方安寧,嚴(yán)家來(lái),周衛(wèi)鳳,黃玲,丁艷
(1.安徽醫(yī)學(xué)高等??茖W(xué)校,安徽合肥230601;2.南京市第二醫(yī)院,江蘇南京210003)
成熟的miRNAs是一類長(zhǎng)約21~25個(gè)核苷酸的小分子非編碼RNA,編碼miRNAs的基因在細(xì)胞核中經(jīng)RNA聚合酶Ⅱ加工生成一種長(zhǎng)度約為70 nt的初始轉(zhuǎn)錄本pri-miRNAs。該轉(zhuǎn)錄本在RNA酶Dorsha的作用下加工成miRNA前體pre-miRNA。Exportin 5蛋白能與pre-miRNA特異性結(jié)合并將其輸出細(xì)胞核進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì)。進(jìn)入細(xì)胞質(zhì)的pre-miRNA在Dicer酶的作用下進(jìn)一步被剪切成為一個(gè)不穩(wěn)定的dsRNA分子,接著在解旋酶的作用下生成成熟的單鏈miRNA,通過(guò)與靶mRNA的3’-非翻譯區(qū)(UTR)和編碼區(qū)域的堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)抑制靶mRNA翻譯,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)[2]。miRNAs的功能非常重要,包括參與早期發(fā)育、細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞死亡、脂肪代謝和細(xì)胞分化,目前認(rèn)為體內(nèi)至少30%的基因表達(dá)受miRNAs調(diào)控[3]。
既往對(duì)miRNAs的研究主要集中于它們?cè)诩?xì)胞內(nèi)的活動(dòng),目前已有一些文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了在肝癌中表達(dá)失調(diào)的miRNAs[4-15],隨著miRNAs功能研究的不斷深入,miRNAs在肝癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用也逐漸被研究者所關(guān)注。自2005年Murakami等首次報(bào)道m(xù)iRNAs在正常肝臟和肝癌中的表達(dá)差異以來(lái),已有多篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了肝癌中異常表達(dá)的miRNAs[4-15]。在肝癌中表達(dá)上調(diào)的miRNAs有:miR-122、miR-21、miR-199a/b-3p、miR-223等,在正常肝臟中僅有9個(gè)miRNAs處于高豐度表達(dá),占整個(gè)肝臟的miRNAs組的88.2%。其中表達(dá)最高的是miRNAs-122,第三高的miRNAs199a/b-3p的低表達(dá)與生存期顯著相關(guān)。在HCC中表達(dá)下調(diào)的miRNAs有Let-7a、miR-101、miR-122、miR-125a、miR-139a、miR-143、miR-195、miR-26和miR-29等。由HsuPW[16]預(yù)測(cè)人類miRNAs在病毒基因中作用位點(diǎn)的一個(gè)軟件(http:vita.mbe.nctu.edu.tw),Let-7a是HBV基因組的保守序列中的一個(gè)潛在的作用位點(diǎn)。另有文獻(xiàn)[17-18]報(bào)道組織中miR-17-5p在肝癌轉(zhuǎn)移中升高,可以作為預(yù)后標(biāo)志物。miRNAs在肝相關(guān)疾病組織中的研究比較熱門(mén),但無(wú)法確定哪一個(gè)或哪幾個(gè)miRNA的表達(dá)失調(diào)在HCC發(fā)展中發(fā)揮核心作用,但是我們還是可以看出一些在肝癌診斷方面達(dá)成共識(shí)的miRNAs,像miR-122a、miR199[19]等,在肝癌中不同miRNAs的表達(dá)所影響的信號(hào)通路(見(jiàn)圖1)[4]可以很直觀地發(fā)現(xiàn)受體絡(luò)氨酸激酶(這里表示肝細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子HGF/蛋氨酸原癌基因MET唯一軸),RAS和P13K途徑被下調(diào)的miR-199a/b-3p,Let-7和上調(diào)的miR-21所影響,導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞的癌變。miR-199a/b-3p、Let-7、miR-21這3種miRNA在病毒肝炎、肝硬化及肝細(xì)胞性癌患者的外周循環(huán)中也比較有意義,是否可以作為腫瘤標(biāo)志物尚不可知。在HCC腫瘤發(fā)生過(guò)程中各種miRNAs所起的作用,其中miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7同樣起重要作用,見(jiàn)圖2[12]。
圖1 肝癌中不同miRNAs的表達(dá)的信號(hào)通路示意圖
圖2 miR-21、miR-199、miR-221、miR-122、miR-101和Let-7在HCC發(fā)生中的作用
半個(gè)多世紀(jì)前,Mandel和Metais在血漿和血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)了循環(huán)核酸(CNAs)[20]。隨著不斷改進(jìn)檢測(cè)技術(shù)和方法,循環(huán)核酸在臨床疾病診斷中的應(yīng)用得到了較大進(jìn)步,在很多領(lǐng)域取得了巨大成就,如器官移植、遺傳性疾病的產(chǎn)前檢查等[21]。早期的研究也表明,在腫瘤患者的血漿中,RNA的量顯著增加,腫瘤細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)譜也和正常細(xì)胞有顯著差異[22-23]。近年來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)的miRNA也和腫瘤等各種疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著密切的聯(lián)系。由于病變組織細(xì)胞中的miRNA表達(dá)往往失調(diào),且miRNA在血漿中極其穩(wěn)定,研究者推測(cè)miRNA可以作為一種理想的以血液檢測(cè)為基礎(chǔ)的生物標(biāo)志。
Chen等[24]通過(guò)對(duì)健康中國(guó)人的血清進(jìn)行Solexa測(cè)序,鑒定了男性和女性血清中的miRNA數(shù)目分別為100和91。Taylor等[25]對(duì)同一卵巢癌患者的細(xì)胞和外核體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在467條miRNA中有218條呈現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性。Mitchell等[26]通過(guò)分離健康人血漿中的18~24個(gè)核苷酸的RNA,得到37種左右miRNAs,包括Let-7a、miR-16、miR-15b等。對(duì)3份獨(dú)立的健康人血漿miR-16、miR-24(血漿中中等豐度表達(dá))和miR-15b(血漿中低等豐度表達(dá))進(jìn)行qRT-PCR分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)這3種miRNAs的濃度為8 910~133 970拷貝/微升。同時(shí),他們將人的前列腺癌細(xì)胞22Rvl導(dǎo)入NOD/SCID免疫缺陷小鼠中,發(fā)現(xiàn)能在小鼠血漿中檢測(cè)到原本不存在的miR-629*和miR-660,而且miRNAs的豐度與腫瘤的大小相關(guān),并可作為診斷腫瘤的生物標(biāo)志物。
循環(huán)中miRNAs可作為疾病的“指紋”去預(yù)測(cè)生存狀態(tài)[27-30]。大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為循環(huán)RNA來(lái)自細(xì)胞凋亡或壞死、細(xì)胞主動(dòng)釋放以及循環(huán)細(xì)胞的分裂。有些核酸蛋白1(NPM1)能夠介導(dǎo)部分miRNAs由胞內(nèi)釋放到胞外并且保護(hù)它在胞外不被核酸酶降解,有些循環(huán)miRNA由多種未知的成分構(gòu)成。由于它們含量豐富且具有組織的特異性、循環(huán)中的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性,循環(huán)中miRNAs作為獨(dú)特的、易獲得的分子標(biāo)志物來(lái)檢測(cè)和監(jiān)控癌癥具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。循環(huán)中的miRNAs能夠反映組織的一些信號(hào),像丙型肝炎患者血清miR-122表達(dá)比正常人高,且和ALT表達(dá)有非常高的一致性[31],而且還與病毒載量、乙肝表面抗原量、γ谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(GGT)等相關(guān)[32]。有學(xué)者報(bào)道m(xù)iR-500在外周血中的表達(dá)隨肝癌術(shù)前術(shù)后發(fā)生變化,但只觀察了3例[33]。最新研究表明,miR-101可能是HBV相關(guān)肝癌診斷及進(jìn)展監(jiān)控的潛在標(biāo)志物[34-35]。
循環(huán)miRNAs在肝癌中表達(dá)失調(diào)的報(bào)道比較少[36],具體哪些miRNA在診斷中起主要作用目前還存在很多爭(zhēng)論,距離在臨床診斷中應(yīng)用還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。本課題擬進(jìn)行如下3個(gè)方面工作:(1)以乙型及丙型肝炎單獨(dú)和重疊感染、肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌患者血清為參考樣本,通過(guò)exqion的LNATMmiRNA芯片對(duì)健康對(duì)照、肝硬化及肝癌患者血清中潛在的循環(huán)miRNAs進(jìn)行初步分析與對(duì)比,篩選可能與肝病相關(guān)的miRNAs;(2)通過(guò)臨床病例對(duì)照研究,用莖環(huán)法實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR對(duì)幾種可能與肝病相關(guān)的循環(huán)miRNAs進(jìn)行初步驗(yàn)證,以此初步探索循環(huán)miRNAs作為肝臟相關(guān)疾病分子標(biāo)志物的可能性,再聯(lián)合AFP、AFP-L3及GP73做相關(guān)性研究及通過(guò)受試者工作特征曲線(ROC曲線)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)實(shí)驗(yàn)的特異性和準(zhǔn)確性;(3)利用生物信息學(xué)并結(jié)合有關(guān)文獻(xiàn),對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)的miRNAs潛在靶基因進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)并探討肝病患者血清中的miRNAs可能原因。期待能發(fā)現(xiàn)特異性較強(qiáng)的miRNAs生物標(biāo)志物,為早期診斷或鑒別診斷肝癌及為肝相關(guān)疾病的miRNAs靶向治療提供依據(jù)。
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