江西 羅煥慧

◎要點概述

過去完成時用來描述主語在某一過去時間或行為之前就已經(jīng)完成了的動作或狀態(tài)，側(cè)重于其在過去的過去時間里對某事造成的某種影響或結(jié)果。過去完成時由“助動詞had（用于各種人稱和數(shù)）+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

掌握這個時態(tài)的關(guān)鍵點在于理解主語動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”。下面我們來學(xué)習(xí)三種判定過去完成時的方法：

一、從時間狀語來判定

一般來說，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有以下幾種：

1.by + 過去的時間點。例如：

①I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.到昨晚九點,我已經(jīng)看完這本小說了。

②By the time of yesterday, we had gotten more than ten thousand letters.到昨天為止，我們已經(jīng)收到了一萬多封信件。

2.by the end of + 過去的時間點。例如：

①We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上學(xué)期末，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多個英語單詞。

②By the end of last week, they had completed the new bridge.到上周末，他們已經(jīng)完成了這座新橋。

3.before + 過去的時間點。例如：

①They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.在上星期三之前，他們已經(jīng)種了六百棵樹了。

②My uncle had never been to Shanghai before I was born.在我出生前，我舅舅從未到過上海。

二、由“過去的過去”作判定

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指在過去某一動作之前就已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法可根據(jù)以下來判定：

1.從賓語從句中判斷

當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。過去完成時通常出現(xiàn)在told、said、asked、knew、heard、thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。例如：

①He said that his wife had seen the film before.他說他妻子已經(jīng)看過這部電影了。

②She asked me where I had been during the summer holidays.她問我暑假去了哪里。

2.從狀語從句中判斷

在時間、條件、原因和方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。例如：

①After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.做完作業(yè)后，他上床睡覺了。

②I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當車來的時候，我在車站已經(jīng)等了20分鐘。

【注意】由before、after引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。例如：

①After he closed the door, he left the classroom.他關(guān)上門離開了教室。

②Henry visited New York before he left for Washington.亨利去華盛頓前游覽了紐約。

3.從定語從句中判斷

在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中敘述過去的事情，先發(fā)生的動作用過去完成時。例如：

①She found the key that she had lost.她找到了丟失的鑰匙。

②Linda wanted to use the umbrella that her mother had bought for her before.琳達想要用她媽媽以前給她買的那把雨傘。

4.在固定句型中判斷

過去完成時還可用在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，It was the first / second / ...time（that）...，It was...since...等固定句型中。例如：

①Hardly had John begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.約翰剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

②No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。

③It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年的第三次失業(yè)了。

5.從意向性動詞上判斷

表示意向的動詞如hope、wish、expect、want、think、intend、mean、suppose等，用過去完成時表示“原本……，未能……”。例如：

①We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 我們原本希望你來，但你沒有來。

②Peter had meant that he could give his wife a surprise.彼得原本打算給妻子一個驚喜。

三、根據(jù)上下文去判定

當人們敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后，反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時，常用過去完成時。例如:

①I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.我昨天在街上遇見了王滔。自從他去北京后，我們都沒有見過面。

②Last week I talked with my cousin about my favorite novel Pride and Prejudice. It so happened that she said she had read it before.上周我和表姐談起我最喜歡的小說《傲慢與偏見》。真巧了，她說她以前正好也讀過。

◎貼身小練

一、用所給動詞的適當形式填空。

1.The old man_____（help）twelve kids return to school by the year of 2010.

2.We_____（intend）to help but could not get there in time.

3.I returned the book that I_____（borrow）.

4.She didn't go to bed until she_____（finish）her work.

5.He said he_____（work）in that factory since 1949.

6.By nine o'clock last night, we_____（get）200 pictures from the spaceship.

7.When I woke up, it_____（not stop）raining yet.

8.I thought I_____（send）the letter a week before.

9.Hardly she_____（leave）home when the telephone rang.

10.Mr. Green died yesterday. He_____（be）a good friend of mine.

二、根據(jù)所給的漢語，完成英語句子。

11.在我父母昨天到家時，我已經(jīng)煮好了晚飯。

By the time my parents_____ _____yesterday, I_____ _____the dinner already.

12.他一到，天就下起雪來了。

Hardly he_____ _____when it_____to snow.

13.在我們搬進去之前我們已經(jīng)把房子油漆過了。

We_____ _____the house before we_____ _____.

14.我們驚訝于她所做的一切。

We_____ _____at what she_____already.

15.湯姆說這本書他已經(jīng)讀過兩遍了。

Tom_____he_____the book twice.

16.她沒通過考試，因為她沒準備好她的功課。

She didn't_____ _____the exams because she_____ _____her lessons well.

17.他告訴我們他已經(jīng)把那本書給了他兄弟。

He_____us that he_____ _____the book to his brother.

18.這是他第一次遲到。

This_____the first time he_____ _____late.

(答案見第64頁)