌能量代謝是影響患者心功能的重要因素。隨著臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)SMVT的認(rèn)識(shí)逐漸深入,其治療方法也在不斷發(fā)展,但其在SMVT中的應(yīng)用研究尚少。TMZ作為調(diào)節(jié)心肌能量代謝藥物,通過(guò)降低游離脂肪酸的氧化速率,減輕線(xiàn)粒體內(nèi)鈣聚積,使心肌細(xì)胞內(nèi)氧自由基產(chǎn)生減少,進(jìn)而保護(hù)線(xiàn)粒體、抗氧化應(yīng)激等來(lái)保護(hù)心肌,維持ATP的產(chǎn)生和缺血心肌細(xì)胞的能量代謝及收縮功能[17-19]。具體過(guò)程為:可抑制線(xiàn)粒體內(nèi)長(zhǎng)鏈3-酮酰輔酶A硫解酶來(lái)減少游離脂肪酸β-氧化,促進(jìn)葡萄糖的有氧氧化,降低心肌對(duì)脂肪酸的利用程度,維持ATP的水平,進(jìn)而達(dá)到優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝的目的。其還能夠利用細(xì)胞內(nèi)部分代謝相關(guān)酶,降低乳酸脫氫酶的釋放,使得細(xì)胞內(nèi)的乳酸堆積減少,緩解細(xì)胞內(nèi)酸中毒,同時(shí)抑制血小板聚集及心肌組織中性粒細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),降低心肌梗死的發(fā)生。另外,TMZ還通過(guò)保護(hù)線(xiàn)粒體的正常功能,增加心肌細(xì)胞的ATP含量;減少氧化應(yīng)激過(guò)程中心肌線(xiàn)粒體鈣超負(fù)荷。本研究結(jié)果提示與上述論述一致,可見(jiàn)TMZ具有清除自由基對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞損害的作用,是一種治療SMVT效果較好的優(yōu)化能量代謝劑。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)還顯示,模型動(dòng)物術(shù)后24 h腸管間粘連嚴(yán)重,大量側(cè)支血管出現(xiàn),72 h最為嚴(yán)重,且有血性腹水形成,暗紅色血,病理結(jié)果與上述分析一致,提示造模成功。治療組腸道瘀血情況在12 h有所緩解,24 h逐漸恢復(fù),72 h趨于轉(zhuǎn)歸,可見(jiàn)阻斷腸道內(nèi)徑6 cm范圍腸系膜靜脈一級(jí)分支及邊緣靜脈,在優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝后改善,提示小范圍SMVT腸道損害經(jīng)優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝可以恢復(fù)。
VEGF作為多功能血管通透因子的一種,可于全身血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用,加速內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的分裂、增以及遷移,并參與血管的新生[20]。其還能夠改善血管通透性、營(yíng)養(yǎng)并保護(hù)神經(jīng)。HIF-1可參與細(xì)胞缺氧誘導(dǎo)的特異應(yīng)答反應(yīng),在缺氧誘導(dǎo)的基因表達(dá)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[21]。同時(shí)可增加VEGF及多種血管生成因子的表達(dá),加速生理性和病理性微血管的生成,由于新生血管為非功能性血管,當(dāng)其通透性增加,斑塊內(nèi)發(fā)生出血或破裂,引發(fā)血栓。本研究顯示,模型動(dòng)物VEGF和HIF-1的表達(dá)明顯高于對(duì)照組,治療組動(dòng)物血清VEGF和HIF-1水平降低明顯,表明VEGF、HIF-1在SMVT動(dòng)物血清中呈高表達(dá);優(yōu)化心肌能量代謝可明顯改善動(dòng)物腸道上靜脈血栓狀況。
綜上,優(yōu)化能量代謝劑TMZ通過(guò)降低SMVT動(dòng)物血清MDA和CK含量,增加心肌中ATP含量來(lái)清除自由基對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞損害;同時(shí)可明顯改善動(dòng)物腸道上靜脈血栓狀況,效果較好。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-25 本文編輯:李岳澤)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2018年9期