郭大志 馮園 胡慧軍 李娜 潘樹義
[摘要] 目的 探討高壓氧對(duì)急性一氧化碳中毒大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA表達(dá)的影響。 方法 體外純化培養(yǎng)新生大鼠皮層少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞(OPCs),按3種處理方式分為對(duì)照組、急性一氧化碳中毒組(ACOP組)、高壓氧組(HBO組)。對(duì)照組不進(jìn)行任何處理;ACOP組將細(xì)胞放在密閉容器內(nèi),根據(jù)體積比例注入1%一氧化碳;HBO組將一氧化碳處理的OPCs放入動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)艙中,以98%O2、2%CO2洗艙10 min,然后15 min內(nèi)加壓至0.35 MPa并停留2 h,20 min內(nèi)減至常壓,處理期間艙溫控制在37℃,余處理同ACOP組。以HBO處理后即刻為0 h,三組均在6、24 h和48 h時(shí)間點(diǎn)取材;采用RT-PCR方法觀察不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)OPCs細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA的表達(dá)。 結(jié)果 在6、24 h和48 h三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA在對(duì)照組無明顯變化,ACOP組逐漸減少,HBO組逐漸增多,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 8.491,P < 0.01);與對(duì)照組在6、24 h和48 h三個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA水平比較,ACOP組均明顯減少,HBO組均明顯增加(F = 88.692,P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10分子在一氧化碳中毒造成的腦白質(zhì)損傷及高壓氧治療中發(fā)揮重要作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 高壓氧;一氧化碳中毒;少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞;ADAM10
[中圖分類號(hào)] R595.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)02(b)-0009-04
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on the xpression of Oligodendrocyte Precursors (OPCs) ADAM10 mRNA in the acute carbon monoxide poisoning(ACOP) rats. Methods OPCs cells of neonatal rat were cultured in vitro and divided into three groups: control, ACOP and HBO groups. Control group: no treatment, ACOP group: the OPC cells were placed in a sealed container and injected with 1% carbon monoxide according to the volume ratio, HBO group: OPCs cells after ACOP were placed in animal experiments of hyperbaric oxygen chamber, with 98% O2, 2%CO2 washing 10 min, then 15 min 0.35 MPa pressure staying 2 h, at last 20 min reducing to normal pressure. The chamber temperature was controlled at 37℃. The end time of HBO treatment was set as 0 h, the three groups were collected at 6 , 24 h and 48 h for subsequent experiments. The expression of ADAM10 mRNA at 6, 24 h, and 48 h were detected by RT-PCR. Results 6, 24 h, and 48 h, the expression of ADAM10 mRNA was no change in control group, but gradually decreased in ACOP group, and increased in HBO group, there was statistically significant among the three groups (F = 8.491, P < 0.01). Compared with control group, the expression of ADAM10 mRNA at 6, 24, 48 h was significantly reduced in ACOP group, while was significantly increased in HBO group (F = 88.692, P < 0.01). Conclusion ADAM10 of OPCs may play an important role in the injury of central nervous system after ACOP and HBO.
[Key words] Hyperbaric Oxygen; acute carbon monoxide poisoning; Oligodendrocyte precursors; ADAM10
急性一氧化碳中毒(acute carbon monoxide poisoning,ACOP)是最常見的職業(yè)性及生活性中毒之一,可造成全身多個(gè)臟器損害,其中以中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(central nervous system,CNS)損傷危害最大,造成巨大社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)[1]。一氧化碳中毒遲發(fā)性腦?。╠elayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning,DEACMP)是ACOP后最主要的神經(jīng)精神后遺癥,表現(xiàn)為部分患者急性中毒癥狀消失以后,經(jīng)過數(shù)天或數(shù)周表現(xiàn)正?;蚪咏5募儆诤笥殖霈F(xiàn)以癡呆為主的精神、神經(jīng)癥狀。腦白質(zhì)脫髓鞘改變是DEACMP最顯著的病理學(xué)和顱腦影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),但其機(jī)制仍不清楚[2]。
ADAM10是解聚素和金屬蛋白酶(A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase,ADAM)家族的重要一員,具有調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞黏附和金屬蛋白酶雙重功能,參與發(fā)育等諸多生理病理過程,是阿爾茲海默病、腫瘤、炎癥等疾病的潛在治療靶點(diǎn)[3]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ADAM10不但在外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(peripheral nervous system,PNS)的雪旺氏細(xì)胞有表達(dá),而且在CNS的少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞(Oligodendrocyte Precursors,OPCs)和少突膠質(zhì)系細(xì)胞(Oligodendrocyte,OLs)也有表達(dá)[4]。鑒于ADAM10蛋白的分布特點(diǎn),結(jié)合DEACMP最主要病理特征是白質(zhì)脫髓鞘病變,我們推測ADAM10可能參與ACOP后脫髓鞘病變的病理生理過程。
高壓氧(Hyperbaric Oxygen,HBO)是治療ACOP和DEACMP的重要方法之一。有研究表明,HBO可促進(jìn)ACOP后損傷髓鞘再生,還具有誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞分化的功能[5-6]。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACOP導(dǎo)致大鼠OPCs增殖和分化能力下降,HBO可一定程度改善OPCs的功能,但機(jī)制仍不清楚[7]。因此,本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用差速貼壁法體外純化培養(yǎng)大鼠OPCs,建立OPCs的ACOP細(xì)胞模型,觀察高壓氧對(duì)ACOP后OPCs細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA水平的影響,探討HBO治療ACOP后髓鞘損傷和DEACMP可能的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用機(jī)制。
1 材料和方法
1.1 動(dòng)物與試劑
實(shí)驗(yàn)用SD大鼠購自軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心,新生鼠(P0),動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):SGXK(京) 20022003。胎牛血清、DMEM/HIGH GLUCOSE培養(yǎng)液、N2 supplement(100×)、胰蛋白酶、B27 supplement(50×)、DMEM/F12購自美國GIBCO公司;多聚賴氨酸(poly-lysine,PLL)、DAPI試劑購自美國Sigma公司;Rat FGF、Human PDGF-AA購自Peorotech公司;RT-PCR試劑盒購自TAKARA公司。
1.2 體外OPCs純化培養(yǎng)
新生SD大鼠經(jīng)75%乙醇消毒后,用眼科剪和眼科鑷取腦,在PBS液中充分漂洗,剔除腦膜,腦組織用眼科剪剪成小塊,置于37℃ 0.125%胰酶中消化10 min,含10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基終止消化,用巴氏管反復(fù)吹打腦組織使其分散成細(xì)胞懸液,細(xì)胞懸液用200目的篩網(wǎng)過濾,過濾后懸液置于4℃的低溫離心機(jī)中以1600 r/min的速度離心8 min,棄去上清液,用培養(yǎng)基重懸細(xì)胞沉淀,接種于用多聚賴氨酸預(yù)包被的細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)瓶中,置于普通細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱(37℃、5%CO2)中培養(yǎng),次日更換培養(yǎng)基,每3~4天換液1次,直至混合膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞長滿培養(yǎng)瓶底(約10 d)。待混合膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞長滿培養(yǎng)瓶瓶底后,擰緊培養(yǎng)瓶瓶蓋,并用封口膠封閉瓶口,將培養(yǎng)瓶置于37℃恒溫?fù)u床振搖,設(shè)參數(shù)為200 r/min,先預(yù)振搖2 h,然后棄上清,更換新的培養(yǎng)基,繼續(xù)置于37℃恒溫?fù)u床振搖,參數(shù)不變,振搖16~20 h后轉(zhuǎn)移振搖后的細(xì)胞上清,種于未包被的100 mm培養(yǎng)皿(Corning)中,置于37℃ 5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中,靜置貼壁30 min,吸取上清,收集上清于離心管中800 r/min離心5 min,棄去上清,用OPCs培養(yǎng)基(含10 ng/mL PDGF-AA、10 ng/mL FGF、1×N2、1×B27的DMEM/F12培養(yǎng)基)重懸后,種于含有PLL預(yù)包被的蓋玻片的24孔板及96孔板中。OPCs隔天換液。
1.3 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組及處理
OPCs純化培養(yǎng)3 d后,將細(xì)胞分為三組:對(duì)照組、ACOP組和高壓氧組。①對(duì)照組:無CO處理;②ACOP組:將細(xì)胞放在密閉容器內(nèi),根據(jù)體積比例注入1%CO(用一氧化碳檢測儀檢測,容器內(nèi)一氧化碳濃度為10 000 ppm);③HBO組:將一氧化碳處理的OPCs放入動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)艙中,以98%O2、2%CO2洗艙10 min,然后15 min內(nèi)加壓至0.35 MPa并停留2 h,20 min內(nèi)減至常壓,處理期間艙溫控制在37℃,余處理同ACOP組。以HBO處理后為0 h,三組均在6、24 h和48 h取材進(jìn)行后續(xù)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.4 RT-PCR測定ADAM10 mRNA表達(dá)
培養(yǎng)終止,三組培養(yǎng)皿中加入Trizol將細(xì)胞消化,常規(guī)提取總RNA。紫外分光光度計(jì)進(jìn)行測定A260/A280,計(jì)算總RNA含量和純度>1.8;瓊脂糖凝膠電泳可見完整18S、28S兩條帶,表明總RNA完整未降解。取250 ng總RNA按反轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒說明書將總RNA反轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,而后加入ADAM10、GAPDH上下游引物進(jìn)行PCR反應(yīng)。反應(yīng)條件為95℃預(yù)變性3 min,94℃變性30 s,60℃退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35個(gè)循環(huán),后72℃延伸10 min。取PCR反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物在1%瓊脂糖凝膠上電泳,凝膠分析系統(tǒng)儀分析ADAM10和GAPDH的吸光度值(A),計(jì)算ADAM10和GAPDH積分吸光度的比值,作為ADAM10 mRNA的表達(dá)水平,引物序列如表1。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
三組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA表達(dá)在對(duì)照組無明顯變化,ACOP組逐漸減少,HBO組逐漸增多,組內(nèi)比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。與對(duì)照組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA水平比較,ACOP組均明顯減少,HBO組均明顯增加,組間比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見表2、3。
3 討論
CNS髓鞘由OLs纏繞軸突形成。當(dāng)CNS髓鞘損傷時(shí),OPCs會(huì)迅速增殖并向損傷部位遷移,分化成為成熟的OLs,進(jìn)行髓鞘修復(fù)[8]。然而,這一過程受到諸多因素影響。ADAM10被認(rèn)為是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化、遷移過程的關(guān)鍵因素之一,筆者一直致力對(duì)ADAM10在CNS脫髓鞘/再生中的作用和機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入研究。ADAM10是ADAM分子家族中重要一員,在CNS中主要分布于大腦皮質(zhì)、海馬、下丘腦和小腦皮質(zhì)。ADAM10基因敲除小鼠通常在胚胎期第9.5天(E9.5)左右死亡,體型僅占正常小鼠的2/3,且CNS發(fā)育、心血管系統(tǒng)發(fā)育、體節(jié)形成和血管發(fā)生存在明顯缺陷[9]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ADAM10敲除小鼠在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中觀察到的異常主要表現(xiàn)為神經(jīng)上皮細(xì)胞壁的不完整,與Notch/Delta信號(hào)缺陷小鼠的表型十分相近[10]。ADAM10在多發(fā)性硬化病患者的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和血管周圍的巨噬細(xì)胞中表達(dá)上調(diào),表明炎癥或白質(zhì)退行性變可以通過增加ADAM10表達(dá)來激活炎性細(xì)胞因子[11]。ADAM10在胚胎晚期、出生早期的CNS神經(jīng)元中表達(dá)升高[12]。而這一發(fā)育階段正是星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞增殖和/或分化的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻,提示ADAM10可能參與到這一過程。此外,在果蠅生長錐和細(xì)胞遷移過程中,ADAM10能夠激活Slit/Robo復(fù)合物促進(jìn)室管膜下區(qū)的成神經(jīng)細(xì)胞遷移[13]。這些研究結(jié)果表明ADAM10在CNS的髓鞘發(fā)育和損傷修復(fù)過程中起到非常重要的作用。
Thom等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)在ACOP后大鼠腦內(nèi)MBP表達(dá)減少,提示CO中毒可導(dǎo)致脫髓鞘改變。孫瑞佼等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)ACOP后大鼠發(fā)生CNS脫髓鞘及OPCs損傷。Wang等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大鼠CO中毒后OLs形態(tài)發(fā)生改變,細(xì)胞突起增生、肥大,與星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活相似,且數(shù)量隨損傷時(shí)間的增加而逐漸減少。我們前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACOP大鼠OPCs細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和遷移功能明顯下降[7,17]。HBO作為治療急性CO中毒及其相關(guān)腦病重要方法之一,具有確切的理論和臨床基礎(chǔ)[18-19]。目前認(rèn)為機(jī)制包括:縮短CO排除半衰期,迅速降低碳氧血紅蛋白水平;收縮腦血管,降低顱內(nèi)壓,減輕腦水腫;加速CO與細(xì)胞色素氧化酶解離;抑制β2黏附聚集因子介導(dǎo)的白細(xì)胞黏附,改善CO介導(dǎo)的CNS損傷相關(guān)病理反應(yīng),抑制脂質(zhì)過氧化,減輕白細(xì)胞黏附對(duì)血管內(nèi)皮損傷等[20];促進(jìn)星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞合成和分泌神經(jīng)生長因子(nerve growth factor,NGF),腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)素-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)的能力[21]。由于ADAM10在CNS生理病理過程中發(fā)揮重要功能,我們猜想HBO可能通過ADAM10來影響OPCs細(xì)胞功能,從而促進(jìn)ACOP后髓鞘損傷修復(fù)。本次實(shí)驗(yàn)采用差速貼壁法體外純化培養(yǎng)大鼠OPCs,建立OPCs的ACOP細(xì)胞模型,研究高壓氧對(duì)ACOP后OPCs細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA水平的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA表達(dá)在對(duì)照組無明顯變化,ACOP組逐漸減少,HBO組逐漸增多;與對(duì)照組各時(shí)間點(diǎn)大鼠少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞前體細(xì)胞ADAM10 mRNA水平比較,ACOP組均明顯減少,HBO組均明顯增加。
本研究提示,HBO很可能通過ADAM10分子信號(hào)通路影響OPCs細(xì)胞功能,參與CNS髓鞘損傷與修復(fù)過程,這可能在闡明ACOP后CNS損傷和DEACMP的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、預(yù)后及高壓氧治療靶點(diǎn)中具有重要意義。然而,本研究僅觀察了ADAM10 mRNA水平的變化特點(diǎn),不能夠代表蛋白表達(dá)情況,也未研究ADAM10分子與ACOP及HBO后OPCs細(xì)胞功能和CNS髓鞘損傷修復(fù)的關(guān)系,將來有必要通過多種實(shí)驗(yàn)手段進(jìn)一步闡明這一機(jī)制。
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