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遠(yuǎn)程缺血預(yù)處理對(duì)兔脊髓缺血再灌注損傷的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制

2018-05-23 11:14余奇勁田文華楊云朝
關(guān)鍵詞:后肢主動(dòng)脈脊髓

余奇勁 田文華 楊云朝

[摘要] 目的 探討遠(yuǎn)程缺血預(yù)處理(RIPC)對(duì)兔脊髓缺血再灌注損傷(SCIRI)的保護(hù)作用及其機(jī)制。 方法 36只日本大耳白兔隨機(jī)雙盲均分為假手術(shù)組(S組)、缺血再灌注損傷組(IR組)、IR+RIPC組,每組12只動(dòng)物。S組不阻斷腹主動(dòng)脈,IR組和IR+RIPC組夾閉腹主動(dòng)脈30 min建立SCIRI模型,IR+RIPC組于主動(dòng)脈阻斷前1 h實(shí)施RIPC。三組動(dòng)物在再灌注2 d和5 d行后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分后處死并取脊髓組織L3~L5段,評(píng)估病理學(xué)變化;同時(shí)檢測(cè)SOD1活性和SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平。 結(jié)果 同一時(shí)間點(diǎn),IR組后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分和脊髓組織病理切片分級(jí)與 S組相比,顯著降低(P < 0.01);而IR+RIPC組后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分和脊髓組織病理切片分級(jí)與IR組相比,則明顯改善,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);術(shù)后第2天,與S組比較,IR+RIPC組SOD1活性和SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平均顯著升高,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),而IR組則無(wú)明顯變化(P > 0.05);術(shù)后第5天,與S組比較,IR組SOD1活性和SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平均顯著降低,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),而IR+RIPC組則無(wú)明顯變化(P > 0.05);與IR組比較,IR+RIPC組SOD1活性和SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平均顯著升高,差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);IR組、IR+RIPC組脊髓組織SOD1 mRNA表達(dá)變化與SOD1活性的變化呈正相關(guān)(R=0.96、0.97,均P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 RIPC對(duì)兔SCIRI有一定的防治作用,其機(jī)制與增強(qiáng)脊髓組織缺血性損傷區(qū)域中SOD1的表達(dá)有關(guān)。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 遠(yuǎn)程缺血預(yù)處理;脊髓;缺血再灌注損傷;超氧化物歧化酶-1

[中圖分類號(hào)] R743.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)03(c)-0008-05

Protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury and its possible mechanism in a rabbit model

YU Qijing1 TIAN Wenhua2 YANG Yunzhao1

1.Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430000, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the protective effect of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury (SCIRI) and its possible mechanism in a rabbit model. Methods Thirty-six rabbits were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), ischemia reperfusion group (IR group), IR+ RIPC group, 12 rats in each group. On the 2 sec and 5th day after reperfusion, 6 animals were sacrificed respectively. Animals in Sham group were exposed abdominal aorta (without interruption), IR group and IR+RIPC group received abdominal aortic clamp 30 min, and established SCIRI model. IR + RIPC group underwent RIPC before aortic clamp 1 h. All animals were evaluated for hindlimb function scores in postoperative 2 days and 5 days, according to the Tarlov standard, and then were sacrificed and the L3 - L5 segment of the spinal cord were detected to observe the pathological changes of spinal cord tissues. Meanwhile, the SOD1 activity and the expression level of SOD1 mRNA were detected. Results On the same timepoint, compared with the Sham group, the neurological function scores and pathological grading of spinal cord tissue in IR group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), but compared with the IR group, the neurological function scores and pathological grading of spinal cord tissue in IR+ RIPC group were significantly improved (P < 0.01). On the second day after operation, compared with the Sham group, the activity of SOD1 and the expression level of SOD1 mRNA in the IR+RIPC group were all significantly increased (P < 0.01), whereas there was no significant change in the IR group (P > 0.05). On the 5th day after operation, compared with the Sham group, the activity of SOD1 and the expression level of SOD1 mRNA in the IR group were all significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and there was no significant change in the IR+RIPC group (P > 0.05). Compared with IR group, the SOD1 activity and the expression level of SOD1 mRNA were all significantly increased in the RIPC group (P < 0.01). The change of SOD1 mRNA expression in spinal cord was positively related to the change of SOD1 activity in IR group or IR+ RIPC group (R=0. 96 or 0.97, all P < 0.01). Conclusion RIPC has a certain preventive effect on rabbit SCIRI, and its mechanism is related to enhancing the expression of SOD1 in ischemic region of spinal cord tissues.

[Key words] Remote ischemic preconditioning; Spinal cord; Ischemia reperfusion injury; Superoxide Dismutase-1

缺血預(yù)處理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)已經(jīng)被大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)或臨床研究證實(shí):對(duì)多種組織器官的缺血性損傷具有保護(hù)效果[1-3]。我們?cè)缙谘芯堪l(fā)現(xiàn),阻斷腹主動(dòng)脈實(shí)施多次IPC對(duì)脊髓缺血再灌注損傷(spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury,SCIRI)具有顯著的保護(hù)作用[4]。然而,腹主動(dòng)脈多次被阻斷在臨床應(yīng)用不切實(shí)際,而且反復(fù)鉗夾主動(dòng)脈存在血管損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。目前已成共識(shí),IPC的保護(hù)作用不僅局限于直接缺血的組織,而且還在遠(yuǎn)端組織呈現(xiàn),這種現(xiàn)象被定義為遠(yuǎn)程缺血預(yù)處理(remote ischemic preconditioning,RIPC)作用[2-3]。目前,RIPC用于防治SCIRI的研究鮮有報(bào)道,本項(xiàng)目以動(dòng)物模型探討RIPC防治SCIRI效果及其機(jī)制。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程

日本大耳白兔 36只[武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供,動(dòng)物批號(hào):SCXK2015-003,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):No.00010387],雄性,3~4月齡,普通級(jí),體量2.2~2.5 kg,普通環(huán)境飼養(yǎng),健康狀況良好。經(jīng)耳緣靜脈輸注平衡鹽液8 mL/(kg·h)。靜脈麻醉推注3%戊巴比妥鈉1.0 mL/kg(由中國(guó)醫(yī)藥集團(tuán)上?;瘜W(xué)試劑公司提供,批號(hào):F20020915,用生理鹽水配備為3%濃度備用),保留呼吸,經(jīng)口氣管插管,靜脈注射肌肉松弛劑維庫(kù)溴銨1.0 mg/kg(海南斯達(dá)制藥有限公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):1212022),接動(dòng)物呼吸機(jī),控制呼吸,頻率30次/min,吸呼比為1︰2。間斷注射3%戊巴比妥鈉(0.5 mL/kg)和維庫(kù)溴銨(0.5 mL/kg)維持麻醉。肝素化后,監(jiān)測(cè)腹主動(dòng)脈阻斷近心端和遠(yuǎn)心端的血壓和心電圖,物理保溫保持直腸溫度38℃。所有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)前后肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能均正常。術(shù)畢動(dòng)物清醒,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管,肌內(nèi)注射青霉素40萬(wàn)U,歸籠飼養(yǎng)。本實(shí)驗(yàn)獲武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院動(dòng)物研究機(jī)構(gòu)審查委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),按實(shí)驗(yàn)室動(dòng)物維護(hù)、使用的指導(dǎo)建議和要求處理動(dòng)物。

1.2 分組方法

36只動(dòng)物采取隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法雙盲均分為假手術(shù)組(S組,n=12)、缺血再灌注損傷組(IR組,n=12)、IR+RIPC組(n=12)。在再灌注2 d和5 d時(shí),每組各處死6只動(dòng)物。S組僅手術(shù)分離腹主動(dòng)脈;IR組和IR+RIPC組參照我們既往方式制造SCIRI[4],即:于右側(cè)股動(dòng)脈近心端用動(dòng)脈壓迫止血器阻斷股動(dòng)脈血流,持續(xù)5 min;然后恢復(fù)股動(dòng)脈血流5 min。重復(fù)以上操作(缺血5 min再灌注5 min)4次,累計(jì)40 min;IR + RIPC組于夾閉主動(dòng)脈前1 h實(shí)施RIPC。

1.3 監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)

1.3.1 后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分 再灌注2 d和5 d時(shí)由1位對(duì)動(dòng)物分組不知情的研究生采用改良Tarlov脊髓損傷評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],對(duì)所有動(dòng)物進(jìn)行后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分。

1.3.2 脊髓組織病理學(xué)檢測(cè) 后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分結(jié)束即刻處死動(dòng)物(2個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)每組各 6 只),取部分脊髓組織(L4~L5段),制作HE染色切片72張(每個(gè)標(biāo)本2張),由對(duì)動(dòng)物分組不知情的同一位病理醫(yī)師在光鏡下(400×)按Naslund等[5]的分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行分級(jí)。

1.3.3 脊髓組織SOD1活性檢測(cè) 取脊髓組織(L3~L4段)100 mg制作組織勻漿,離心取適量上清液,用SOD1 ELISA試劑盒(武漢華美生物工程有限公司,CSB-EL022397RB)檢測(cè)SOD1活性。

1.3.4 脊髓組織SOD1 mRNA表達(dá)水平的測(cè)定 取脊髓組織(L3~L4段)采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量法(RT-PCR)測(cè)定SOD1 mRNA與β-actin的相對(duì)表達(dá)量。蛋白的引物核苷酸由Invitrogen Biotechnology Co.,LTD中國(guó)公司合成(表1)。RT-PCR操作步驟:①提取樣本總RNA,制成RNA溶液。取100 mg脊髓組織置入滲有1 mL的Trizol Reagent勻漿器中充分研磨,加入250 μL三氯甲烷充分混勻,靜置3 min;4℃于1300 g離心8 min,取上清液于新的離心管中并加入0.8倍體積的異丙醇混勻,-20℃放置15 min,4℃于1300 g離心10 min,管底白色沉淀即為RNA;再通過(guò)洗滌、離心,加無(wú)RNA酶的水溶解RNA。②反轉(zhuǎn)錄。取2 μg RNA溶液置于PCR管中,加入1 μL oligo(dT)15,再加入無(wú)核糖核酸酶的去離子水至12 μL,放入PCR儀上70℃保溫5 min,在迅速于冰上冷卻;依次加入4 μL 5×buffer,2 μL 10 mmol/L dNTPs,1 μL RNA inhibitor和1 μL反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶,用槍抽吸混勻;然后再放入PCR儀上42℃保溫30 min,后于80℃保溫5 min滅活反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶。③定量PCR。先取0.2 mL PCR管,配制反應(yīng)體系,每個(gè)反轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物配制3管;依次加2×qPCR Mix 12.5 μL、2.5 μmol/L基因引物2.0 μL(或2.5 μmol/L內(nèi)標(biāo)引物2.0 μL)、反轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物2.0 μL、ddH2O 8.5 μL;再行PCR擴(kuò)增,預(yù)變性95℃ 1 min后,95℃ 15 s,58℃ 20 s,72℃ 20 s,循環(huán)40次;末段延伸72℃,5 min,溶解曲線每20 s升溫1℃,由72℃升至95℃。④計(jì)算基因的表達(dá)量。根據(jù)ΔCT=CT目的基因-CTβ-actin,△△CT=△CT實(shí)驗(yàn)-△CT對(duì)照,擴(kuò)增倍數(shù)=2-△△CT計(jì)算目的基因與β-actin相對(duì)表達(dá)量。

1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或非參數(shù)秩和檢驗(yàn);兩變量間關(guān)系分析采用線性回歸分析,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 再灌注2 d和5 d時(shí)各組動(dòng)物后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分比較

再灌注2 d和5 d時(shí),IR組后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分與S組相比顯著降低(χ22d = 123.2,χ25d = 128.7,均P < 0.01);IR + RIPC組與IR組相比則顯著改善(χ22d = 117.2,χ25d= 128.7,均P < 0.01);IR + RIPC組與S組相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表2。

2.2 三組動(dòng)物脊髓組織病理學(xué)變化比較

S組再灌注2 d和5 d時(shí)脊髓組織神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)基本正常(圖1A、B)。IR組再灌注2 d神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)重破壞,胞核幾乎全部溶解、膠質(zhì)顆粒顯著增多(圖1C);5 d時(shí)神經(jīng)元胞核完全溶解(圖1D)。IR + RIPC組再灌注2 d少數(shù)脊髓神經(jīng)元輕微病變,尼氏體基本清晰,偶爾可見空泡(圖1E);IR + RIPC組再灌注5 d脊髓神經(jīng)元形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)幾乎接近正?;蛲耆#▓D1F)。

與S組比較,IR+ RIPC組再灌注2 d和5 d病理切片Naslun d分級(jí)結(jié)果均無(wú)明顯變化(P > 0.05),而IR組再灌注2 d和5 d差異均有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ22d = 263.5,χ25d= 298.2,均P < 0.01);與IR組比較,IR+ RIPC組再灌注2 d和5 d則均顯著改善(χ22d= 272.6, χ25d= 298.2,均P < 0.01)。見表3。

2.3 三組脊髓組織SOD1活性和SOD1 mRNA檢測(cè)結(jié)果比較

再灌注2 d,與S組比較,IR+ RIPC組SOD1活性顯著增強(qiáng)(t=12.288,P < 0.01),且SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)水平顯著升高(t=15.169,P < 0.01),而IR組二者有升高趨勢(shì)而差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P >0.05);再灌注5 d,與S組比較,IR組SOD1活性顯著降低(t=26.202, P < 0.01),且SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)顯著減弱(t=26.886, P < 0.01),而IR+ RIPC組二者均無(wú)明顯變化(P >0.05);與IR組比較,IR+ RIPC組SOD1活性顯著增強(qiáng)(t=37.220,P < 0.01),且SOD1 mRNA的表達(dá)顯著升高(t=26.373,P < 0.01)。見表4。

2.4 相關(guān)性分析

IR組、RIPC組中,SOD1 mRNA相對(duì)變化量與SOD1活性相對(duì)變化量均呈正相關(guān)(R =0.96、0.97,均P < 0.01)。

3 討論

胸腹主動(dòng)脈瘤、主動(dòng)脈縮窄、脊柱和骨盆腫瘤等外科手術(shù)期間,為創(chuàng)造有利的手術(shù)視野和控制術(shù)中出血,常需阻斷主動(dòng)脈血流,然而主動(dòng)脈血流阻斷超過(guò)一定時(shí)限即可并發(fā)SCIRI[6-8]。針對(duì)如何有效地避免圍術(shù)期SCIRI的發(fā)生,國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)醫(yī)務(wù)或科研人員已經(jīng)開展了大量的研究工作[9]。然而,主動(dòng)脈阻斷手術(shù)期間仍有較高的SCIRI發(fā)病率[10]。研發(fā)新的有效且實(shí)用的SCIRI防治手段,無(wú)疑具有重要臨床意義。本研究結(jié)果顯示:IR + RIPC組實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的后肢神經(jīng)功能評(píng)分明顯增高,脊髓損傷病理學(xué)改變明顯減輕,甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)正常。這些事實(shí)說(shuō)明RIPC對(duì)日本大耳白兔SCIRI具有顯著的防治作用,對(duì)RIPC臨床轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用具有啟示作用。

本研究還進(jìn)行了RIPC防治日本大耳白兔SCIRI的機(jī)制探討。在SCIRI期間,受損脊髓組織發(fā)生顯著的脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng),從而活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)不可避免地大量出現(xiàn)。適量的ROS對(duì)機(jī)體正常的新陳代謝有利,然而超量的ROS卻對(duì)機(jī)體極為不利。超過(guò)機(jī)體承受量的ROS可以引發(fā)急劇的氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化反應(yīng),破壞正常DNA,導(dǎo)致受損區(qū)域組織細(xì)胞功能障礙,出現(xiàn)凋亡或壞死[11-12]。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)特異性的催化組織中ROS而產(chǎn)生歧化反應(yīng),將ROS轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊o(wú)毒的氧化物或氧氣。在腦和脊髓組織中,SOD主要以SOD1和SOD2兩種形式存在,其中SOD1約占總SOD含量的85%,其是清除ROS的主力軍[13]。研究已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)[14]:若能夠增強(qiáng)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中SOD1活性,則神經(jīng)元發(fā)生過(guò)度氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)可被阻止,最終達(dá)到防治神經(jīng)元受損的作用。

依據(jù)以上研究結(jié)果推測(cè):中樞系統(tǒng)神經(jīng)元的損害與組織中SOD1活性的調(diào)節(jié)密切相關(guān),通過(guò)調(diào)控脊髓組織中SOD1的表達(dá)可以防治SCIRI。外源性SOD1細(xì)胞膜滲透性和選擇性極差,因此,其不能直接通過(guò)血腦屏障。外源性SOD1只有被轉(zhuǎn)化為載體結(jié)構(gòu),借助載體形式而透過(guò)血腦屏障。目前研究最多的載體肽為PEP-1,其可以與SOD1結(jié)合而成PEP-1-SOD1融合蛋白。PEP-1-SOD1可直接通過(guò)血腦屏障而發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)效應(yīng)[15]。Eum等[16]研究證實(shí):PEP-1-SOD1腹腔給藥能一定程度地防治沙鼠腦短暫缺血所致的海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡。運(yùn)用PEP-1-SOD1有效治療物理創(chuàng)傷性脊髓損傷也有報(bào)道[17]。同時(shí),Kim等[18]研究也證實(shí),腹腔注射一定劑量的PEP-1-SOD1對(duì)SCIRI具有顯著的防治作用。然而PEP-1-SOD1需要復(fù)雜的生物工程方法合成,同時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者合成PEP-1- SOD1的技術(shù)已經(jīng)申請(qǐng)國(guó)家專利[19],借助他們的幫助或者購(gòu)買制備好的PEP-1-SOD1,程序復(fù)雜或者成本頗高。相比之下,本研究結(jié)果提示:RIPC可以有效地調(diào)控兔脊髓組織內(nèi)源性SOD1的表達(dá),從而有效防治SCIRI;同時(shí),下肢RIPC操作不影響脊髓的血供,而且RIPC作用之后的遠(yuǎn)端器官或組織即刻恢復(fù)了正常血流,無(wú)缺血性損傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這些說(shuō)明,RIPC這種方式具有進(jìn)一步深入研究的價(jià)值。

本研究結(jié)果表明,RIPC通過(guò)增強(qiáng)脊髓缺血損害區(qū)域SOD1 的表達(dá)而提升脊髓組織對(duì)抗缺血傷害能力。在既往動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中[20],學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血前和缺血后Propofol聯(lián)合運(yùn)用可有效防治SCIRI,Propofol干預(yù)可通過(guò)激活PI3K/AKT信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路而影響SCIRI時(shí)脊髓組織SOD1的活性。然而,臨床實(shí)踐中Propofol只有在較大劑量應(yīng)用時(shí),才能有效防止機(jī)體器官缺血再灌注損傷[21],同時(shí)Propofol在較大劑量應(yīng)用時(shí)伴隨一些嚴(yán)重的相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。與RIPC相比,運(yùn)用Propofol 預(yù)處理防治圍術(shù)期SCIRI存在極大的缺陷;然而在患者下肢實(shí)施RIPC,能否激發(fā)脊髓組織產(chǎn)生足夠的內(nèi)源性SOD1而對(duì)抗?jié)撛诘腟CIRI,尚需開展臨床多中心的科研合作和大數(shù)據(jù)分析。我們目前的動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果無(wú)疑為進(jìn)一步的臨床研究提供了實(shí)驗(yàn)理論依據(jù)。

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(收稿日期:2018-01-26 本文編輯:任 念)

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